National Academies Press: OpenBook

Coal: Energy for the Future (1995)

Chapter: INDEX

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Suggested Citation:"INDEX." National Research Council. 1995. Coal: Energy for the Future. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4918.
×

Index

A

Acid rain, 56-57, 251

Advanced Clean/Efficient Power Systems, 2

  budget, 30-32, 160-161, 197

  EPACT and, 14, 209

  R&D activities and goals, 3, 6-7, 197, 207

Advanced Clean Fuels program, 2-3

  budget, 3, 30-32, 106

  coal cleaning research in, 77

  goals, 3

Advanced fuel systems

  demonstration projects, 157-158

  DOE RD&D activities, 34, 35, 36, 196

  opportunities for development, 163-164

Advanced power systems

  demonstration projects, 258-262

  DOE cost and efficiency projections, 183-186

  DOE RD&D program, 34-36

  efficiency classifications, 7, 182-183, 186-189

  emissions control goals, 145, 189-191

  export market, 40-41

  gas cleanup technology and, 9-10, 193

  potential efficiencies, 144-145

  prospects for innovation, 173

  pulverized coal, 115-117

  R&D funding, 10-11, 34, 43, 195

  recommendations, 6-11, 194-195

  research goals, 34-36, 113-114, 152, 162-163

  solid waste products, 145-146

  systems analysis of, 13, 203-204

Advanced Research and Energy Technology, 160-161

Advanced Research and Technology Development

  biotechnology research, 166

  budget, 30, 106, 160-161

  coal cleaning research in, 77, 78

  purpose and structure, 3

Advanced Turbine Systems program, 137

Alkylation coprocessing, 166

Atmospheric fluidized-bed combustion, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124

B

Baseload

  definition, 46

  projected requirements, 61

Biomass energy production, 52

Bioprocessing research, 166-167

Suggested Citation:"INDEX." National Research Council. 1995. Coal: Energy for the Future. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4918.
×

Bitumen, 53-54, 62

Brayton cycle, 134

C

Capital cost learning curve, 151

Carbon dioxide, 4, 5

  emission control technologies, 59, 144-145, 190, 192, 194

  emissions goals, 29

  global warming concerns, 58, 252-253

  international agreements, 58-59

  marketability of power generation systems and, 187

  recommendations for R&D, 196

Catalysis research, 165-167

Ceramic heat exchangers, 8, 117, 118

  advantages, 169

  current research activity, 170-171

  disadvantages, 169, 170

  for EFCC systems, 169

  prospects for innovation, 173

Ceramic membranes, 171-172, 173

Chemicals industry, 55-56

China, 1, 3, 33, 157

  coal export potential, 39

  new construction for electricity generation, 40

  pollution controls, 41

  retrofit of power-generating facilities, 40

Clean Air Act, 56, 57, 248

Clean Coal Technologies RD&D Program Plan, 34

Clean Coal Technology (CCT) program budget, 2

Clean Coal Technologies RD&D Program Plan vs., 34

  coal gasification programs, 93

  coal-water slurry projects, 81

  commercialization activities, 14, 158, 205-206

  commercialization goals, 151-152

  cost and risk sharing in, 2, 151-152, 156

  current status, 2

  demonstration projects, 32, 89, 152-155, 157-158, 258-262

  EPACT and, 32-33, 235, 238-242

  export market, 40

  funding, 24, 28, 32, 36

  future of, 155-157

  goals, 2, 3, 28, 36, 150

  international activities, 32-33, 156-157

  patent rights, 152

  PFBC demonstration, 121

  recommendations for, 10-11, 206

  technology transfer activities, 238-242

Clean Water Act, 253

Climate Change Action Plan, 29, 82, 83

Coal cleaning

  coal liquefaction and, 181

  current R&D programs, 77-78, 181

  current technology, 77, 181

  definition, 75, 180

  development history, 76-77

  DOE activity, 77-78, 79

  as export technology, 78-79

  prospects for innovation, 78-79, 181

  for pulverized coal power generation systems, 114

  purpose of, 75

  recommendations regarding, 182

  steps in, 75-76

Coal-liquid mixtures

  commercial prospects, 81

  current R&D programs, 80-81, 181

  current technology, 80, 181

  definition, 7

  development history, 79-80

  economics of, 79, 80

  EPACT provisions, 243-244

  prospects for innovation, 181

  recommendation regarding, 182

Coal-oil mixtures, 79

Coal production

  coal cleaning technologies, 75-79

  demonstrated reserve base, 3-4, 19, 46

  domestic economy and, 39

  for industrial use, 54-55

  methane release/recovery in, 59n, 59-60, 81-84, 173, 182, 232-233

  trends in, 39

Coal refinery concept, 106, 109, 111, 200-201

Suggested Citation:"INDEX." National Research Council. 1995. Coal: Energy for the Future. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4918.
×

Coal refinery concept (cont)

  EPACT provisions, 232

Coal research and development

  advanced systems research in DOE, 162-163

  bioprocessing of coal, 166-167

  coal cleaning, 76-78, 181

  coal-liquid mixtures, 80-81, 181

  coal refinery programs, 109, 111

  coalbed methane recovery, 82-83, 181

  combustion and gasification systems, 163-164

  combustion turbine technology, 137-138

  conversion and catalysis, 165-166

  determinants of, 23

  direct liquefaction, 102, 103-104

  DOE budget, 160-161

  electric utility regulatory environment and, 42-43

  emission control technology, 141, 144, 145-146

  federal funding trends, 27-29, 36

  Fischer-Tropsch synthesis products, 100-102

  fluidized-bed combustion, 121-124

  gasification technologies, 86-95

  integrated gasification combined-cycle systems, 126-127

  integrated gasification fuel cell systems, 131-132

  international activities, 24-25, 156-157

  materials research, 167-172

  private sector activities, 23-24

  pulverized coal systems, 115-119

Coal-water mixtures/slurries, 79, 80, 81, 181

  in direct coal-fired heat engines, 117-118

Coalbed methane recovery, 173, 232-233

  commercial prospects, 83-94

  current programs, 82-83

  current technology, 82, 181

  opportunity for, 81-82

Coke plants, 19, 38

  coal consumption, 40, 55

  coal quality for, 40

  technological trends, 55

Commercialization

  coal cleaning technologies, 78

  coal gasification technologies, 87-88, 92-93, 109-110

  coal-liquid mixtures, 81

  coalbed methane recovery technologies, 83-84

  coproducts from coal gasification, 106-107, 111, 197-199, 202

  demonstration requirements, 151, 205

  efficiency of power generation systems and, 187, 193

  as element of Clean Coal Technology program, 14, 28, 32, 34, 205-206

  EPACT requirements, 150, 205, 209

  fluidized-bed combustion technologies, 121, 122

  hydrogen derived from coal gasification process, 96, 110, 197, 202

  integrated gasification fuel cell systems, 130

  methanol derived from coal gasification, prospects for, 98-100

  obstacles to, 150-151

  as R&D investment criterion, 195

  recommendations, 10-11, 206

  synthetic natural gas, 97, 98

Coproduction systems, 5, 11-12

  coal liquefaction and, 12-13, 200

  coal refinery concept and, 201

  cogeneration, 106-107

  commercial prospects, 111, 202

  direct liquefaction and, 108-109

  DOE R&D, 109, 111, 209

  efficiency, 197

  EPACT requirements, 209

  indirect liquefaction and, 108

  projected capacity, 44

  recommendations for, 13, 203

  regulatory environment, 43

  types of, 106

D

Demonstration projects

  advanced emission control systems, 153-154

Suggested Citation:"INDEX." National Research Council. 1995. Coal: Energy for the Future. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4918.
×

Demonstration projects (cont)

  advanced fuel systems, 157-158

  Advanced Power System, 152

  advanced pulverized coal systems, 155

  Clean Coal Technology, 32, 89, 121, 152-155, 157-158, 258-262

  in commercialization process, 151, 205

  direct coal liquefaction, 202

  direct-fired systems, 154

  federal funding for, 30

  fuel cell technology, 129, 155

  gasification systems, 88, 89

  indirectly-fired systems, 155

  integrated gasification combined-cycle systems, 154

  integrated gasification fuel cell power plants, 130, 131-132

  international efforts, 156

  pressurized fluidized-bed combustion, 121, 154

Depolymerization, 166

Direct liquefaction, 11, 12, 102-105, 108-109, 166, 199-200

DOE. See Energy, Department of

Domestic resource base coal, 3-4, 19, 46

  liquid hydrocarbon, 53-54

  natural gas, 48

  projections, 3-4

E

Eastern Europe, 4, 33, 157

Economics

  capital cost learning curve, 151

  carbon dioxide emission control, 145

  of Clean Coal Technology program, 151-152, 156

  coal liquefaction, 108, 110-111, 202

  coal-liquid mixtures, 80

  coal pyrolysis, 105-106

  coal refinery products, 201

  coal transport, 39

  computational basis of costs, 2, 2n

  cost of fuel in electrical generation, 183

  crude oil, 51

  demonstration and commercialization, 151,205, 206

  direct coal liquefaction, 103, 104, 110-111, 199-200

  DOE advanced power system projections, 183-186

  electricity generation R&D, 8, 42-43

  emission control, 140, 141, 145

  energy cost projections, 46-53, 68

  heavy oils and bitumen, 54

  integrated gasification combined-cycle systems, 125-126, 127

  integrated gasification fuel cell systems, 130-131, 132

  liquefaction processes, 11-12, 158

  liquefied natural gas, 51

  methanol production in coal gasification, 99-100

  projected coal costs, 1, 4

  projected natural gas costs, 1, 47-50

  projected petroleum costs, 1, 62

  pulverized coal power generation, 115

  renewable energy production, 52

  research costs, recommendations for, 10-11, 195, 206

  strategic planning assumptions, 4, 5, 11n, 61

  synthetic natural gas, coal-derived, 198

  transportation fuels from coal, 35-36, 199

  U.S. coal market, trends in, 39-40

Efficiencies

  advanced power systems, 7, 8, 9

  carbon dioxide emissions and, 59, 190

  classification of power generating systems, 7, 182-183

  coal cleaning for, 75

  coal-fired power plants, 144

  combustion turbine technology, 135, 136, 137

  coproduction systems, 197

  current technologies, 186-189

  fluidized-bed combustion, 120, 123, 154, 183

  fuel cell technology, 128-129

  gasification systems, 90-91, 92, 197

  integrated gasification combined-cycle systems, 126, 182, 183

Suggested Citation:"INDEX." National Research Council. 1995. Coal: Energy for the Future. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4918.
×

Efficiencies (cont)

  integrated gasification fuel cell systems, 130, 182

  liquefaction systems, 11

  magnetohydrodynamic power generation, 133

  natural gas-fired advanced turbine systems, 167

  power generation goals, 6, 183-186

  projected electricity demand and, 44

  prospects for improving, 144-145, 183-186, 192-193

  in pulverized coal power generation systems, 114-115, 119, 155, 183

Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), 24, 43, 76

Electrical power generation

  advantages of natural gas, 4

  alternative strategic scenarios, 65, 68

  coal consumption for, 4, 19, 38, 41

  coal waste products, 60, 254

  combustion turbine technology, 134-135

  efficiency, 6, 7, 144

  emission control goals, 6-7

  emission control technology, 138-143

  environmental concerns, 60, 61-62

EPACT coal provisions, 231

  financial environment, 35-36

  fluidized-bed combustion systems, 119-121

  fuel cell systems, 128-130

  future scenarios, 22-23

  global trends, 40

  integrated gasification combined-cycle systems for, 124-125

  magnetohydrodynamic systems for, 132-133

  new technology development, 42-43

  non-utility generators, 42, 44

  percentage of use of fuel sources for, 19

  private sector research and development, 24

  projected demand, 43-44, 61

  projected demand for coal, 46-47, 50

  projected demand for liquefied natural gas, 50-51

  projected demand for nuclear power, 51-52

  projected demand for oil, 51

  projected natural gas utilization, 47-50, 61

  projected new capacity requirements, 44-46

  pulverized coal systems, 114-115, 119, 155, 183

  recommendations for DOE R&D, 8-9, 180

  regulatory trends, 41-43, 60-62, 254-255

  rehabilitation and retrofit for, 40, 46, 50, 123

  renewable energy in, 52-53

  research and development efforts, 113-114

  source of pollutants in, 138, 139

  state regulatory trends, 60-61, 254-255

  strategic planning assumptions, 4, 5, 61

  technology export market, 4, 40-41

  See also Advanced power systems;

  Coproduction systems

Electromagnetic field exposure, 255

Electrostatic precipitator, 138-139

Emission controls

  for acid deposition, 251

  in advanced power systems, 8-9, 153-154

  air quality standards, 248-251

  air toxics, 251-252

  alternative strategic scenarios, 65, 68

  bioprocessing techniques, 166-167

  for carbon dioxide, 59, 144-145, 190, 192, 194

  CCT demonstration projects, 153-154

  coal preparation, 75, 76, 78

  coal-related-technology exports and, 40-41, 62

  coalbed methane recovery, 81-84, 173, 181

  for combustion turbine emissions, 135, 136

  costs, 140, 141, 145

  current technology, 56, 57-58, 140-143

  development challenges and opportunities, 143-145, 190-191

  development needs, 191-192

Suggested Citation:"INDEX." National Research Council. 1995. Coal: Energy for the Future. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4918.
×

Emission controls (cont)

  DOE R&D, 6-7, 141, 144, 145-146, 189-190

  DOE strategic objectives, 189-190, 194

  effectiveness, 140-143

  electromagnetic field exposure, 255

  externality adders, 254-255

  flue gas desulfurization, 10, 139, 140, 144, 192

  for fuel cell technologies, 128, 129

  future of coal use and, 1, 19, 61-62

  global warming concerns, 58-59, 62, 252-253

  for heavy metals, 144

  in integrated gasification combined-cycle systems, 138-139, 141-143, 145, 146

  international activities, 24-25, 41

  long-term considerations, 190-191

  marketability of power generation systems and, 187, 193

  membrane materials research, 171-172

  for mercury emissions, 144, 190, 252

  for noncriteria pollutants, 144, 190

  for particulate matter, 249-250

  plant siting issues, 254-255

  in pressurized fluidized-bed combustion, 138-139, 141, 142-143, 144 , 145, 146

  prospects for, 146, 194

  recommendations, 6, 195-196

  regulatory trends, 56-57, 58-59, 60-61, 62, 189-190, 254-255

  salable by-products from, 143, 146

  selective catalytic reduction, 140-141

  solid waste, 139-140, 143-144, 145-146, 191, 192, 194, 195-196, 254

  strategic planning assessment criteria, 70

  strategic planning assumptions, 4, 5, 61-62

  technical basis, 138-139

  water quality standards, 253

  See also specific pollutant

Energy, Department of (DOE)

  advanced power systems R&D, 7-8, 192-193, 194-195

  bioprocessing of coal, research in, 166

  budget data, 246-247

  Clean Coal Technologies Research, Development, and Demonstration

  Program Plan, 34-36

  coal catalysis research, 165

  coal cleaning R&D, 77-78, 79, 181

  coal gasification programs, 93, 95, 106, 201-202, 203

  coal liquefaction programs, 12-13, 14-15, 165, 182, 203

  coal-liquid mixtures R&D, 80-81, 182

  coal program, 2-3, 75

  coal program objectives, recommendations for, 5-6, 208, 219

  coal program trends, 27-29, 36

  coal refinery and coproduction programs, 109, 111,209

  coal refinery studies, 201

  Coal Strategic Plan, 22, 34

  coalbed methane recovery programs, 82-83, 182

  combustion turbine research, 137-138

  cross-cutting activities, 25, 34, 36, 160-161, 190

  demonstration and commercialization activities, 150, 151, 205-206

  direct liquefaction research, 103, 104, 105

  efficiency goals for advanced power systems, 183-186

  electric utility deregulation and, 42

  electrical power generation R&D, 113-114

  emission control targets, 6-7, 192

  emission control technology research, 141, 144, 145-146, 194

EPACT compliance by, 14-15, 33, 208-219, 225-227

EPACT provisions for, 1, 5, 21-22, 150, 223-225, 228-245

  fluidized-bed combustion research, 120, 121, 122, 124

  IGCC systems research, 126, 127

  information management on coal-related technology, 209, 219, 244

  integrated gasification fuel cell research, 131-132

Suggested Citation:"INDEX." National Research Council. 1995. Coal: Energy for the Future. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4918.
×

Energy, Department of (DOE) (cont)

  magnetohydrodynamics research, 133

  mission statement, 33

  organizational structure for R&D, 160-161

  pulverized coal systems research, 115-119

  R&D budget, 160-161

  role of, 70-71

  role of advanced research in, 162-163

  solid waste management R&D, 192, 195-196

  strategic planning framework and assessment criteria, 33, 36-37, 64-65, 68-71, 194-195, 223-227

  strategic planning horizon, recommendations for, 5, 179-180

  systems analysis activities, recommendations for, 13, 205

  See also specific programs

Energy Policy Act of 1992 (EPACT), 1, 5, 43, 109

  carbon dioxide emissions in, 59

  Clean Coal Technology programs and, 32-33, 155-156

  on clearinghouse for coal-related technologies, 209, 219, 244

  coal provisions, 20, 21-22, 180, 208

  coal refinery concept in, 201

  coalbed methane recovery requirements, 82, 182

  competition in wholesale power market and, 20, 42

  demonstration and commercialization requirements, 150, 209

  DOE coal activities and, 1, 5, 21-22, 150, 156-157, 223-225

  DOE response to, 14-15, 33, 208-219, 225-227

  goals, 20

  projected electricity demand and, 44

  strategic planning recommendations and, 14, 208-219

  text of coal section, 228-245

Energy policy trends, 27-29, 41-43

Energy Security Act, 27

Entrained-flow gasification, 86-88, 89, 125

EPACT. See Energy Policy Act of 1992 (EPACT)

European Union, 24-25

Export/import markets, 4

  clean coal technology transfer, 238-242

  coal-exporting countries, 38-39

  coal-importing countries, 39

  coal preparation technology, 78-79

  coal utilization technology, 40-41, 62

  efficiency of power generation systems and, 187, 193

  electrical generation technologies, 4, 40-41

EPACT provisions, 156-157, 235-238, 238-242, 244

  global competition, 39, 40

  imported coal costs, 39

  projected natural gas, 49

  projections for coal, 4

  U.S. coal exports, 39-40

Externality adders, 254-255

Externally-fired combined-cycle systems, 7, 115, 117, 155, 169, 170 , 173, 182

F

Fischer-Tropsch process, 11-12, 96, 100-102, 199

Fixed-bed gasification, 86, 88-89

Fluidized-bed processes, 86, 88, 89, 91, 99, 119-121

  current programs, 121

  current technology, 121

  development challenges and opportunities, 122-124, 187

  efficiency, 120, 123, 154, 197

  prospects for, 124, 197

Fossil Energy Research and Development (DOE), 2

  advanced power system R&D in, 30, 99

  advanced research programs, 160-162

  budget, 2, 27, 246-247

  budget categories, 30, 34.

  See also specific budget categories

  budget trends, 29-32, 36

  coal activities, 2-3, 36

  coal gasification programs, 93, 197

Suggested Citation:"INDEX." National Research Council. 1995. Coal: Energy for the Future. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4918.
×

Fossil Energy Research and Development (DOE)

  demonstration projects, 152, 154, 155, 158-159, 205, 206

  gas turbine research, 167

  purpose, 2

  recommendations for, 10, 206

Fuel cell technology

  advantages of, 128-129

  current technology, 8, 129

  demonstration projects, 155

  DOE R&D, 2, 188

  efficiency, 128-129

  federal R & D funding, 29n, 30

  prospects for development, 188-189

  recommendations, 195

  technical challenges, 188

  technological basis, 128, 129

  See also Integrated gasification fuel cell systems

Future of coal use

  advanced power systems and, 7-8

  advanced research programs and, 163, 173

  alternative strategic scenarios, 65, 68

  combustion turbine technology, 138

  determinants of, 1, 3, 19-20, 25, 38, 41

  DOE and, 21-22

  emission control technologies, 146, 190-191

  environmental issues in, 56-62

  fluidized-bed combustion systems, 124

  gasification technology and, recommendation for, 11-13

  integrated gasification combined-cycle systems, 126-127

  integrated gasification fuel cell systems, 131-132

  magnetohydrodynamic power generation, 133-134

  planning horizons, 1, 5-6, 22-23, 38, 64, 179-180

  projected electricity demand, 43-46

  pulverized coal combustion systems, 119

  strategic planning assumptions, 3-5, 22-23, 61, 64-65

  technological developments needed, 85

G

Gas cleanup technologies, 8

  air-blown systems in, 11, 90-91, 92

  in coal gasification systems, 89-91, 92, 93, 187

  in combustion turbine systems, 136

  development needs, 194

  for fluidized-bed combustion systems, 123, 187, 194

  in gas turbine systems, 168, 171, 183, 188

  nitrogen oxide removal, 139, 192

  recommendations, 9-10, 195

  sulfur dioxide removal, 139, 192

Gas turbine technology

  advanced systems, research goals for, 167

  coal gasification technology and, 168-169, 189

  current R&D programs, 2, 137-138

  current technology, 8, 134-135, 187

  demonstration projects, 154

  development challenges and opportunities, 135-137, 168, 188-189

  efficiency and projected efficiency, 135, 136, 137, 183, 188

  emissions, 135

  heat exchanger research, 170

  hot gas cleanup systems in, 168, 171, 183

  importance of, 167

  for integrated gasification combined-cycle systems, 124, 126

  materials R&D for, 168-169

  metallurgy, 136-137

  prospects for, 138, 173, 187-188, 193

  recommendations, 9-10, 195

  technological basis, 134

Gasification systems

  challenges to development, 91-93, 163-164

  current R&D programs, 34-35, 93-95, 197

  current technology, 86-89, 109

  development history, 86

Suggested Citation:"INDEX." National Research Council. 1995. Coal: Energy for the Future. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4918.
×

Gasification systems (cont)

  DOE RD&D activities, 34-35, 197

  efficiency, 90-91, 92, 183, 189, 196-197

  federal R & D support, 27-28, 197

  Fischer-Tropsch process in, 96, 100-102

  gas products from, 11, 96, 110, 197-199, 202

  for gas turbine use, 168-169, 183, 189

  hydrogen production in, 96-97, 197, 202

  in IGCC systems performance, 89-91

  integrated with fuel cells. See Integrated gasification fuel cell systems

  liquid products from synthesis gas, 98-100, 110-111

  mild gasification technology, 157-158

  nitrogen oxide formation in, 164

  private sector research and development, 24

  prospects for, 109-110, 173, 193, 196-197, 201-202

  recommendations, 9-12, 195, 203

  synthetic natural gas production in, 97-98

  systems analysis of, 13

  See also Integrated gasification combined-cycle

Geothermal energy, 52

Global warming concerns, 58-59, 62, 82, 252-253

Great Plains Gasification Plant, 24, 97

Greenhouse gasses/effects concerns, 58, 252

  emission control strategies, 58-60, 252-253

  methane as, 82

  policy goals, 29, 252

H

Heat exchanger technology. See Ceramic heat exchangers

Heavy oil, 53-54, 62

High-performance power system, 7, 115, 118, 155, 182

Higher heating value, 2

Hydroelectric power, 52

Hydrogen, coal-derived, 96, 110, 197, 202

I

Independent power producers, 42

Indirect liquefaction, 11-12, 108

Industrial use of coal, 19, 54-55

Integrated gasification advanced-cycle (IGAC) systems, 7, 126, 182 , 187-188

Integrated gasification combined-cycle (IGCC) systems, 6, 7

  advantages of, 124, 126-127

  current R&D programs, 126

  current technology, 125

  demonstration projects, 154

  development challenges and opportunities, 126

  economics of, 12, 50, 126, 127

  efficiency, 126, 182, 183, 187-188

  electrical power system components, 113

  emission control technology, 139, 141-143, 145, 146, 192

  gas cleanup technologies and, 9-10

  gasification technology and, 89-91

  process, 124

  prospects for, 126-127

  R&D funding, 32

  recommendations, 9-10, 10, 11-13, 195

Integrated gasification fuel cell (IGFC) systems

  advantages, 9, 129-130

  current R&D programs, 131

  current technology, 129-130

  development challenges and opportunities, 8, 130-131

  economics, 130-131, 132

  efficiency and projected efficiencies, 7, 9, 130, 182, 183, 188

  prospects for, 131-132, 188, 193

  See also Fuel cell technology

J

Japan, 24, 39

Suggested Citation:"INDEX." National Research Council. 1995. Coal: Energy for the Future. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4918.
×

L

Liquefaction of coal

  coal catalysis and, 165-166

  coal cleaning for, 181

  coal pyrolysis and, 105-106

  coproduct system, 5

  decline in research activity, 165, 199

  direct methods, 11, 12, 102-105, 108-109, 166, 199-200, 202

  DOE R&D, 35, 56, 203

  economics, 11-12, 103, 104, 110-111, 158, 196, 199-200, 202

  efficiency, 11, 196, 202

  emission controls in production process, 196

  in EPACT provisions, 14-15, 234-235

  federal R & D support, 27-28

  indirect method, 11-12, 108

  long-term planning, 5

  by pyrolysis, 200

  R&D needs, 202

  recommendations, 12-13, 203

  strategic planning assumptions, 4

  systems, 11-12

  for transportation fuels, 35, 202

Liquefied natural gas, 50-51

Low-emission boiler systems, 193

  efficiency, 7, 182, 187

  in pulverized coal systems, 115-117, 118, 119, 155

  recommendations, 8, 195

M

Magnetohydrodynamic power generation

  current technology, 132-133

  development challenges, 133

  efficiency, 133, 189

  in EPACT provisions, 234

  prospects for, 133-134, 189

  research, 14, 32, 133-134, 189

  technological basis, 132

Materials research, 167

  gas turbine systems, 167-169, 173

  heat exchangers, 169-171

  inorganic membranes, 171-172, 202

  thermal barrier coatings, 169

Membrane R&D, 171-172, 173

Mercury, 144, 190, 252

Methane

  in coal gasification, 92, 198

  coalbed release/recovery, 59n, 59-60, 81-84, 173, 181, 182, 232-233

  as greenhouse gas, 82

Methanol, coal-derived, 98-100, 198

Molten carbonate fuel cells, 129, 130-131, 193

Morgantown Energy Technology Center, 13, 109, 204

N

National Coal Council, 155, 156, 205-206

National Energy Strategy report, 28

Natural gas

  advantages in electrical generation, 4

  alternative strategic scenarios, 65, 68

  in cogeneration systems, 106-107

  EPACT provisions, 297

  greenhouse emissions policy and, 29

  projected costs, 1, 4

  projections for demand and availability, 47-50, 61

  R&D activities, 9

  total use of, for energy production, 19

  See also Synthetic natural gas

New Source Performance Standards, 7, 189, 248, 249, 250, 254

Nitrogen oxides, 4

  from coal combustion, 60

  in coal gas-phase chemistry, 164

  combustion turbine emissions, 135, 136

  development needs for control of, 194

  DOE emission goals, 6, 145

  in electrical power generation, 139

  emission control technologies, 58, 139, 140-141, 250

  environmental regulation, 56, 58

  fluidized-bed combustion emissions, 120, 123-124

  fuel cell systems emissions, 128

  in photochemical ozone, 56n, 250-251

  pulverized coal systems emissions, 117

Suggested Citation:"INDEX." National Research Council. 1995. Coal: Energy for the Future. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4918.
×

Non-utility generators, 42

Nuclear power, 1, 51-52, 61

O

Oil and petroleum

  alternative strategic scenarios, 65, 68

  embargo of 1973, 23, 27, 79, 86, 102, 105, 199

  projected costs, 1, 62, 108

  projected demand and utilization, 51

  total use of, for energy production, 19

Oil embargo of 1973, 23, 27, 79, 86, 102, 105, 199

Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, 24

Ozone, photochemical, 56, 56n, 250-251

P

Patent rights, 152

Peak load, 46

Petroleum. See Oil and petroleum

Phosphoric acid fuel cell, 129

Pittsburgh Energy Technology Center, 13, 76, 204

Pressurized fluidized-bed combustion (PFBC), 120-121, 122-123, 124

  demonstration projects, 154

  economic performance, 50

  efficiency, 7, 182, 183, 187

  emission control technology, 139, 141, 142-143, 144, 145, 146, 192

  funding, 34

  future of, 7

  gas cleanup technologies and, 10

  recommendations, 10

  solid waste from, 192

  technological status, 8-9

Public Utility Regulatory Policy Act of 1979, 42

Pulverized coal systems

  advanced systems in CCT demonstration projects, 155

  current R&D programs, 115-118

  current technology, 114-115

  efficiency and potential efficiency, 114-115, 119, 155, 183

  power generation process, 114

  prospects for improvement, 119

  technical challenges, 118-119

PyGasTM gasification system, 93, 95

Pyrolysis of coal, 105-106, 158

  direct liquefaction by, 200

  research needs, 164

R

RDD&C programs

  advanced research programs, 207

  DOE coal programs, 2

  EPACT provisions, 228-230

  in EPACT provisions for coal, 20

  future of coal use and, 19-20

  recommendations for, 5-6, 180

  strategic planning scenarios, 64-65, 68-71

  systems analysis in, 13, 204-205

Renewable energy, 52-53, 61

Repowering

  economic decisionmaking, 50

  fluidized-bed combustion systems for, 123

  international technology markets, 40

  projected electricity capacity and, 46

S

Solar energy, 52

Solid oxide fuel cell, 129

Solid waste management, 5, 139-140, 191, 192, 194, 195-196, 254

Sulfur dioxide, 4

  DOE emission goals, 6, 145

  electrical power generation emissions, 139

  emission control technologies, 58, 139, 140, 141-142

  environmental regulations, 56, 57

  fluidized-bed combustion emissions, 123-124

  management trends, 248-249

Supercritical steam units, 114-115

Synthetic fuels

  private sector research and development, 23-24

Suggested Citation:"INDEX." National Research Council. 1995. Coal: Energy for the Future. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4918.
×

Synthetic fuels (cont)

  strategic planning assumptions, 4

Synthetic Fuels Corporation, 27

Synthetic natural gas, 11

  commercial prospects, 98, 197-198, 202

  DOE R&D, 35

  production of, 97-98, 110

  recommendations, 203

Systems analysis, 13-14, 203-205

T

Technology transfer, 238-242

Tennessee Eastern syngas-to-chemicals plant, 24

Thermal barrier coatings, 169

THERMIE program, 24-25

Transportation fuels, coal-based

  cost estimates, 35-36

  direct liquefaction of coal for, 102-103

  Fischer-Tropsch synthesis products, 100, 199

  methanol derived from coal gasification as, 98-99

  R&D, 35

U

Utility financing, 35-36

W

Wastewater treatment, coal in, 56

Water quality concerns, 253

Wind energy, 52

World Bank, 41

World coal use, trends in, 1

Suggested Citation:"INDEX." National Research Council. 1995. Coal: Energy for the Future. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4918.
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Coal: Energy for the Future Get This Book
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The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) was given a mandate in the 1992 Energy Policy Act (EPACT) to pursue strategies in coal technology that promote a more competitive economy, a cleaner environment, and increased energy security.

Coal evaluates DOE's performance and recommends priorities in updating its coal program and responding to EPACT.

This volume provides a picture of likely future coal use and associated technology requirements through the year 2040. Based on near-, mid-, and long-term scenarios, the committee presents a framework for DOE to use in identifying R&D strategies and in making detailed assessments of specific programs.

Coal offers an overview of coal-related programs and recent budget trends and explores principal issues in future U.S. and foreign coal use.

The volume evaluates DOE Fossil Energy R&D programs in such key areas as electric power generation and conversion of coal to clean fuels.

Coal will be important to energy policymakers, executives in the power industry and related trade associations, environmental organizations, and researchers.

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