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Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Engineering. 1996. Engineering Within Ecological Constraints. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4919.
×

INDEX

A

Acid rain, 5

Adaptive management, 51

Agroecosystems

   coevolutionary perspective, 20, 21-22, 24-25

   dispute resolution in, 170

   ecological health as goal of, 102

   grassland grazing, 36

   natural systems vs., 17

Alternative dispute resolution, 169-170

Asiatic clam, 22-23

Assessment of ecosystem health, 15-18

   in applied ecology, 112

   benchmark data, 103, 104

   conflict over methodology, 192-194

   constraints on human perception, 50-53

   in ecological engineering, 119-120

   ecological integrity, 102-105

   for ecologically sensitive project design, 143-144

   reversibility of environmental effects, 58-59

   values implicit in, 47-48

   See also Evaluation of engineering projects;

   Monitoring activities

Assimilative capacity, 3, 9 n.2

Automation, in complex systems, 67

B

Benchmark data, 103, 104

Biodiversity

   characteristics, 195 n.5

   in coevolution of human and natural systems, 21-22, 23

   ecosystem resilience and, 36-37, 39-40

   ecosystem services and, 16-17

   modeling, 55

   pollution response in ecosystems and, 83

   recommendations for maintaining, 27

   replacement species, 17

   worldwide species diversity, 144

Biosphere 2, 15

Biotechnology, 118

Birds, 27

Bonds, environmental assurance, 91-92, 93

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Engineering. 1996. Engineering Within Ecological Constraints. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4919.
×

C

California. See San Francisco Bay/San Joaquin Delta

Cattle grazing, 36

Chaotic state, 20-21, 40-41

Chemical pollution, 83, 103

Chesapeake Bay, 48

Chlorofluorocarbons, 69

Coevolution, 19-24

Collaboration, ecology-engineering

   to convince others, 4

   current practice, 2, 97-98, 111

   design of development projects, 144-145

   goals for, 67-68

   need for, 1-2, 105-106, 185

   obstacles to, 6, 73

   oil development in rain forest, 144-157

   opportunities for, 134-135

   political context, 132-134

   receptivity of students, 130-131, 134

   science education and, 75-76

   science policy and, 74-75

   as scientific enterprise, 73

   successful development projects, 143

   systems analysis, 131-132, 134-135

   See also Ecological engineering

Command-and-control systems, 91

Commons model, 50, 65

Communications systems, 70

Compartmental analysis, 84

Complex systems, 4

   automation in, 67

   coevolutionary processes, 20-21

   energy organization in, 83-85

   human comprehension, 50, 52-53

   natural regulation, 7

   policymaking in, 73-74

   problem-solving in, 70

   quantification of interconnections in, 84-85

   revenge theory, 71-72

   substitutions/replacements in, 17, 71-72

   transportation systems as, 70-71

   values implicit in study of, 48

Consumer behavior, 9

Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army, 6, 111, 193-194

   resource management philosophy, 187-189

D

Darns, 3

Description, scientific, 47-48

Design for environment, 4

Design process

   ecological consideration in, 1-2, 111

   ecological vs. engineering approach, 130

   ecologically sensitive development projects, 143-144

   economic conceptualizations, 133, 136 n.7

   environmentally harmful outcomes, 2

   environmentally sensitive engineering, 68

   Niobrara River engineering, 184

   oil development project, 148-157

   precautionary practice, 5-6

   problem definition, 2-4

   uncertainty in, 5, 6

Developing world, 67

Differences between ecology and engineering

   conceptualizations of sustainability, 129-130

   expectations, 6

   perception of system resilience, 32-34

   problem definition, 105

E

Earth Summit (1992), 98-99

Earthquakes, 8

Ecological constraints on engineering

   definition of design success, 2-4

   ethical consideration, 66, 67, 194-195

   indications for, 1-2

   modeling, 4

   principles for, 66-68

   in transportation engineering, 68-70

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Engineering. 1996. Engineering Within Ecological Constraints. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4919.
×

Ecological economics, 19

   valuation of ecosystem services, 14

Ecological engineering

   applied, 116

   biotechnology and, 118

   conservation ethic, 117-118, 194-195

   definitions, 112-113, 114-115

   environmental engineering and, 118

   goals, 113

   historical development, 112, 113-115

   as integrative discipline, 123, 125-126

   principles of, 115

   recent developments, 124-125

   resource conservation in, 117

   restoration ecology and, 119

   role of, 123-124

   self-design concept in, 115-116

   as system approach, 116-117

   systems analysis in, 119-120

   See also Collaboration, ecologists and engineers

Economics

   conceptualizations of ecosystem services, 14-15

   conceptualizations of equilibrium, 33

   engineering conceptualizations, 133, 136 n.7

   environmental accounting, 66-67, 68, 92-94

   environmental assurance bonding, 91-92, 93

   flexibility in resource management and, 7

   identifying ecological costs, 92

   individual behavior, 86

   market diversity, 83

   mixed-unit valuation, 85

   modeling system interactions in, 84-85

   natural resource depreciation, 66-67

   sustainability concepts in, 177

   technological uncertainty and, 87-88

   temporal orientation, 54

   valuation, 59-60

   vs. ecosystem health, 23-24

Ecosystem functioning

   causes of failure, 191-192

   concept of sustainability, 81-85

   conservation philosophy, 191-192

   constraints on human perception, 50-53

   development projects in natural habitats, 141-144

   diversity in, 83

   ecological resilience, 38-42

   engineering production philosophy, 190-191

   engineering resilience, 36-38

   equilibrium state, 32, 33, 51

   health of vs. integrity of, 100-102

   hierarchy theory, 51-52

   keystone processes, 60

   life span assessment, 81

   nature of change in, 31-32

   near instability, 40-41

   production-based vs. conservation-based perspectives, 187-190

   as public property, 50

   restoration project objectives, 178-179

   scalar problems in modeling, 46-50

   scientific understanding, 31-32, 47

   self-organization in, 115-116

   spatial attributes, 32

   sustainability, 39, 81-83

   threats to, 99-100

   tropical rain forest, 144-145

   See also Assessment of ecosystem health;

   Healthy systems

Ecosystem services, 2

   in balance with technological services, 24-27

   defined, 13-14

   ecosystem health and, 15-18

   historical use, 20

   human technology and, 20-24

   human well-being and, 18-19

   identification of, 14

   perception of, 14

   population growth and, 26

   recommendations for maintaining, 27

   social consumption of, 13-14

   technological alternatives, 15

   valuation of, 14-15

Ecotechnology, 114

Educational system, 75-76

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Engineering. 1996. Engineering Within Ecological Constraints. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4919.
×

   as setting for ecological-engineering collaboration, 130-131, 134, 158-159

Emergency responses, 68

Endothermy, 7, 39-41

Energy

   in definition of ecology, 113-114

   electricity consumption, 15

   optimistic/pessimistic expectations, 88

   sustainability of systems and, 82, 83-85

Environmental engineering, 118

Environmental Protection Agency, 173-175

Ethical issues, 66, 67, 72-73, 194-195

   avoiding social traps, 90-91

Eutrophication

   defined, 82

   system functioning, 82-83

Evaluation of engineering projects

   ecological considerations in, 106

   ecological criteria, 2-4

   ecologically sensitive development projects, 142

   engineering production philosophy, 190-191

   iterative testing process, 170-171, 176 n.5

   long-term considerations, 9

   multiscalar decision making metamodel for, 57-62

   restoration project objectives, 178-179

   sustainability issues in, 177

Everglades. See Kissimmee River project

Evolutionary processes, 20-25

   ecological integrity and, 101

   human behavior and, 86

   nonpolluting ecosystems, 82

Exotic species, 18, 22-23

Expectations

   ability to manage ecosystems, 6-7

   differences between ecologists and engineers, 6

   regarding technological services, 13

Extinction of species, 23, 25

F

Fertility trends, 190

Fisheries management, 37-38

Flow analysis, 84

Forest management, 17, 37, 41-42

   oil development in rain forest, 144-145, 149-157

Future generations, valuation issues, 54

G

Game theory, 88-89

Global interaction, 56

   ecological tariffs, 93-94

   environmental accounting, 92-93

   environmental awareness, 98-99

Global warming, 5, 16

Grasslands, 4, 36

H

Harmful outcomes, 2

   in coevolution of human and natural systems, 21-24

   environmental assurance bonding against, 91-92, 93

   environmental modeling, 57-62

   exotic invader species, 22-23

   expectations of, among scientists, 6

   human capacity to cause, 53

   human capacity to prevent, 6-7

   in human engineering, 129

   implications of uncertainty for policymaking, 5-6

   Kissimmee River project, 164

   as long-term effects, 8-9

   oil exploration/development, 145

   recognition of, 97

   San Francisco Bay/San Joaquin Delta management, 167-168

Healthy systems

   biodiversity, 16-17

   change processes, 31-32

   characteristics of, 101-102, 195 n.5

   evaluation of, 102-105

   human well-being and, 18-19, 97

   integrity of systems, 100-102

   productivity in, 15-18

   public understanding, 18-19, 25

   resilience, 18

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Engineering. 1996. Engineering Within Ecological Constraints. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4919.
×

   restoring ecosystems, 26-27

   scalar factors in defining, 47

   technological optimism/pessimism, 87-88

   thresholds, 17

Hierarchy theory, 51-52, 59-60

Human Development Index, 67

Hydropower, 177

I

Illinois Waterway, 187, 192-194, 195 n.1

Indigenous peoples, 150-151

Individual decision making, 9

   commons model, 50, 65

   determinants of, 19

   evolutionary factors, 86

   game theory, 88-89

   hierarchy theory, 51-52

   policy scale, 55-56

   social traps in, 86-87

   system interactions, 86

Industrial processes, 68

Information feedback in natural systems, 20

Innovation

   in policymaking, 91-94

   precautionary practice and, 5-6

Input-output analysis, 84, 85

Interdisciplinary initiatives

   ecotechnology as integrative discipline, 123-124, 125-126

   for policymaking, 97-98

International comparison, quality of life, 67

International relations, 21

Iterative testing process, 170-171, 176 n.5

J

Jefferson, Thomas, 74-75

K

Keystone processes, 60

Kissimmee River project, 2, 3, 111

   litigation over, 171-172

   management strategies, 169-170, 178, 179, 182-184

   overview, 164-166

   public controversy, 169

   recent developments, 172

   restoration objectives, 179-181

   significance of, 163, 172, 175

L

Labor-time-saving devices, 71

Language of science, 47-48

Life-cycle analysis

   application, 4

   ecosystems, 81

Life span

   behavior and, 86

   quality of life and, 80-81

Local conditions

   global considerations, 76, 93

   land planning, 68

   regional ecosystem management strategies, 7, 16-17

   resource management, 17-18, 104

Long-term effects, 8-9

   of ecotechnology practice, 124

   of engineering in natural habitats, 141-142

   social traps, 86-87

   technology development and, 86, 106

   uncertainty effects and, 87-89

   water resource management, 103, 175

M

Materials balance approach, 84

Migratory species, 27

Mississippi River, 6, 111, 187, 192-194, 195 n.1

Models

   behavior of complex systems, 84

   commons concept, 50, 65

   decision making metamodel, 57-62

   ecological constraints on design, 4

   ecological engineering, 116-117

   ecosystem failure, 191-192

   ecosystem stability, 33-34

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Engineering. 1996. Engineering Within Ecological Constraints. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4919.
×

    

   environmental problems as scalar problems, 46, 55

   game theory, 88-89

   global ecology, 93

   hierarchy theory, 52

   multimetric, 104-105

   multivariable problems, 71

   Newtonian, 45, 46-47

   transportation systems, 70-71

   uncertainty effects, 5-6, 87-88

   values implicit in choice of, 46, 47

   water management, 105

Monitoring activities, 7

   Kissimmee River flood control, 183-184

   long-term, 175

   oil development project, 157-159

   San Francisco Bay/San Joaquin Delta water management, 174-175

N

National Environmental Policy Act, 189, 193, 195 n.2

Network analysis, 84-85

New technology, 5-6

Niobrara River, 3, 178, 184

Non-point-source pollution, 48

Nonrenewable resources, 3

Nonsuch Island, 23

O

Oil development/exploration, 3

   harmful effects, 145

   offshore model, 152-154

   pipeline options, 154-157

   process, 146-147

   rain forest project, 144-157

   science and engineering needs, 157-159, 160-161

   strategies to minimize impacts, 148-154

   sustainability issues, 159-160

Oil exploration

   ecologically sensitive projects, 142

Opportunity costs, 6

Organized labor, 99

P

Pareto Optimality criterion, 61-62

Pesticides, 21, 40-41

Policy-making

   alternative dispute resolution in, 169-170

   to avoid social traps, 90

   command-and-control approach, 91

   conservation philosophy, 192

   constant yield goals in, 32

   ecological health as goal of, 101-102

   engineering production philosophy, 190, 191

   environmental knowledge for, 25, 27

   environmental modeling for, 55

   implications of uncertainty, 5

   interaction of engineering and ecology and, 68, 73-75

   interdisciplinary initiatives, 97-98

   Kissimmee River management, 163, 169-172

   metamodel for, 57-62

   micromanagement in, 73

   motivation for, 19-20

   optimistic vs. pessimistic approach, 89

   Pareto criterion, 61-62

   pluralistic approach, 46

   precautionary approach, 5-6, 93

   problem formulation, 48

   production-based vs. conservation-based approaches, 187-190

   recommendations for sustainability, 91-94

   San Francisco Bay/San Joaquin Delta management, 173-175

   Scalar considerations, 55-56

   tax reform, 93

   water management, 103-104

   waterway navigation system, 192-194

Pollution

   boundaries, 3

   chemical, 83, 103

   definition, 81-82

   ecosystem response, 83

   energy/entropy characteristics, 82, 83-85

   eutrophication as, 82-83

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Engineering. 1996. Engineering Within Ecological Constraints. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4919.
×

   evolutionary perspective, 82

   polluter assurance bonding against, 91-92, 93

   scalar issues in study of, 48

   as social trap, 87

   sustainable use, 81-82, 83

   transportation-related, 69

   water, 103

Population growth

   ecological threat of, 24-25, 26

   optimistic/pessimistic expectations, 88

   public understanding of, 19

   quality of life and, 74

   social goals, 27

   Stabilization, 26

   trends, 25-26

Precautionary principle, 5-6, 93

Primitive peoples, 24

Probability, uncertainty and, 5-6

Problem definition, 2-4

   in concept of sustainability, 79

   engineering vs. environmental approach, 105

   sociohistorical trends, 65

   values implicit in scalar choices, 48

Production-based philosophy

   in engineering, 190

   limitations of, 190-191

   vs. conservation-based approaches, 187-190

Productivity, 7

   conceptualizations of natural systems, 135 n.2

   ecosystem health and, 15-18

   scale discontinuity in ecosystems, 32

Public interest, commons model, 50, 65

Public perception/understanding, 68

   to avoid social traps, 90

   current awareness of environmental issues, 98-99

   of ecosystem health, 18-19, 25, 106

   knowledge needs, 27

   quantification of ecosystem services, 16

   questions of scale, 45-46

Q

Quagga mussel, 22-23

Quality of life

   in built environment, 67

   goals, 72-73

   life span considerations, 80-81

   obligations of engineering profession, 67-68

   population growth and, 74

   quality of environment and, 65-66, 100

R

Recreational activities, 17

Renewable resources, 3

Resilience of ecosystems, 18

   conceptualizations of, 32-34

   ecological management for, 38-42

   engineering conceptualization, 33-34

   engineering management for, 36-38

   system variability and, 39-40

Resource management

   adaptive, 51

   boundaries of use, 3

   challenges, 6-8

   ecological engineering principles, 117-118

   ecological health as goal of, 101-102

   economic reliance upon, flexibility and, 7

   ecosystem resilience and, 38-42, 51

   engineering resilience and, 36-38

   human development and, 24-25, 86, 101

   innovative policy-making, 91-94

   iterative testing process, 170-171, 176 n.5

   local vs. global, 17-18

   monitoring effects of, 7

   natural processes vs., 7

   population growth and, 26

   production-based vs. conservation-based approaches, 187-192

   species replacement, 17

Restoration ecology, 26-27, 52

   ecological engineering and, 112, 113, 116, 119

   Kissimmee River objectives, 179-181

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Engineering. 1996. Engineering Within Ecological Constraints. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4919.
×

   objectives for streams and rivers, 178, 181-182

Revenge theory, 8, 71-72

Rio Summit. See Earth Summit (1992)

Risk(s)

   de minimis concept, 195 n.4

   definition, 5

   model for environmental decision making, 57-62

S

Safety factors design, 6

San Francisco Bay/San Joaquin Delta

   management strategies, 173-175

   overview, 166-169

   significance of water management experience, 163, 175

Scientific method

   applied vs. pure research, 74-75

   contributions of, 73

   in ecological engineering, 119-120, 125-126

   education and training for, 75-76

   evaluative content, 47-48

Social engineering, 67

Social traps, 23-24, 86-87

   educational prescriptions, 90

   policy prescriptions, 90

   sociocultural prescriptions, 90-91

   technological uncertainty and, 87-89

Social values, 8-9

   in adaptive management techniques, 51-52

   commons model, 50

   determinants of, 50-51

   ecosystem services, 14

   hierarchical thinking, 52

   implicit in environmental models, 46, 47

   interdisciplinary examination of, 47

   scalar problems, 45, 46, 48

   temporospatial scaling in, 53-57, 61

   See also Valuation

Sociocultural context, 1

   avoiding social traps, 90-91

   benefits of ecologically sensitive engineering, 2-3

   consumption of ecological services, 13-14, 24

   evolutionary processes, 86

   expectations regarding technological services, 13

   identifying ecological costs, 92

   individual interests vs. social interests, 8-9

   infrastructure as expression, 72

   perception of ecological services, 14

   policy scales, 55-56

   problems of scale in, 45

   rain forest development considerations, 145-146, 150-151

   science in, 76

   See also Social values

Spatial/temporal scales

   attributes of ecosystem functioning, 32

   in concept of sustainability, 79-81

   current conceptualizations, 45

   in engineering design, 133

   environmental problems as scalar problems, 46-50

   hierarchy theory, 52

   human perception of, 50-53

   human values and, 53-57

   modeling environmental effects, 58-59

   modernist conceptualizations, 45, 46-47

   perspectivist view, 45-46

   phenomenology, 61

Stabilization

   ecological health vs. ecological integrity, 100-102

   ecosystem equilibrium, 32, 51

   ecosystem resilience, 33-34, 38

   population growth, 26

   as restoration project objective, 178-179

Standard of living, 25

   environmental accounting, 66-67

   Human Development Index, 67

Sustainability, 1

   conservation philosophy, 191-192

   definitions, 9 n.1, 79-81, 177-178

   in development projects, 177, 178

   ecological concerns, 129-130

   ecological engineering goals, 117

   economic concept, 177

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Engineering. 1996. Engineering Within Ecological Constraints. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4919.
×

   ecosystem services and, 14

   engineering conceptualizations, 129

   environmental accounting, 92-94

   legal threshold, 195 n.4

   in natural systems, 39, 41-42, 81-85

   prediction of, 79-80

   technological development issues, 159-160

   temporospatial concepts embedded in, 79-81

   temporospatial thinking, 54-55

Systems perspective, 4

   coevolution, 19-24

   component interaction, 83, 84

   concept of resilience, 32-33

   concept of sustainability, 9 n.1, 79-81

   in ecological engineering, 116-117, 119-120

   ecosystem health in, 15-18

   eutrophication processes, 82-83

   individual behavior in, 86

   natural systems, 7

   political context, 132-134

   revenge theory, 8-9, 71-72

   role of diversity, 83

   self-organizing behaviors, 115-116

   similarities in ecology and engineering, 131-132, 134-135

   in water quality monitoring, 175

T

Tariffs, 93-94

Tax reform, 93

Taxes, 172

Technological optimism/pessimism, 87-89

Technological services

   in balance with ecosystem services, 24-27

   current consumption, 13

   human development and, 24-25

Threshold concept, 17, 195 n.4

Transportation systems

   complexity of, 70-71

   environmental issues, 69-70

   pollutants, 69

U

Uncertainty, 5-6

   in origin of social traps, 87-89

Unknown unknowns, 5, 6

Unknowns, 5

Urban populations, 69, 70

V

Valuation

   determinants of, 51

   in economics, 59-60

   ecosystem services, 14-15, 16

   environmental, in engineering accounting, 66, 68

   mixed-unit, 85

   scalar problems, 46

   spatiotemporal consideration, 52

   See also Social values

W

Water management, 3, 7

   benchmark data, 103, 104

   California drinking water, 8

   Chesapeake Bay cleanup, 48

   ecological goals, 177

   evaluation of river ecosystems, 4

   flood control, 182-184

   hydropower initiatives, 177

   measurement and evaluation practices, 102-103

   multimetric modeling, 104-105

   navigation systems, 187, 192-194

   policy, 103-104

   production-based vs. conservation-based approaches, 187-190

   restoration project objectives, 178-179

   threats to, 103

   See also Kissimmee River project;

   San Francisco Bay/San Joaquin Delta

Wetlands development, 142, 158

Whooping Cranes, 184

Z

Zebra mussel, 22-23

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Engineering. 1996. Engineering Within Ecological Constraints. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4919.
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Engineering Within Ecological Constraints Get This Book
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Engineering within Ecological Constraints presents a rare dialogue between engineers and environmental scientists as they consider the many technical as well as social and legal challenges of ecologically sensitive engineering. The volume looks at the concepts of scale, resilience, and chaos as they apply to the points where the ecological life support system of nature interacts with the technological life support system created by humankind.

Among the questions addressed are: What are the implications of differences between ecological and engineering concepts of efficiency and stability? How can engineering solutions to immediate problems be made compatible with long-term ecological concerns? How can we transfer ecological principles to economic systems?

The book also includes important case studies on such topics as water management in southern Florida and California and oil exploration in rain forests.

From its conceptual discussions to the practical experience reflected in case studies, this volume will be important to policymakers, practitioners, researchers, educators, and students in the fields of engineering, environmental science, and environmental policy.

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