National Academies Press: OpenBook

The Global Positioning System: A Shared National Asset (1995)

Chapter: Appendix I Report From Mr. Melvin Barmat, Jansky/Barmat Telecommunications, Inc.

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Suggested Citation:"Appendix I Report From Mr. Melvin Barmat, Jansky/Barmat Telecommunications, Inc.." National Research Council. 1995. The Global Positioning System: A Shared National Asset. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4920.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix I Report From Mr. Melvin Barmat, Jansky/Barmat Telecommunications, Inc.." National Research Council. 1995. The Global Positioning System: A Shared National Asset. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4920.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix I Report From Mr. Melvin Barmat, Jansky/Barmat Telecommunications, Inc.." National Research Council. 1995. The Global Positioning System: A Shared National Asset. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4920.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix I Report From Mr. Melvin Barmat, Jansky/Barmat Telecommunications, Inc.." National Research Council. 1995. The Global Positioning System: A Shared National Asset. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4920.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix I Report From Mr. Melvin Barmat, Jansky/Barmat Telecommunications, Inc.." National Research Council. 1995. The Global Positioning System: A Shared National Asset. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4920.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix I Report From Mr. Melvin Barmat, Jansky/Barmat Telecommunications, Inc.." National Research Council. 1995. The Global Positioning System: A Shared National Asset. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4920.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix I Report From Mr. Melvin Barmat, Jansky/Barmat Telecommunications, Inc.." National Research Council. 1995. The Global Positioning System: A Shared National Asset. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4920.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix I Report From Mr. Melvin Barmat, Jansky/Barmat Telecommunications, Inc.." National Research Council. 1995. The Global Positioning System: A Shared National Asset. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4920.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix I Report From Mr. Melvin Barmat, Jansky/Barmat Telecommunications, Inc.." National Research Council. 1995. The Global Positioning System: A Shared National Asset. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4920.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix I Report From Mr. Melvin Barmat, Jansky/Barmat Telecommunications, Inc.." National Research Council. 1995. The Global Positioning System: A Shared National Asset. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4920.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix I Report From Mr. Melvin Barmat, Jansky/Barmat Telecommunications, Inc.." National Research Council. 1995. The Global Positioning System: A Shared National Asset. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4920.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix I Report From Mr. Melvin Barmat, Jansky/Barmat Telecommunications, Inc.." National Research Council. 1995. The Global Positioning System: A Shared National Asset. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4920.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix I Report From Mr. Melvin Barmat, Jansky/Barmat Telecommunications, Inc.." National Research Council. 1995. The Global Positioning System: A Shared National Asset. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4920.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix I Report From Mr. Melvin Barmat, Jansky/Barmat Telecommunications, Inc.." National Research Council. 1995. The Global Positioning System: A Shared National Asset. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4920.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix I Report From Mr. Melvin Barmat, Jansky/Barmat Telecommunications, Inc.." National Research Council. 1995. The Global Positioning System: A Shared National Asset. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4920.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix I Report From Mr. Melvin Barmat, Jansky/Barmat Telecommunications, Inc.." National Research Council. 1995. The Global Positioning System: A Shared National Asset. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4920.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix I Report From Mr. Melvin Barmat, Jansky/Barmat Telecommunications, Inc.." National Research Council. 1995. The Global Positioning System: A Shared National Asset. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4920.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix I Report From Mr. Melvin Barmat, Jansky/Barmat Telecommunications, Inc.." National Research Council. 1995. The Global Positioning System: A Shared National Asset. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4920.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix I Report From Mr. Melvin Barmat, Jansky/Barmat Telecommunications, Inc.." National Research Council. 1995. The Global Positioning System: A Shared National Asset. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4920.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix I Report From Mr. Melvin Barmat, Jansky/Barmat Telecommunications, Inc.." National Research Council. 1995. The Global Positioning System: A Shared National Asset. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4920.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix I Report From Mr. Melvin Barmat, Jansky/Barmat Telecommunications, Inc.." National Research Council. 1995. The Global Positioning System: A Shared National Asset. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4920.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix I Report From Mr. Melvin Barmat, Jansky/Barmat Telecommunications, Inc.." National Research Council. 1995. The Global Positioning System: A Shared National Asset. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4920.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix I Report From Mr. Melvin Barmat, Jansky/Barmat Telecommunications, Inc.." National Research Council. 1995. The Global Positioning System: A Shared National Asset. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4920.
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Page 243
Suggested Citation:"Appendix I Report From Mr. Melvin Barmat, Jansky/Barmat Telecommunications, Inc.." National Research Council. 1995. The Global Positioning System: A Shared National Asset. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4920.
×
Page 244
Suggested Citation:"Appendix I Report From Mr. Melvin Barmat, Jansky/Barmat Telecommunications, Inc.." National Research Council. 1995. The Global Positioning System: A Shared National Asset. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4920.
×
Page 245
Suggested Citation:"Appendix I Report From Mr. Melvin Barmat, Jansky/Barmat Telecommunications, Inc.." National Research Council. 1995. The Global Positioning System: A Shared National Asset. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4920.
×
Page 246
Suggested Citation:"Appendix I Report From Mr. Melvin Barmat, Jansky/Barmat Telecommunications, Inc.." National Research Council. 1995. The Global Positioning System: A Shared National Asset. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4920.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix I Report From Mr. Melvin Barmat, Jansky/Barmat Telecommunications, Inc.." National Research Council. 1995. The Global Positioning System: A Shared National Asset. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4920.
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APPENDIX I 221 Appendix I Report From Mr. Melvin Barmat, Jansky/Barmat Telecommunications, Inc.

APPENDIX I 222

APPENDIX I 223

APPENDIX I 224

APPENDIX I 225

APPENDIX I 226

APPENDIX I 227

APPENDIX I 228 TABLE 1 Comments on Potential Use of Frequency Bands for a New GPS Signal

Table 1 Table of Potential Spectrum for New GPS Carrier Band (MHz) Disposition/Comment Discussion 960-1215 May be Possible. Needs consultation with aeronautical interests. This 255 MHz bandwidth is allocated on a worldwide basis to Aeronautical APPENDIX I Radionavigation services. A wide number of civil and military aeronautical systems employ this band including DME, TACAN, JTIDS, TCAS, Mode-S, IFF, etc. However, the use of some of these systems may become obsolete because of widespread employment of GPS. Thus, bandwidth may become available in the future. Moreover, since a C/A code GPS-L4 would only need a few MHz of bandwidth, it would seem in the self-interest of the aeronautical community to make such a small amount of spectrum available. 1215-1240 Good Possibility. Needs further study, including GPS interaction and Worldwide allocation to Radiolocation and Radionavigation-Satellite services interference effects of radar The GPS-L2 signal is located in this band at 1227.6 MHz. Since the P-code occupies ±10 MHz, the bands 1215-1217.6 MHz or 1237.6-1240 MHz may be available for the GPS-L4 signal. If 1 or 2 MHz of additional spectrum is needed, it may be available in one of the adjacent bands. However, the transmission and reception of two adjacent frequency signals (L2 and L4) often gives rise to intermodulation interference problems. Further study is obviously needed. In addition, it may be possible to operate a C/A-code signal and a P-code signal co-frequency at 1227.6 MHz (L2), as it is done at 1575.42 MHz (GPS-L1). In the U.S., the Radiolocation services are for U.S. government long-range air surveillance radars. Worldwide usage needs investigation. Use of this band has the advantage of not requiring an allocation change via the ITU. 229

1240-1260 Good Possibility. Needs detailed study including effect of radar Worldwide allocations to Radiolocation and Radionavigation-Satellite. on GPS signal. The latter covers the L2 channel for Glonass. agreed to move Glonass frequencies down from their current band over the next several years. Thus, it is probable that several MHz at the high end of this band will be APPENDIX I cleared out and could be used for GPS L4. However, the use of the co- frequency Radiolocation allocation needs further study to verify sharing potential. In the U.S. this band is assigned to DOD for radars and use may be extensive. However, it is encouraging to note that the band has been acceptable for Glonass L2. An advantage of this band for GPS L4 is that no new ITU allocation would be necessary. NASA uses this band on a secondary basis for earth-exploration satellites. However, the Russian gov't has 1260-1300 Possible. Needs study, including radar effects. Worldwide allocation to Radiolocation (radar). In the U.S., this band is assigned to DOD. Secondary amateur satellite service operates Earth- space in this band and could cause localized interference that would be difficult to uncover. 1300-1350 Low Possibility. Needs study, including radar effects. This band is allocated worldwide to Aeronautical Radionavigation and is used for surveillance radars in air traffic control (ATC) in the U.S. Transponders on the aircraft are used for identification. It is believed this same use is worldwide. In U.S. and elsewhere, ATC surveillance radars may be partially replaced by Mode S systems in the future. Thus, in the long term it may be possible that several MHz of this band could be set aside for GPS L4. There is a footnote asking administrations to protect the band 1330-1400 MHz for Radioastronomy. Space station emissions are noted to be particularly harmful to these observations. 230

1350-1400 Questionable. Would need much study. The band has a worldwide allocation for Radiolocation. The band is used for long range surveillance radars by the DOD and for air traffic control. There is also a Radioastronomy footnote, noted above (RR 718), and the fact that passive space research is conducted in 13701400 MHz (RR 720) would make this a difficult band for NAS to endorse. The U.S.G. is turning control of 13901400 MHz over to non-government use but APPENDIX I notes problem of Radioastronomy. Also, the fixed and mobile allocations in Region 1 are potential sources of harmful interference to GPS-L4. Note that GPS L3 at 1381 MHz is in this band but its use is subject to restrictions. 1400-1427 Not Feasible Primary allocations to Radioastronomy and Space Research (passive) make this band not feasible. 1427-1429 Probably not feasible Needs study. Mobile and Fixed services are allocated worldwide in these bands. One of the ground rules established in 1429-1452 this study is to not attempt to place a GPS receiver on a mobile vehicle where a co-frequency transmitter was possible. However, the U.S.G. will turn over control of 1427-1432 MHz to non-government use in about five years, although some government use will be grandfathered! Note that the adjacent band is allocated on a Primary basis to Radioastronomy. 1452-1492 Not Feasible The current application of this band to the Broadcasting, Broadcasting-Satellite and Mobile services make this band not feasible for GPS-L4. 1492-1525 Not Feasible The band is allocated to Mobile services worldwide and to Mobile Satellite (space-Earth) in Region 2. Either allocation would rule out its use for GPS-L4. 1525-1530 1530-1533 Not Feasible Worldwide allocation to Mobile Satellite (space-Earth). These satellite transmissions would cause 1533-1535 unacceptable interference to an L4 GPS receiver in the band. 1535-1544 1544-1545 231

1545-1555 1555-1559 APPENDIX I 1559-1610 Not Feasible Band used for GPS and Glonass L1 signals. Band edge use would not be acceptable. 1610-1610.6 Not Feasible Worldwide allocation to Mobile Satellite (Earth-space). Uplink transmissions from vehicle to satellite would cause unacceptable interference to GPS receiver on same or nearby vehicle. 1610.6-1613.8 1613.8-1626.5 1626.5-1631.5 1631.5-1634.5 1634.5-1645.5 1645.5-1646.5 1646.5-1656.5 1656.5-1660 1660-1660.5 1660.5-1668.4 Not Feasible Worldwide allocations to Radioastronomy. 1668.4-1670 1670-1675 Not Feasible Worldwide allocations to Metaids, Mobile, etc. would cause unacceptable interference to GPS-L4. In addition, a new air passenger telephone service (ground-to-air) is planned for this band. The U.S.G. is turning over control of 1670-1675 MHz to non-government use and thereby not allowing radiosonde operations in the band. However, the U.S.G. points out the sensitivity of Radioastronomy in the adjacent band. 1675-1690 1690-1700 Not Feasible Worldwide allocation to Metaids (radiosondes), Metsats (space-Earth) and. Mobile services make use of this band not feasible in the near term. Moreover, the band is allocated to mobile satellite (Earth-space) in Region 2 and there are indications the allocation will be extended worldwide. 1700-1710 Not Feasible Same as above, except for omission of Metaid allocation. 232

1710-1930 Good possibility. Study needed. This 220 MHz band has worldwide allocations for Fixed and Mobile services. However, band usage is in a state of flux. The band 1800-1805 MHz is set aside for air-to-ground link of a new air passenger telephone service. The band 1885-2025 is set aside for a next generation worldwide public land mobile telephone system and the FCC has extended the band down to 1850 MHz for such use in the U.S. The band 1761-1842 MHz is used for a number of USG space services. The U.S. government has APPENDIX I announced that it intends to turn over primary use of 1710-1755 MHz to non-government service in 2004, although some U.S.G. use will be grandfathered. 1718.8-1722.2 MHz is allocated to radio astronomy on a secondary basis. The lower end of this band looks promising for GPS L4, although out-of-band emissions of LEO weather satellites need investigation. 233

APPENDIX I 234

APPENDIX I 235 MHz 890 - 1240 Allocation to Services Region 1 Region 2 Region 3 890 - 942 890 - 902 890 - 942 FIXED FIXED FIXED MOBILE except MOBILE except MOBILE aeronautical mobile aeronautical mobile BROADCASTING BROADCASTING 703 Radiolocation Radiolocation Radiolocation 700A 704A 705 902 - 928 FIXED Amateur Mobile except aeronautical mobile Radiolocation 705 707 707A 928 - 942 FIXED MOBILE except aeronautical mobile Radiolocation 704 705 706 942 - 960 942 - 960 942 - 960 FIXED FIXED FIXED MOBILE except MOBILE MOBILE aeronautical mobile BROADCASTING BROADCASTING 703 704 701 960 - 1 215 AERONAUTICAL RADIONAVIGATION 709 1 215 - 1240 RADIOLOCATION RADIONAVIGATION-SATELLITE (space-to-Earth) 710 711 712 712A 713

APPENDIX I 236 MHz 1240 - 1452 Allocation to Services Region 1 Region 2 Region 3 1240 - 126 RADIOLOCATION RADIONAVIGATION-SATELLITE (space-to-Earth) 710 Amateur 711 712 712A 713 714 1260 - 1300 RADIOLOCATION Amateur 664 711 712 712A 713 714 1300 - 1350 AERONAUTICAL RADIONAVIGATION 717 Radiolocation 715 716 718 1350 - 1400 1350 - 1400 FIXED RADIOLOCATION MOBILE 714 718 720 RADIOLOCATION 718 719 720 1400 - 1427 EARTH EXPLORATION-SATELLITE (passive) RADIO ASTRONOMY SPACE RESEARCH (passive) 721 722 1427 - 1429 SPACE OPERATION (Earth-to-space) FIXED MOBILE except aeronautical mobile 722 1429 - 1452 1429 - 1452 FIXED FIXED MOBILE except aeronautical mobile MOBILE 723 722 723B 722

APPENDIX I 237 MHz 1452- 1530 Allocation to Services Region 1 Region 2 Region 3 1452 - 1492 1452 - 1492 FIXED FIXED MOBILE except MOBILE 723 aeronautical mobile BROADCASTING 722A 722B BROADCASTING 722A BROADCASTING-SATELLITE 722A 722B 722B BROADCASTING- SATELLITE 722A 722B 722 723B 722 722C 1492 - 1525 1492 - 1525 1492 - 1525 FIXED FIXED FIXED MOBILE except MOBILE 723 MOBILE 723 aeronautical mobile MOBILE-SATELLITE (space-to-Earth) 722 723B 722 722C 723C 722 1525 - 1530 1525 - 1530 1525 - 1530 SPACE OPERATION SPACE OPERATION SPACE OPERATION (space-to-Earth) (space-to-Earth) (space-to-Earth) FIXED MOBILE-SATELLITE FIXED MARITIME (space-to-Earth) MOBILE-SATELLITE MOBILE-SATELLITE Earth Exploration-Satellite (space-to-Earth) (space-to-Earth) Fixed Earth Exploration-Satellite Earth Exploration-Satellite Mobile 723 Mobile 723 724 Land Mobile-Satellite (space-to-Earth) 726B Mobile except aeronautical mobile 724 22 723B 725 726A 26D 722 723A 726A 726D 722 726A 726D

APPENDIX I 238 MHz 1530 - 1545 Allocation to Services Region 1 Region 2 Region 3 1530 - 1533 1530 - 1533 SPACE OPERATION SPACE OPERATION (space-to-Earth) (space-to-Earth) MARITIME MOBILE-SATELLITE (space-to-Earth) MARITIME MOBILE- SATELLITE LAND MOBILE-SATELLITE (space-to-Earth) (space-to-Earth) LAND MOBILE- Earth Exploration-Satellite SATELLITE Fixed (space-to-Earth) Mobile 723 Earth Exploration-Satellite Fixed Mobile except aeronautical mobile 722 723B 726A 726D 722 726A 726C 726D 1533 - 1535 1533- 1535 SPACE OPERATION SPACE OPERATION (space-to-Earth) (space-to-Earth) MARITIME MOBILE-SATELLITE MARITIME MOBILE- SATELLITE (space-to-Earth) (space-to-Earth) Earth Exploration-Satellite Earth Exploration-Satellite Fixed Fixed Mobile except Mobile 723 aeronautical mobile Land Mobile-Satellite (space-to-Earth) 726B Land Mobile-Satellite (space-to-Earth) 726B 722 723B 726A 726D 722 726A 726C 726D 1535 - 1544 MARITIME MOBILE-SATELLITE (space-to-Earth) Land Mobile-Satellite (space-to-Earth) 726B 722 726A 726C 726D 727 1544 - 1545 MOBILE-SATELLITE (space-to-Earth) 722 726D 727 727A

APPENDIX I 239 MHz 1545 - 1613.8 Allocation to Services Region 1 Region 2 Region 3 1545 - 1555 AERONAUTICAL MOBILE-SATELLITE (R) (space-to-Earth) 722 726A 726D 727 729 729A 730 1555 - 1559 LAND MOBILE-SATELLITE (space-to-Earth) 722 726A 726D 727 730 730A 730B 730C 1559- 1610 AERONAUTICAL RADIONAVIGATION RADIONAVIGATION-SATELLITE (space-to-Earth) 722 727 730 731 1610 - 1610.6 1610 - 1610.6 1610 - 1610.6 MOBILE-SATELLITE MOBILE-SATELLITE MOBILE-SATELLITE (Earth-to-space) (Earth-to-space) (Earth-to-space) AERONAUTICAL AERONAUTICAL AERONAUTICAL RADIONAVIGATION RADIONAVIGATION RADIONAVIGATION RADIODETERMINATION- Radiodetermination-Satellite SATELLITE (Earth-to-space) (Earth-to-space) 722 727 730 731 722 731E 732 733 722 727 730 731E 731E 732 733 733A 733A 733C 733D 733E 732 733 733A 733B 733B 733E 733F 733E 1610.6 - 1613.8 1610.6 - 1613.8 1610.6 - 1613.8 MOBILE-SATELLITE MOBILE-SATELLITE MOBILE-SATELLITE (Earth-to-space) (Earth-to-space) (Earth-to-space) RADIO ASTRONOMY RADIO ASTRONOMY RADIO ASTRONOMY AERONAUTICAL AERONAUTICAL AERONAUTICAL RADIONAVIGATION RADIONAVIGATION RADIONAVIGATION RADIODETERMINATION- Radiodetermination-Satellite SATELLITE (Earth-to-space) (Earth-to-space) 722 727 730 731 722 731E 732 722 727 730 731E 731E 732 733 733A 733 733A 733C 732 733 733A 733B 733B 733E 733F 734 733D 733E 734 733E 734

APPENDIX I 240 MHz 1613.8 - 1656.5 Allocation to Services Region 1 Region 2 Region 3 1613.8 - 1626.5 1613.8 - 1626.5 1613.8 - 1626.5 MOBILE-SATELLITE MOBILE-SATELLITE MOBILE-SATELLITE (Earth-to-space) (Earth-to-space) (Earth-to-space) AERONAUTICAL AERONAUTICAL AERONAUTICAL RADIONAVIGATION RADIONAVIGATION RADIONAVIGATION Mobile-Satellite RADIODETERMINATION- Radiodetermination-Satellite (space-to-Earth) SATELLITE (Earth-to-space) (Earth-to-space) Mobile-Satellite Mobile-Satellite (space-to-Earth) (space-to-Earth) 722 727 722 722 727 730 731E 730 732 733A 731 731F 732 731E 733 731E 731F 733 731F 733 733E 733F 733B 733E 733C 733D 733A 733E 732 733A 733B 1626.5 - 1631.5 1626.5 - 1631.5 MARITIME MOBILE- MOBILE-SATELLITE (Earth-to-space) SATELLITE (Earth-to-space) Land Mobile-Satellite (Earth-to-space) 726B 722 726A 726D 727 730 722 726A 726C 726D 727 730 1631.5 - 1634.5 MARITIME MOBILE-SATELLITE (Earth-to-space) LAND MOBILE-SATELLITE (Earth-to-space) 722 726A 726C 726D 727 730 734A 1634.5 - 1645.5 MARITIME MOBILE-SATELLITE (Earth-to-space) Land Mobile-Satellite (Earth-to-space) 726B 722 726A 726C 726D 727 730 1645.5 - 1646.5 MOBILE-SATELLITE (Earth-to-space) 722 726D 734B 1646.5 - 1656.5 AERONAUTICAL MOBILE-SATELLITE (R) (Earth-to-space) 722 726A 726D 727 729A 730 735

APPENDIX I 241 MHz 1656.5 - 1675 Allocation to Services Region 1 Region 2 Region 3 1656.5 - 1660 LAND MOBILE-SATELLITE (Earth-to-space) 722 726A 726D 727 730 730A 730B 730C 734A 1660 - 1660.5 LAND MOBILE-SATELLITE (Earth-to-space) RADIO ASTRONOMY 722 726A 726D 730A 730B 730C 736 1660.5- 1668.4 RADIO ASTRONOMY SPACE RESEARCH (passive) Fixed Mobile except aeronautical mobile 722 736 737 738 739 1668.4 - 1670 METEOROLOGICAL AIDS FIXED MOBILE except aeronautical mobile RADIO ASTRONOMY 722 736 1670 - 1675 METEOROLOGICAL AIDS FIXED METEOROLOGICAL-SATELLITE (space-to-Earth) MOBILE 740A 722

APPENDIX I 242 MHz 1675 - 1930 Allocation to Services Region 1 Region 2 Region 3 1675 - 1690 1675 - 1690 1675 - 1690 METEOROLOGICAL METEOROLOGICAL METEOROLOGICAL AIDS AIDS AIDS FIXED FIXED FIXED METEOROLOGICAL- METEOROLOGICAL- METEOROLOGICAL- SATELLITE SATELLITE SATELLITE (space-to-Earth) (space-to-Earth) (space-to-Earth) MOBILE except MOBILE except MOBILE except aeronautical mobile aeronautical mobile aeronautical mobile MOBILE-SATELLITE (Earth-to-space) 722 722 735A 722 1690 - 1700 1690 - 1700 1690 - 1700 METEOROLOGICAL METEOROLOGICAL METEOROLOGICAL AIDS AIDS AIDS METEOROLOGICAL- METEOROLOGICAL- METEOROLOGICAL- SATELLITE SATELLITE SATELLITE (space-to-Earth) (space-to-Earth) (space-to-Earth) Fixed MOBILE-SATELLITE Mobile except (Earth-to-space) aeronautical mobile 671 722 741 671 722 735A 740 671 722 740 742 1700 - 1710 1700 - 1710 1700 - 1710 FIXED FIXED FIXED METEOROLOGICAL- METEOROLOGICAL- METEOROLOGICAL- SATELLITE SATELLITE SATELLITE (space-to-Earth) (space-to-Earth) (space-to-Earth) MOBILE except MOBILE except MOBILE except aeronautical mobile aeronautical mobile aeronautical mobile MOBILE-SATELLITE (Earth-to-space) 671 722 671 722 735A 671 722 743 1710 - 1930 FIXED MOBILE 740A 722 744 745 746 746A

APPENDIX I 243 TABLE 3 Sample Page of Footnotes from Article 8 of the International Radio Regulations 714 Additional allocation: in Canada and the United States. the bands 1240 - 1300 MHz and 1350 - 1370 MHz are also allocated to the aeronautical radionavigation service on a primary basis. 715 Additional allocation: in Indonesia. the band 1300 - 1350 MHz is also allocated to the fixed and mobile services on a primary basis. 716 Alternative allocation: in Ireland and the United Kingdom, the band 1300 - 1350 MHz is allocated to the radiolocation service on a primary basis. 717 The use of the bands 1300 - 1350 MHz. 2700 - 2900 MHz and 9000 -9200 MHz by the aeronautical radionavigation service is restricted to ground-based radars and to associated airborne transponders which transmit only on frequencies in these bands and only when actuated by radars operating in the same band. 718 In making assignments to stations of other services, administrations are urged to take all practicable steps to protect the spectral line observations of the radio astronomy service from harmful interference in the band 1330-1400 MHz. Emissions from space or airborne stations can be particularly serious sources of interference to the radio astronomy service (see Nos. 343 and 344 and Article 36). 719 In Bulgaria. Mongolia. Poland. the German Democratic Republic. Romania. Czechoslovakia and the WARC.92 U.S.S.R., the existing installations of the radionavigation service may continue to operate in the band 1350 -1400 MHz. 720 The bands 1370 - 1400 MHz. 2640 - 2655 MHz. 4950 - 4990 MHz and 15.20 - 15.35 GHz are also allocated to the space research (passive) and earth exploration-satellite (passive) services on a secondary basis. 721 All emissions in the band 1400 - 1427 MHz are prohibited. 722 In the bands 1400- 1727 MHz. 101 - 120 GHz and 197 - 220 GHz. passive research is being conducted by some countries in a programme for the search for intentional emissions of extra-terrestrial origin. 722A Use of the band 1452 - 1492 MHz by the broadcasting-satellite service. and by the broadcasting service. is WARC-92 limited to digital audio broadcasting and is subject to the provisions of Resolution 528 (WARC-92).

APPENDIX I 244

APPENDIX I 245

APPENDIX I 246

APPENDIX I 247

APPENDIX I 248

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The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a satellite-based navigation system that was originally designed for the U.S. military. However, the number of civilian GPS users now exceeds the military users, and many commercial markets have emerged. This book identifies technical improvements that would enhance military, civilian, and commercial use of the GPS. Several technical improvements are recommended that could be made to enhance the overall system performance.

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