|
Items in cart [0] |
Questions? Call 888-624-8373 |
PAPERBACK + PDF PAPERBACK PDF BOOK PDF CHAPTERS Free Resources |
||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||
|
|
|||||||||||||||
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Copyright © 2009. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Terms of Use and Privacy Statement |
Below are the first 10 and last 10 pages of uncorrected machine-read text (when available) of this chapter, followed by the top 30 algorithmically extracted key phrases from the chapter as a whole.
Intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text on the opening pages of each chapter.
Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.
Do not use for reproduction, copying, pasting, or reading; exclusively for search engines.
OCR for page 185
Index
A
Access issues. See also National security
asymmetries, 6, 9-10, 17, 25-26, 36, 39-
40, 70-74, 82, 91, 126, 143-144,
146, 150
costs of access barriers, 71, 73-74, 126
militarily important components and
subsystems, 40, 144, 145
as motivation for foreign investment, 84
n.5
privately funded foreign R&D, 6, 70-74,
82, 143-144, 146
publicly funded foreign R&D, 124-127,
130, 138 n.68, 150, 158 n.4
reciprocity requirements, 10, 11, 73, 89
n.43, 116, 117, 126, 130, 135 n.36,
150, 151, 153-154, 158 n.2
self-imposed barriers to, 72-73
transparency of public policies, 7-8, 126,
146, 152
Adobe Systems, 87 n.29
Advanced materials, 44, 57, 58, 80
Advanced Technology Program, See U.S.
Department of Commerce
Aerospace industry, 80
Affiliates of foreign-owned firms in U.S.
See also companies by country
185
applied research, 54, 64
basic reasearch by, 54-55, 64-65
by country, 62, 142
defined, 13 n.4
economic performance requirements, 10,
11, 60, 64, 73, 77, 114-115, 116,
123-124, 130, 149-150, 151-153
employment, 49-50, 55-56, 86 n.21, 131
n.2
expenditures for R&D, 3-4, 17, 39, 42-
48, 60, 81, 83 n.2, 85 n.9
freestanding R&D facilities, 48-53, 56,
85 n.l4, 86 nn.l6, 21
by industry, 61-62, 142
intrafirm trade, 89 n.41
objectives and motivations for R&D
activities, 50, 54-56, 63-64, 81, 84
n.4, 87 n.25, 142-143
organization and character of R&D
activities, 22-25, 36, 41, 48-56,
60-70, 81, 143
reciprocity requirements, 10, 11, 130,
150, 153-154
R&D intensity of activities, 60-64, 81
technology flows, 66, 81, 143
technology stripping, 70
types of R&D activities, 48-56, 64-65
value of R&D, 64-66
OCR for page 186
186
Affiliates, U.S.-owned, 65, 131 n.3, 138
n.64. See also Foreign direct
investment by U.S. Companies,
multinational corporations, U.S.
Aircraft industry, 67
AlliedSignal Incorporated, 116, 126, 136
n.43
American Microsystems, 87 n.29
Antitrust issues, 6, 57, 73, 76, 77, 87 n.27,
144, 153. See also Monopolies
Applied research
by affiliates of foreign firms in U.S., 54' Canada
64
defined, 29
and economic development, 33, 34
outputs of, 30, 31, 38 n.9
by U.S.-owned affiliates abroad, 65
Argonne National Laboratory, 114
Asea Brown Boveri, 116
Asian-Pacific Economic Cooperation Forum,
73, 153
Association of University Technology
Managers (AUTM), 12, 156
AT&T,87n.29, 110
Australia, 80, 125
Automation, 44
Automotive industry, 48~9, 50, 51, 55, 56,
58, 60, 61, 62, 67, 69, 84 n.4, 85
n.12, 86 n.21, 135 n.38
B
Basic research
by affiliates of foreign firms in U.S., 54-
55, 64-65
defined, 29
and economic development, 33-34
funding, 31, 131 n.1
industry trends, 13, 24
international equity issues, 10, 11-12, 25,
127-129, 131, 151, 154-155
by Japan, 12, 86 n.21, 87 n.29, 104, 110,
127-129, 131, 150, 154-155
links with applied research, 33
outputs of, 30, 37 n.1
at universities, 91, 104, 110
U.S. capabilities and comparative
strength in, 90-91
by U.S.-owned affiliates abroad, 65
Bath Iron Works Corporation of Maine, 117,
136 n.47
INDEX
Bayh-Dole Act of 1980, 106, 133 n.18, 156,
157-158 n.1
Belgium, 65
Biotechnology, 44, 48, 49, 50, 51, 55, 56,
58, 59, 64, 65, 67, 69, 80, 86 n.19,
87 n.28, 111
Bureau of the Census, Survey of Industrial
Research and Development, 83
C
foreign direct investment in, 22
high-tech production and exports, 20
R&D spending by foreign-owned
companies in, 22
Canadian-owned companies
acquisitions of U.S. high-technology
companies by, 80
affiliates in U.S., 42-45, 46, 48, 49
expenditures for R&D in U.S., 4, 19, 22,
42, 43, 45, 46, 81
involvement in U.S. university research,
100, 103
patenting activities, 65, 106
and publicly funded U.S. research, 117
Canon, 48, 49, 54, 86 n.18, 89 n.45
Carnegie-Mellon University, 107
Chemical industry, 15, 43~7, 48, 50, 51,
56, 58, 60-63, 66, 81, 142
Ciba-Geigy, 105, 110, 133 n.15
Cold War, 23
Columbia University, 108
Committee on Foreign Investment in the
United States, 75, 76, 88 n.37
Communications industry, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47,
50, 51, 60, 61, 62, 63, 80, 81, 87
n.28, 142
Computer and office equipment industry, 21,
43~5, 46, 47, 48, 50, 51, 57, 60-
63, 80
Cornell University, 98, 103, 120, 137 n.56
Council of Economic Advisors, 158 n.4
Cooperative Research and Development
Agreements (CRADAs). See Federal
laboratories
D
Daichii Pharmaceuticals, 105, 133 n.17
Defense Investigative Service, 75, 77
OCR for page 187
INDEX
Defense Production Act, 76, 77
Doane, Jay William, 95
DuPont, 84-85 n.7
EEconomic performance. See also
Monopolies; U.S. competitiveness
basic research and, 33-34
R&D and, 2-3, 32-35, 78-80, 141-142
requirements for foreign affiliates, 10,
11, 60, 64, 73, 77, 114-115, 116,
123-124, 130, 149-150, 151-153
Electronics industry, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 50,
51, 55, 56, 57, 59-63, 65, 67, 80,
86 n.21, 88 n.34
Employment in U.S. by foreign-owned
affiliates, 42, 49-50, 55-56, 86
n.21, 131 n.2
Energy Policy Act of 1992, 116, 117
Engineering Research Centers, 108, 134 n.25
Environmental regulation, 56, 146
European Community
U.S. access to R&D in, 10, 125-
126, 138 n.68, 150
European-owned companies
expenditures for R&D in U.S., 4, 42, 45,
46
freestanding R&D facilities in U.S., 48,
49-50, 56
history of investments in U.S., 15-16, 88
n.34
international technology flows and, 67
involvement in university research in
U.S., 101, 125
patenting activities, 65, 106
R&D intensity of U.S. activities, 62
technical alliances involving, 57
value of R&D investments in U.S., 65
European Strategic Programme for Research
and Development in Information
Technology, 125-126
Expenditures for R&D
defense technologies, 23
domestic, 42
by industry, 4, 5, 42, 43, 45, 46, 47, 81
international comparisons, 4, 10, 19-20,
22, 42, 45, 46, 81, 128
privately funded R&D, 47
publicly funded R&D, 23
rates of return, 33, 34, 38 n.6
187
R&D intensities, 60-64, 81
university research in U.S., 95-99, 103,
128
U.S. affiliates of foreign-owned firms, 3-
4, 17, 39, 42-48, 60, 81, 83 n.2, 85
n.9
Export Administration Act of 1979, 75, 76
F
Fairchild Space Company, 104
Federal laboratories. See also various
federal agencies and individual
federal laboratories
budget, 112
Cooperative Research and Development
Agreements (CRADAs), 114-116,
119, 134 n.34, 135-136 n.39, 149,
152
economic performance requirements,
114-115
federally funded research and
development centers, 212
foreign corporate participation in, 114-
116, 122-124
history of foreign involvement in, 112-
114
intellectual property rights at, 113, 114-
115
intramural agency laboratories, 112
national security issues, 115
visiting researchers, 8, 10, 113-114,
118-122, 147, 148
Federal Technology Transfer Act of 1986,
134 n.34, 135 n.36
Finland, 65
Food and kindred products, 45, 48, 49, 50,
51
Foreign direct investment by U.S.
companies, 21, 41, 65. See also
Affiliates, U.S.-owned;
Multinational corporations, U.S.
Foreign direct investment in the U.S. See
also Affiliates of foreign-owned
firms in U.S.; International
corporate alliances; various
countries
barriers to, 71
benefits of, 57-58, 118-121, 129
data on, 17
defined, 13 n.3, 27 n.1, 84 n.7
OCR for page 188
188
France
economic concerns, 39-40, 58
history of, 15-16, 112-114
international negotiations regarding, 71
motivations for, 4, 40~1
national security concerns, 6-7, 74-78,
82-83, 144-146
quid-pro-quo relationships, 5-6, 59-70,
102
surveys of, 83-84 n.2
trends, 3-4, 16, 21, 39, 42-56, 81
foreign direct investment in, 22
high-tech production and exports, 20
R&D spending by foreign-owned
companies in, 22
French-owned companies
acquisitions of high-technology
companies in U.S., 80
affiliate companies in U.S., 43-46, 51,
62
expenditures for R&D in U.S., 4, 19, 22,
42, 45, 46, 128
freestanding R&D facilities in U.S., 51
patenting activities, 20, 65
R&D intensity of U.S. activities, 61, 62
involvement in university research in
U.S., 103, 104, 110, 128
G
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade,
Uruguay Round, 71, 73, 139 n.71,
153
General Electric, 87 n.29, 116, 136 n.42
Georgia Institute of Technology, 100, 106,
137 n.58
German-owned companies
INDEX
high-tech production and exports, 20
R&D spending by foreign-owned
companies in, 22
U.S. access to R&D in, 26, 71-72
Glaxo, 110
Government-University-Industry Research
Roundtable, 12, 155-156
Grumman, 87 n.29
H
Harvard University, 97, 98, 99, 100, 103,
105
Hewlett Packard, 87 n.29
High-Speed Civil Transport "Piper" project,
138 n.69
High-technology industries. See also
Industrial R&D; Military technology
defined, 13-14 n.5, 27-28 n.7
direct foreign investment in, 40, 42, 144
foreign ownership of companies by
technology field, 44, 79-80
spending for R&D, 4, 42
start-up companies, 79
High-technology products, 14 n.5, 27-28 n.7
Hitachi Chemical Company, 104
Hughes, 87 n.29
Human Genome Project, 12, 155
I
IBM, 126
Industrial liaison programs, See Universities
and university research
Industrial R&D. See also Privately funded
R&D; individual industries
internationalization of, 41
surveys of, 83-84 n.2
technology parks, 109-110
trends, 13, 27 n.3, 157
acquisitions of high-technology
companies in U.S., 80
affiliate companies in U.S., 43-46, 51,
61, 62, 81
expenditures for R&D in U.S., 4, 19, 22, ~ ~~ ~
42, 43, 45, 46, 81, 128
freestanding R&D facilities in U.S., 51
international technology flows and, 66,
67, 68
involvement in university research in
U.S., 97, 101, 103, 104, 128
patenting activities, 20, 65
R&D intensity of U.S. activities, 61, 62
Germany
foreign direct investment in, 22, 71-73
and U.~. competitiveness, 19, 157
Industry/University Cooperative Research
Centers, 108
Information technology, 57, 58
Innovation, technological, 30, 32, 34, 38 n.5,
141. See also Communications
industry; Computer and office
equipment industry; National
innovation systems
Instrumentation industry, 43, 45, 46, 47, 49,
50, 51, 57, 60, 61, 62, 63
OCR for page 189
INDEX
Intellectual property
defined, 135-136 n.8
distribution of benefits of, 34
management of, 12, 18-19, 31, 152, 156
ownership issues, 30-31, 37 n.4, 104-
106, 113, 114-116, 146, 152
Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Initiative,
12, 155
International corporate alliances
access issues and, 73
economic effects, 82
national security and, 75
objectives of, 89 n.42
in privately funded R&D and, 3, 56-58
technology flows and, 67-68
trends, 3, 39, 87 nn.26, 28
Investment. See Foreign direct investment
in the U.S.
Italy, 65, 103
Japan
J
foreign direct investment in, 22, 71-73
high-tech production and exports, 20
Ministry for International Trade and
Industry, 125, 126
R&D spending by foreign companies in,
22
U.S. access to R&D in, 10, 17, 19, 71-
73, 125-127, 150, 155
Japanese-owned companies
affiliate foreign companies in U.S., 42-
43, 45-51, 55, 61-63, 65, 81, 86
n.16, 142
basic research, 12, 86 n.21, 87 n.29, 104,
110, 127-129, 131, 150, 154-155
competitiveness, 19, 20, 22, 26
demand for scientists and engineers, 40-
41, 87 n.23
and dual-use technologies, 77
expenditures for R&D, 4, 20, 22, 42, 45,
46, 47, 81, 128
and federal (U.S.) laboratory research,
113, 114, 116
foreign-direct investment in U.S., 71-73
freestanding R&D facilities in U.S., 48,
49, 50, 51, 86 n.16
high-technology acquisitions, 78-80
international technology flows and, 66-
68, 81-82
189
involvement in university research in
U.S., 97, 99, 100, 104, 105, 110-
111, 125, 128, 129, 132 n.11, 147
monopoly issues, 78-79
patenting activities, 20, 65, 88 n.34, 106
and publicly funded U.S. R&D, 9, 113,
114, 116, 117, 119-120
R&D intensity of U.S. activities, 61, 62,
63, 88 n.34
R&D objectives in U.S., 55-56, 59-60,
65-66, 84 nn.4, 5, 87 n.25, 111, 147
reverse engineering, 38 n.11
technical alliances involving, 57
value of R&D activities to U.S., 65-68
Johns Hopkins University, 98, 101, 103
Joint European Semiconductor Submicron
Initiative, 118
Joint ventures, 57, 69, 75, 78, 87 n.27, See
also International corporate
alliances
K
Kent State University Liquid Crystal
Institute, 95, 120
Kvaener Masa Marine, 117
Kyocera, 77, 116
L
Langley Research Center, 114
Lawrence Livennore National Laboratory,
113
Licensing agreements and programs, 57, 66,
67, 68, 88 n.36, 102-103, 106-107;
See also Patents and patenting
Los Alamos National Laboratory, 113, 137
n.59
M
Machinery industry, nonelectrical, 48, 50, 51
Massachusetts General Hospital, 105, 132-
133 n.14
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 95,
97, 98, 99, 100-101, 102-103, 106,
107, 108, 109, 110, 119, 120, 134
n.25, 147
Materials Research Centers, 108
Materials Research Corporation, 74-75, 78,
88 n.37
OCR for page 190
190
Matsushita, 54, 86 n.18
Metals industry, primary and fabricated, 45,
48, 50, 51, 60, 61
Microelectronics and Computer Technology
Corporation, 137 n.51
Military technology. See also National
security
access to components and subsystems,
40, 144, 145
civilian technologies and, 23-24
identification of critical technologies, 6,
77, 78, 144, 146
illegal sales to U.S. adversaries, 89 n.46
and industrial R&D, 13
reducing risks of foreign involvement in,
75-77, 78, 82, 144-145
Tomahawk missile program, 77
Mitsubishi Electric, 54, 86 n.18
Mitsui Engineering and Shipbuilding, 117
Monopolies. See also Antitrust issues
access to components and subsystems, 40
competitiveness and, 6-7
and economic security, 78-79
international corporate alliances and, 58
national security threats, 6, 77
in niche defense markets, 77, 82, 144
regulation of, 18, 146
Motorola, 126
Multinational corporations, U.S. See also
Affiliates, U.S. owned; individual
corporations
direct investment abroad, 21
transnational corporate technical
alliances, 3, 21, 39
N
National Aeronautics and Space
Administration, 112
National Center for Manufacturing Sciences
84 n.5
National Cooperative Production
Amendments, 87 n.27
National Cooperative Research Act of 1984,
87 n.27
National innovation systems, 1-2, 13 n.2,
18, 25-26, 27 n.2, 141-142, 148,
156-157
National Institute of Standards and
Technology, 112, 114, 115, 125,
157-158 n.1
INDEX
National Institutes of Health, 105, 112, 113,
114, 119, 134 n.24, 157 n.1
National Science Foundation, 18, 29, 83 n.2,
108, 125, 132, 134 n.24, 138 n.65
National security issues. See also Military
technology
costs and benefits of foreign participation
in privately funded R&D, 6, 7, 74-
78, 82-83, 144-146
identifying critical military technologies,
6, 78
monopolies and, 6, 77-78, 82, 144
in publicly funded research, 115
recommendations regarding, 7, 145-146
restrictions on foreign access to U.S.
technology, 26, 36, 115
National treatment. See Nondiscrimination
. .
pollcles
Naval Research Laboratory, 112
Naval Surface Weapons Center, 112
NEC, 54, 55, 86 n.18, 87 n.29, 110
Netherlands, 51, 65, 80, 103, 128
Nippon Sanso KK, 88 n.37
Nippon Telephone and Telegraph, 125
Nondiscrimination policies, 7-8, 71, 126-
127, 138-139 n.71, 146, 150, 152,
153-154
North American Free Trade Agreement, 71,
73, 88 n.38
North Carolina State University, 100
Norway, 65
o
Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 114, 116,
136 n.43
Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act,
75, 76
Oregon Health Science University, 100
Oregon State University, 97, 99, 100
Organization for Economic Cooperation and
Development, 13-14 n. 5, 20, 27-28
n.7, 71, 73, 88 n.37, 139 n.71, 153
Organization of Petroleum Exporting
Companies, 76
p
Pacific Northwest Laboratory, 120
Patents and patenting, U.S., 20, 64-65, 66,
106-107
OCR for page 191
INDEX
Pennsylvania State University, 98, 103, 132
n.9
People's Republic of China, 113, 120
Perceptions of foreign participation, 12-13,
16-17, 35-36, 104-105, 143, 156-
157
Petroleum industry, 45, 48
Pharmaceutical industry, 43, 45, 46, 47, 48,
49, 50, 51, 56, 59-64, 81, 85 n.9,
87 n.28, 142
Philips, 54
Photonics and optics, 44, 50, 51
Princeton University, 109, 110
Privately funded R&D in the U.S.. See also
Affiliates of foreign-owned firms;
High-technology industries;
Industrial R&D; individual
corporations
access issues, 6, 70-74, 82, 143-144
affiliates of foreign-owned firms (in
U.S.), 42-56, 60-64
defined, 13 n.1, 27 n.4
and economic security, 78-80, 145
expenditures by U.S. affiliates of foreign
firms, 42-43, 45-48, 60, 142
foreign direct investment and, 3-7, 39-89
international corporate alliances, 56-58,
142
"lost opportunities," 69-70, 81-82
national security threats, 6, 7, 74-78, 82-
83, 144-146
performance requirements, 10, 11, 60,
64, 73, 77
political-economic logic of, 31-32
quid-pro-quo relationships, 59-70, 143
R&D intensity of affiliates, 60-64
recommendations regarding, 7-8, 145-
146
strategies, 24
technology flows, 66-69
technology stripping, 70
trends in foreign participation, 3-5, 16,
60-64, 142-143
types of affiliate R&D activities, 48-56
value of affiliate R&D, 64-66
Product life cycles, 22, 41
Publicly funded R&D (U.S.). See also
Federal laboratories; Universities
and university research
access asymmetries, 9-10, 91, 124-127,
150, 158 n.4
191
basic research, 11-12, 31, 90-91, 127-
129, 151
criticisms of foreign participation in, 18
defined, 27 n.4
disciplinary focus, 9, 147
effects of foreign involvement, 9-10,
118-124, 137 n.56
expenditures, 23
industrial technology inititatives, 116-
118
industry cooperation in, 25, 31
and intellectual property rights, 113,
114-115, 152
military-civilian technology relationships,
23-24
objectives of foreign researchers
concerning, 113, 147
political-economic logic of, 32
quid-pro-quo relationships with foreign
firms and foreign nationals, 9, 12,
91, 102-103, 108, 118-124, 147-
150
recommendations regarding, 10-12, 151-
156
regulation of, 10, 18-19, 41, 84 n.5, 108,
115-116, 123-124, 149-150, 151
strategies, 24-25
trends in foreign participation in, 8-9,
16, 90-92, 129, 147
and U.S. competitiveness, 90
Purdue University, 119
R
Recommendations
basic research burden sharing, 11-12,
154-155
economic performance requirements, 10,
11, 151-153
intellectual property management, 12,
156
national security issues, 7, 145-146
privately funded R&D, 7-8, 145-146
publicly funded R&D, 10-12, 151-156
reciprocity requirements, 10, 11, 150,
153-154
regulatory policies, 7, 146
trade and investment policy, 11, 146,
152, 153
university "good practices," 155-156
Reichold Chemicals, 110
OCR for page 192
192
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 120
Research and development. See also
Privately funded R&D; Publicly
funded R&D
activities, 29-39
defined, 29
distribution of benefits, 34-35
and economic performance, 2-3, 32-35,
78-80, 141-142
funding, 31
and innovation, 32
organization and management of, 22-25,
36, 41
outputs, 30-31, 37 n.3, 141
quality of activity, 64-68
scanning capabilities and, 88 n.35
spillovers from, 33, 109
taxonomy, 29-30
Research Triangle Park, 109, 110
Reverse engineering, 38
Rhone Poulenc, 110
Robotics industry, 69
S
Sandia National Laboratory, 114, 120, 137
n.59
Sandoz Pharmaceutical, 105, 133 n.l6
Science and Technology Centers, 108
Scientists and engineers
demand for, 40-41, 87 n.23, 91-92, 94-
95
employment by U.S. affiliates of foreign-
owned firms, 49-50, 55-56, 86
n.21, 131 n.2
non-U.S. citizens employed in U.S., 121
Scripps Research Institute, 105
Semiconductor industry, 50, 51, 57, 69, 74-
75, 78-79, 80, 89 n.45
Semiconductor Manufacturing Technology
Consortium (SEMATECH), 18, 25,
28 n.9, 84 n.5, 89 n.45, 116, 117-
118
Semi-Gas System Inc., 88 n.37
Service industries, 45, 46
Shisiedo Co. Ltd., 105, 132-133 n.l4
Siemens Research Corporation, 104, 110
Slovenian J. Stefan Institute, 95
Software industry, 44, 50, 51
Sony Corporation, 74-75, 78, 88 n.37
South Korea, 44, 48, 49, 51, 67, 80, 120
INDEX
Spencer, William, 28 n.9
Stanford University, 98, 103, 107, 109, 119,
132 n.9
State/University/Industry Cooperative
Research Centers, 108
Steel industry, 67, 69
Stevenson-Wydler Technology Innovation
Act of 1980, 135 n.36
Summit Micro Circuit, 87 n.29
Supercomputer Centers, 108
SVG Lithography Systems, 89
Sweden, 22, 44, 51, 65
Swiss-owned companies
acquisitions of U.S. high-technology
firms, 80
affiliates in U.S., 42~6, 51, 61, 62, 81
expenditures for R&D in U.S., 4, 42, 43,
45, 46, 81
freestanding R&D facilities in U.S., 51
R&D intensity of activities, 61, 62
patenting activities, 65
international technology flows, 66, 68
involvement in university research in
U.S., 105, 110
T
Taiwan, 44, 80
Technology
defined, 37 n.2
fusion, 22
scanning capabilities, 88 n.35
policies, 17-18, 41
Technology Administration Authorization
Act, 117, 136-137 n.44
Technology/knowledge transfer. See also
Intellectual property
balance of international technology
flows, 36, 66-69, 81, 122-123, 130,
143, 147
barriers to, 2-3, 35, 141, 149
consequences of, 35-36
importance of proximity, 35, 41, 50, 53,
81, 141
technological sophistication and, 35, 37,
38 n.ll, 141, 142
technology stripping, 70
Technology Reinvestment Project, 18, 25, 28
n.9, 84 n.5, 116, 136 n.48
Telecommunications. See Communications
industry
OCR for page 193
INDEX
Tektronix, 87 n.29
Texas A&M University, 97-101, 103
Texas Instruments, 126
Tokyo Electric Power, 119
Tokyo University of Agriculture and
Technology, 95
Toshiba Corporation, 89 n.46
Trade policies, 41, 71, 73, 75, 117, 146, 152,
153-154
Transportation equipment (nonautomotive),
46, 47, 60, 61, 62, 63
U
U.K.-owned companies
affiliates in U.S., 43~6, 51, 61, 62
expenditures for R&D in U.S., 4, 22, 42,
43-46, 81, 128
freestanding facilities in U.S., 51
high-technology acquisitions, 80
international technology flows, 66, 67, 68
involvement in university research in
U.S., 97, 100-101, 103, 104, 110,
128
patenting activities, 20, 65
R&D intensity of activities, 19, 61, 62
United Kingdom
foreign direct investment in, 22, 72
high-tech production and exports, 20
R&D spending by foreign-owned firms
in, 22
U.S. access to R&D in, 72
visiting researchers at U.S. federal
laboratories, 113
Universities and university research
basic research, 91, 104, 110
collaborative research, 95, 96
contracts and grants, 102-106
corporate participation, foreign, 99-111,
122-124, 151
disciplinary focus of foreign
involvement, 94, 95, 99, 102, 103-
104, 108, 109, 147
expenditures for, 95-99, 128
funding, foreign, 95-99, 129
intellectual property rights, 104-106,
137-138 n.61
industrial liaison programs, 107-108, 134
n.24
industrial technology parks, 109-110
193
Japanese involvement in, 97, 99, 102-
103, 104, 110-111, 129, 147
objectives of foreign participation in, 91,
132 n.10
patent and technology licensing
programs, 106-107
quid pro quo relationships, 102-103, 108,
125, 156
standards of conduct, 155-156
students, researchers, and faculty, 8, 10,
16, 92-95, 102-103, 118-122, 129
U.S. funding in foreign countries, 138
n.64
volume of R&D, 91
University-industry research centers, 108-
109, 119
University of
Alabama, 100, 101
Arizona, 98, 100, 103
Arkansas, 101
California at Berkeley, 98, 102-103, 104,
107, 108, 109, 110, 132 n.9, 134
n.25
California at Davis, 98, 100
California at Irvine, 104
California at Los Angeles, 98, 103
California at San Diego, 98, 103, 105,
106
California at San Francisco, 98, 105, 133
n.l7
Illinois at Urbana, 98, 103, 132 n.9
Maryland at College Park, 98
Michigan, 97, 98, 103, 106, 108, 119,
138 n.61
Minnesota, 98, 103, 132 n.9
Pennsylvania, 103
Southern California, 103
Stuttgart, 95
Texas at Austin, 98, 101, 103, 131-132
n.5
Washington, 98, 100, 103, 108
Wisconsin at Madison, 97-101, 103, 107,
108, 147
U.S.-Canada Free Trade Agreement, 71, 88
n.38
U.S. competitiveness
access issues and, 73, 135 n.39, 155
basic research and, 155
changing character of, 22, 156-157
integration of global economy and, 19-
22, 36
OCR for page 194
94
manufacturing, 19, 22
monopolies and, 6-7
publicly funded research and, 90, 112-
113, 115, 151
technology -policy -for-competitiveness
initiatives, 28
and technology strategies, 24-25
weaknesses of U.S. innovation system,
25-26
U.S. Department of Commerce. See also
National Institute of Standards and
Technology
Advanced Technology Program, 9, 18,
25, 28, 84 n.5, 116, 117, 129, 147
Annual Survey of Foreign Direct
Investment, 83 n.2
definition of foreign investment, 84 n.7
definition of high-technology industries,
13-14 n.5, 27 n.7
Technology Administration, 28 n.9
INDEX
U.S. Department of Defense, 74-78, 83, 117,
144, 146
U.S. Department of Energy, 113, 115-116,
119, 134 n.32, 135 n.38. See also
Federal laboratories.
U.S. Display Consortium, 84 n.5, 116, 118,
137 n.51
U.S.-Japan Manufacturing Fellowship
Program, 138 n.65
U.S.-Japan Structural Impediments Initiative,
73
W
Wiley, John, 107
Yale University, 103
y
Representative terms from entire chapter:
foreign direct
