Index
A
Advection length, 20
Algal symbionts in coral ecosystems, 9, 26, 39
Antarctica, 50
Anthropogenic impacts
in biodiversity change, 24-25
classification of, 25
on coastal habitats, 31-32
on coastal shelves, 41-42
on coral reefs, 39
as critical environmental issues, 24
in deep sea, 45
effects of, 5
in estuaries and bays, 37-38
habitat type variation, 36-37
research agenda, 2-4, 23, 53, 74
research methodology, 59-60
in rocky intertidal zones, 40
role of taxonomic research, 46
in synergistic change processes, 25, 26-27
Aquaculture, 31
Archaea, 9
Arctic region, 50
Association of Marine Laboratories of the Caribbean, 66
Association of Systematics Collection, 70
Asteria amurensis, 33
Australia, 33
Azov Sea, 33
B
Ballast water, species transport in, 7, 32, 33, 37
Benthic environments
anthropogenic impacts, 32
deep sea, 45
protist diversity, 9
rocky intertidal zones, 40
ultraviolet radiation effects, 33
Bering Sea, 41
Biodiversity
in coral reefs, 38-39
current knowledge base, 2, 9-11, 68
deep sea, 44-45
ecosystem diversity and, 13
interactions across scales, 16, 35
marine vs. terrestrial systems, 15
pelagic environments, 42-43
recent species identifications, 8-9
regional variation, 50
research questions, 52-53
in rocky intertidal zones, 40-41
Biodiversity change
alterations in physical habitat and, 31-32
anthropogenic activities in, 24-25
appropriate scale of research in, 35-36
chemical pollution and eutrophication in, 1, 25, 30-31
coastal development in, 7
in coastal shelves, 41
contributors to, 1
in coral reefs, 39
effect of scientific activities, 30
in estuaries and bays, 37-38
in experimental settings, 67
fisheries operations in, 28-29
global climate change in, 32-34
increased diversity, 38
mariculture effects, 30
natural events in, 24, 25, 26-27
negative outcomes, 1-2
operational descriptions, 25
regional interactions in, 17, 22
research topics, 49-52
retrospective analysis, 56-59
sampling methods, 63-65
significance of, 51, 52-53, 69
species invasion in, 7
species removal in, 7
synergistic effects, 25, 26-27
temporal scale considerations, 19-20
tourism effects, 40
Biomass, marine vs. terrestrial, 15
Biomedical science, 11
Black Sea, 33
Blue marlin, 62
Boundary definition
criteria for, 14
habitat patch, 16-17
persistent physical phenomenon in, 19
for research scales, 20-21, 49
technology development for, 49
temporal features, 19-20
Brine seeps, 2
Bryozoans, 12
C
California Cooperative Ocean Fisheries Investigations, 58
Capitella ''capitata," 12
CARICOMP, 66
Chemical pollution and eutrophication
as biodiversity change factor, 1, 25, 30-31
in global climate change, 32-33, 34
in seaweed declines, 27
sources of, 30-31
Chlorofluorocarbons, 32
Chlorophyll, marine
effects of species invasion on local levels, 38
sources of, 9
Coastal habitats
anthropogenic impacts, 31-32
commercial fishery effects, 28
continental shelves and slopes, 41-42
coral reefs, 38-39
estuaries and bays, 37-38
eutrophication of, 31
exotic species invasions, 33
mariculture effects, 30
marine reserve research, 67
as regional-scale systems, 19
temperate zone rocky shores, 40-41
Coelacanth, 30
Committee on Environment and Natural Resources, 73
Communities
in continuum of scales, 18
in metapopulation theory, 17
Connecticut, 7
Continental shelves, 41-42
Coral reefs
biodiversity, 38-39
commercial fishery effects, 28
coral species diversity, 12
core samples, 58
global climate change and, 39
as research subject, 39
sea urchin communities, 39, 40
sedimentation effects, 31
synergistic effects in threats to, 26
ultraviolet radiation effects, 33
D
Dams, 32
Decadal scale of research agenda, 2, 20, 68
Deep sea
anthropogenic impacts, 45
biodiversity, 44-45
research opportunities in, 45
Delphinus delphis, 13
Diadema antillarum, 39
Dinoflagellates
as exotic invader, 33
in fish kills, 9
Diversitas program, 70
DNA sequencing, 62
Dolphins
species identification, 13
tuna harvesting and, 29
E
Ecological research
methodological challenges, 59-60
oceanographic science linkages, 3, 23, 35
regional focus in, 36
taxonomic research and, 47-48, 60, 74
EcoScope, 65
Ecosystem attributes
marine vs. terrestrial, 15
regional marine systems, 21-22
sampling technology, 63-65
unique features of marine systems, 15
Ecosystem functioning
coastal eutrophication, 31
collapse of, in Florida Bay, 21
in coral reefs, 39
fisheries operations and, 28-29
invasion of exotic species in, 32
marine vs. terrestrial, 15
microbial diversity in, 10-11
in pelagic open ocean, 42-43
research methodology, 59-66
research questions, 52
in rocky intertidal zones, 40-41
scale linkages, 35-36
spatial continuum, 16-19
in substrate-dominated systems, 42-43
synergistic effects in, 26-27
system interactions, 14-15, 22, 40-41
Environmental Protection Agency, 60
Erosion, 31
Estuaries and bays
anthropogenic impacts in, 37
biodiversity in, 37-38
as research subject, 37-38
Eubacteria, 9
Eulerian motion, 55
Eutrophication.
See Chemical pollution and eutrophication
Evolutionary processes
retrospective studies, 57
temporal scale, 19-20
Exotic species
as biodiversity change factor, 1, 25, 26, 32, 33
Chinese clam in California, 26, 33
transport in ballast tanks, 7, 32, 33, 37
Extinction of species, 25
F
Federal programs, 71-73
Finland, 27
Fisheries operations
adaptive studies, 59
as biodiversity change factor, 1, 25
biotic survey data in, 59
by-catch effects, 30
demographics of harvesting, 30
depletion of fishing banks, 6, 28
direct environmental effects, 29-30
dredging, 31
in estuaries and bays, 37
ghost fishing, 29
historical records, 57
indirect environmental effects, 30
mariculture, 30
in pelagic environments, 42
Fish kills, 9
Florida Bay, 21
Florida Keys, 26
Flow cytometry, 63
Fossil record, 57
Fucus vesiculosus, 27
G
Generation time, 20
Genetic change
fishery operations effects, 29
mariculture effects, 30
Microbial Genome Initiative data, 72-73
retrospective analysis, 57
temporal scale, 19-20
Geographical information systems, 64
Geologic time, 19-20
Germany, 27
Global climate change
as biodiversity change factor, 1, 25
causes, 32
evidence in deep sea, 45
research in pelagic systems, 43, 71
threats to coral reefs, 39
ultraviolet radiation effects, 32-34
warming trend, 34
Global Ocean Ecosystem Dynamics, 70-71
Great Lakes, 33
Greenhouse effect, 34
Groupers, 7
Gulf of Maine, 31
H
Habitat diversity
in coral reefs, 39
deep sea, 44
mapping, 64
metapopulation concept, 17
patch formation/maintenance, 16-17
potential advances in understanding, 13
in regional model systems, 36-37
research questions, 52
in shelf waters, 42
Halogenated hydrocarbons, 31
Heavy metals, 31
I
International Council of Scientific Unions, 70
International Union of Biological Sciences, 70
International Union of Microbiological Scientists, 70
Iron, 43
J
Japanese starfish, 33
Joint Global Ocean Flux Study, 70, 71
K
Kemp's ridley sea turtle, 12
L
Lagrangian motion, 55
Land reclamation, 31
Larval transport, 20
across regional systems, 22
in shelf waters, 42
Latimeriea chalumnae, 30
Life history of organisms
fishery operations effects, 29
marine vs. terrestrial predators, 15
in metapopulation models, 56
temporal scale for studying, 20
Lobsters, 22
Local scales
limitations of, 14-16
linkages, 49
M
Makira nigricans, 62
Manatees, 7
Marine laboratories, 66
Marine Research Stations Network, 66
Marine reserves, 67
Marine worms, 12-13
Marshes, 37
Maryland, 7
Megaptera noveangliae, 62
Menippe, 13
Metapopulation
concept, 17
in continuum of spatial scales, 18
ecological modeling, 56
ecosystem interactions in, 35, 41
Microbial Genome Initiative, 72-73
Microbial organisms
current understanding of, 10
genetic sequencing, 72-73
in marine ecosystems, 9-11
sampling techniques, 63
Mnemiopsis leidyi, 33
Molecular genetics
applications, 9, 10, 12, 48, 61, 62
in research agenda objectives, 3, 23
technical development, 61-62
Montastraea annularis.
See Caribbean star coral
Moored, Automated, Serial Zooplankton Pump, 65
Mussels, 12
Mya arenaria, 38
N
National Association of Marine Laboratories, 66
National Biological Service, 72, 73
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 72
National Science Foundation, 71-72
O
Objectives of research agenda, 3-4, 22-23, 52, 68, 74, 75
Oceanographic science
ecological science linkages, 3, 23, 35
numerical modeling, 55-56
scales of observation in, 19, 20, 35-36
Office of Energy Research, 72-73
Office of Naval Research, 72
Oil spills, 41
Olive ridley sea turtle, 12
Oysters
Chesapeake Bay population, 5, 27, 28
species identification, 13
Ozone layer, 32
P
Patch formation and maintenance
deep sea, 44
definition, 16-17
metapopulation modeling, 17, 18, 56
research technology, 17
Pelagic environments
biodiversity, 42
exotic species invasion, 32
regional limits, 19
research opportunities, 13, 42-44, 50
research technology, 17
sampling techniques, 63
scales of observation, 18
subsystem diversity, 42-43
Penaeus, 13
Perna perna, 33
Phytoplankton, 12
Plankton
diversity, 9
ecosystem role, 10
effects of exotic species invasion, 26, 33
flow cytometry studies, 63
in pelagic habitat patches, 17
temporal scales for studying, 20
ultraviolet radiation effects, 32-34
Polar marine systems, 50
Pollution
in deep sea, 45
in pelagic environments, 43-44
See also Chemical pollution and eutrophication
Polychlorinated biphenyls, 31
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, 31
Polymerase chain reaction, 61-62
Potamocorbula amurensis, see Chinese clam
Predator communities
in marine ecosystems, 15
in pelagic environment, 43
in rocky intertidal zones, 40
Predictive modeling
advances in, 55-56
of anthropogenic impacts, 22, 23
applications, 56
biological features in, 55-56
development of, 54
of Eulerian motion, 55
inferential methods, 54
of Lagrangian motion, 55
limitations, 54
metapopulation models, 56
prospective improvements in, 55-56
as research agenda objective, 3, 8, 23
retrospective data for, 56-57
Prochlorophytes, 9
Prokaryotes, 10
R
Radioactive materials, 31
Rapid Sampling Vertical Profiler, 65
Regional-scale
as appropriate research scale, 2-3, 8, 14-16, 21, 22, 35-36, 50
biotic survey, 59
coastal, 19
coordination of research efforts, 69-70
definition, 17
genetic variability research, 62
interactions between regions, 17, 22, 50, 52
limits, 17
local scale studies and, 35, 41
in pelagic environments, 19
potential research risks, 68
types of habitats in research model, 36-37
types of marine systems, 21-22
Research agenda
data sets, 68
funding, 68
implementation, 66-68
marine laboratories in, 66
objectives, 3-4, 22-23, 52, 68, 74, 75
relationship to other programs, 69-73
scales of observation in, 2-3, 8, 14, 20-21, 35-36, 74
taxonomic research in, 3, 8, 54, 74
Research design
coordination of, in research network, 68
defining scales of observation, 20-21, 49
duration of study, 20
environmental impacts, 30
human exclusion experiments, 67
level of taxonomic investigation, 48
methodological challenges, 59-60
selection of scales of observation, 16, 68
Research instrumentation/data
biotic surveys, 59
data display, 64
innovations, 63
retrospective analysis in, 56-59
sampling, 63-65
taxonomic studies, 60-61
Research questions
alterations in biodiversity patterns, 51
anthropogenic impacts, 53
in Committee on Environment and Natural Resources, 73
conceptual basis of, 54-56
consequences of biodiversity change, 52
in coral reef environments, 39
as critical environmental issues, 24
in Diversitas program, 70
effects of invasion by exotic species, 32
in estuaries and bays, 37-38
in fisheries management, 59
focus of, 49-50
formulation of, 49
in Global Ocean Ecosystem Dynamics program, 70-71
in Joint Global Ocean Flux Study, 70, 71
in marine reserve research, 67
in National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 72
in National Science Foundation programs, 71-72
natural variation in biodiversity pattern, 52-53
in Office of Energy Research, 72-73
in Office of Naval Research, 72
patterns of biodiversity, 50, 50-51
in pelagic environments, 42-44
in shelf waters, 42
special opportunities, 65-66
in temperate zone rocky shores, 40-41
Resource management, 68
adaptive fisheries management, 59
federal programs, 72
as research agenda objective, 4, 23, 74
Retrospective analysis
fossil studies, 57
in research agenda objectives, 3, 23
Runoff effects, 39
S
Salmon, 32
Sampling methods
deep sea, 45
limitations, 54
in pelagic environment, 17
real-time surveys, 63
remote sensing, 63-65
in research agenda objectives, 3, 23
RNA probes, 63
in taxonomic research, 60
Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment, 70
Scomberomerus maculatus.
See Spanish mackerel
core samples, 58
Shrimp, 13
Sites
in continuum of scales, 18
interactions across, 35
in regional systems, 17, 18, 21
Southern Association of Marine Laboratories, 66
Spanish mackerel, 13
Spatial scales
boundary definition criteria, 14
continuum, 16-19
deep-sea research, 44-45
defining regional systems, 17, 19, 49
interactions across, 16
in metapopulation dynamics, 17
in pelagic environment, 17
research infrastructure, 66
retrospective analysis of species richness in, 56-57
temporal scale correspondence, 20
See also Regional-scale
Species identification, 49
current knowledge base, 9-10, 60
ecologist-taxonomist collaborations, 48
molecular genetics in, 10, 12, 62
research instrumentation, 63
Species removal
ecosystem alteration in, 7
fisheries operations in, 28-29
fossil evidence, 57
in rocky intertidal zones, 40
Steller sea lion, 41
Sweden, 27
Synergistic effects, 25, 26-27
Systematics, 48
See also Taxonomic research
Systematics Agenda 2000, 70
T
Taxonomic research
current knowledge base, 8-11, 60
ecological research and, 47-48, 60, 61, 74
level of investigation, 48
in marine vs. terrestrial systems, 15
methodology, 60-61
professional development, 3, 70
recent advances, 11-13
research resources, 60-61
temporal scales in, 19
unique phyla in, 15
Technology development
data display systems, 64
molecular genetics, 61-62
as research agenda objective, 3, 23
for research in pelagic systems, 17
research instrumentation, 63
sampling methods, 63-65
taxonomic classification, 61
Temperate zone rocky shores, 40-41
Temporal scales
boundary definition criteria, 14
continuum, 19-20
in defining regional systems, 19, 49
historical studies, 57
in metapopulation dynamics, 17
of pelagic ecosystems, 43
spatial scale correspondence, 20
Terrestrial ecosystems
marine ecosystems vs., 15
relevance of marine research, 51
Threshold effects
in metapopulation modeling, 56
Tidal mixing fronts, 19
Tourism, 40
Training in taxonomic science, 3, 23, 47, 60
Trophic systems
commercial fishery effects, 28
deep sea, 45
effects of species invasion, 7, 26
effects of species removal, 7
marine vs. terrestrial systems, 15
Tuna fisheries, 29
U
Ultraviolet radiation, 1, 32-34, 43
Unique phyla, 15
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, 70
Upwelling fronts, 19
V
Video Plankton Recorder, 65
Volcanic eruptions, 32
W
Warm-core rings, 19
Washington, 7
Waste disposal
in estuaries and bays, 37
as threat to coral reefs, 39
Water motion, 14
artificial coastal structures and, 31
in interactions between regional systems, 22
persistent phenomenon in defining system boundaries, 19
regional-scale systems, 17, 19
research instrumentation, 63
Wetland losses, 7
Whales
historical records, 57
humpback, genetic diversity in, 12, 62
Wood debris, 2
Z
Zebra mussels, 33
