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NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competencies and with regard for appropriate balance.
This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors according to procedures approved by a Report Review Committee consisting of members of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine.
This is a report of work supported by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the National Science Foundation, the Environmental Protection Agency, the U.S. Geological Survey, and the Department of Energy.
Cover art was provided by Eileen Kiliman, a native of White Plains, New York, now living in Front Royal, Virginia. She earned a B.B.A. in marketing and a certificate in commercial art from Pace University. After eight years of representing a graphics design firm, she has made her lifetime love of art a full-time profession, receiving a variety of commissions. Her style projects childhood observations combined with adult introspection.
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Copyright © 1994 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
Printed in the United States of America
First Printing, January 1995
Second Printing, August 1996
Third Printing, December 1996
COMMITTEE TO IDENTIFY HIGH-PRIORITY SCIENCE TO MEET NATIONAL COASTAL NEEDS
DONALD F. BOESCH, Chair,
University of Maryland, Cambridge
MARY G. ALTALO,
Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, California
DAVID L. CORRELL,
Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, Maryland
MICHAEL J. DAGG,
Louisiana Universities Marine Consortium, Chauvin
JOHN MARK DEAN,
University of South Carolina, Columbia
JOHN W. FARRINGTON,
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Massachusetts
EDWARD D. GOLDBERG,
University of California, San Diego
ROBERT W. HOWARTH,
Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
MICHAEL N. JOSSELYN,
San Francisco State University, Tiburon, California
WILLIAM MICHAEL KEMP,
University of Maryland, Cambridge
JOAN OLTMAN-SHAY,
Northwest Research Associates, Inc., Bellevue, Washington
THOMAS C. ROYER,
University of Alaska, Fairbanks
Staff
EDWARD R. URBAN, JR., Study Director
LaVONCYÉ MALLORY, Project Assistant
CURTIS TAYLOR, Project Assistant
OCEAN STUDIES BOARD
WILLIAM MERRELL, Chair,
Texas A&M University, Galveston
ROBERT A. BERNER,
Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
DONALD F. BOESCH,
University of Maryland, Cambridge
GERALD CANN,
Independent Consultant, Rockville, Maryland
ROBERT CANNON,
Stanford University, California
WILLIAM CURRY,
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Massachusetts
ELLEN DRUFFEL,
University of California, Irvine
RANA FINE,
University of Miami, Florida
JOHN E. FLIPSE, Consultant
MICHAEL FREILICH,
Oregon State University, Corvallis
GORDON GREVE, Consultant
SUSAN HANNA,
Oregon State University, Corvallis
ROBERT KNOX,
Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, California
JOHN MAGNUSON,
University of Wisconsin, Madison
ARTHUR R. M. NOWELL,
University of Washington, Seattle
BARRY RALEIGH,
University of Hawaii, Honolulu
PETER RHINES,
University of Washington, Seattle
FRANK RICHTER,
University of Chicago, Illinois
BRIAN ROTHSCHILD,
University of Maryland, Solomons
THOMAS ROYER,
University of Alaska, Fairbanks
LYNDA SHAPIRO,
University of Oregon, Charleston
SHARON SMITH,
University of Miami, Florida
PAUL STOFFA,
University of Texas, Austin
Staff
MARY HOPE KATSOUROS, Director
EDWARD R. URBAN, JR., Staff Officer
ROBIN PEUSER, Research Associate
MARY PECHACEK, Administrative Associate
ROBIN ALLEN, Senior Project Assistant
LaVONCYÉ MALLORY, Senior Secretary
CURTIS TAYLOR, Office Assistant
COMMISSION ON GEOSCIENCES, ENVIRONMENT, AND RESOURCES
M. GORDON WOLMAN, Chair,
Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
PATRICK R. ATKINS,
Aluminum Company of America, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
EDITH BROWN WEISS,
Georgetown University Law Center, Washington, D.C.
JAMES P. BRUCE,
Canadian Climate Program Board, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
WILLIAM L. FISHER,
University of Texas, Austin
EDWARD A. FRIEMAN,
Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, California
GEORGE M. HORNBERGER,
University of Virginia, Charlottesville
W. BARCLAY KAMB,
California Institute of Technology, Pasadena
PERRY L. MCCARTY,
Stanford University, California
S. GEORGE PHILANDER,
Princeton University, New Jersey
RAYMOND A. PRICE,
Queen's University at Kingston, Ontario, Canada
THOMAS A. SCHELLING,
University of Maryland, College Park
ELLEN SILBERGELD,
Environmental Defense Fund, Washington, D.C.
STEVEN M. STANLEY,
Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
VICTORIA J. TSCHINKEL,
Landers and Parsons, Tallahassee, Florida
Staff
STEPHEN RATTIEN, Executive Director
STEPHEN D. PARKER, Associate Executive Director
MORGAN GOPNIK, Assistant Executive Director
JEANETTE SPOON, Administrative Officer
SANDI FITZPATRICK, Administrative Associate
The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Bruce Alberts is president of the National Academy of Sciences.
The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Robert M. White is president of the National Academy of Engineering.
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