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Ward Valley: An Examination of Seven Issues in Earth Sciences and Ecology (1995)

Chapter: APPENDIX B - CLASSIFICATION OF WASTES

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Suggested Citation:"APPENDIX B - CLASSIFICATION OF WASTES." National Research Council. 1995. Ward Valley: An Examination of Seven Issues in Earth Sciences and Ecology. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4939.
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APPENDIX B
CLASSIFICATION OF WASTES

(From the Code of Federal Regulations)

Title 10 - Energy

Chapter I - Nuclear Regulatory Commission

Part 61 - Licensing Requirements for Land Disposal of Radioactive Waste

Subpart D - Technical Requirements for Land Disposal Facilities

§ 61.55 Waste classification.

  1. ... Classes of waste.

    1. Class A waste is waste that is usually segregated from other waste classes at the disposal site. The physical form and characteristics of Class A waste must meet the minimum requirements set forth in § 61.56(a). If Class A waste also meets the stability requirements set forth in § 61.56(b), it is not necessary to segregate the waste for disposal.

    2. Class B waste is waste that must meet more rigorous requirements on waste form to ensure stability after disposal. The physical form and characteristics of Class B waste must meet both the minimum and stability requirements set forth in §61.56

    3. Class C waste is waste that not only must meet more rigorous requirements on waste form to ensure stability but also requires additional measures at the disposal facility to protect against inadvertent intrusion. The physical form and characteristics of Class C waste must meet both the minimum and stability requirements set forth in § 61.56.

    4. Waste that is not generally acceptable for near-surface disposal is waste for which form and disposal methods must be different, and in general more stringent, than those specified for Class C waste. In the absence of specific requirements in this part, such waste must be disposed of in a geologic repository as defined in part 60 of this chapter unless proposals for disposal of such waste in a disposal site licensed pursuant to this part are approved by the Commission.

  1. Classification determined by long-lived radionuclides. If radioactive waste contains only radionuclides listed in Table 1, classification shall be determined as follows:

    1. If the concentration does not exceed 0.1 times the value in Table 1, the waste is Class A.

    2. If the concentration exceeds 0.1 times the value in Table 1 but does not exceed the value in Table 1, the waste is Class C.

    3. If the concentration exceeds the value in Table 1, the waste is not generally acceptable for near-surface disposal.

    4. For wastes containing mixtures of radionuclides listed in Table 1, the total concentration shall be determined by the sum of fractions rule described in paragraph (a)(7) of this section.

Table 1

Radionuclide

Concentration curies per cubic meter

C-14

8

C-14 in activated metal

80

Ni-59 in activated metal

220

Nb-94 in activated metal

0.2

Tc-99

3

I-129

0.08

Alpha emitting transuranic nuclides with half-life greater than five years

1100

Pu-241

13,500

Cm-242

120,000

1Units are nanocuries per gram.

Suggested Citation:"APPENDIX B - CLASSIFICATION OF WASTES." National Research Council. 1995. Ward Valley: An Examination of Seven Issues in Earth Sciences and Ecology. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4939.
×
  1. Classification determined by short-lived radionuclides. If radioactive waste does not contain any of the radionuclides listed in Table 1, classification shall be determined based on the concentrations shown in Table 2. However, as specified in paragraph (a)(6) of this section, if radioactive waste does not contain any nuclides listed in either Table 1 or 2, it is Class A.

    1. If the concentration does not exceed the value in Column l, the waste is Class A.

    2. If the concentration exceeds the value in Column 1, but does not exceed the value in Column 2, the waste is Class B.

    3. If the concentration exceeds the value in Column 2, but does not exceed the value in Column 3, the waste is Class C.

    4. If the concentration exceeds the value in Column 3, the waste is not generally acceptable for near-surface disposal.

    5. For wastes containing mixtures of the nuclides listed in Table 2, the total concentration shall be determined by the sum of fractions rule described in paragraph (a)(7) of this section.

Table 2

Radionuclide

Concentration, curies per cubic meter

 

Col. 1

Col. 2

Col. 3

 

Total of all nuclides with less than 5 year half life

 

700

(1)

(1)

H-3

40

(1)

(1)

 

Co-60

700

(1)

(1)

 

N I-63

3.5

70

700

 

Ni-63 in activated metal

 

35

700

7000

Sr-90

0.04

150

7000

 

Cs-137

 

1

44

4600

1 There are no limits established for these radionuclides in Class B or C wastes. Practical considerations such as the effects of esternal radiation and internal heat generation, handling, and disposal will limit the concentrations for these wastes. These wastes shall be Class B unless the concentrations of other nuclides in Table 2 determine the waste to the Class independent of these nuclides.

  1. Classification determined by both long- and short-lived radionuclides. If radioactive waste contains a mixture of radionuclides, some of which are listed in Table l, and some of which are listed in Table 2, classification shall be determined as follows:

    1. (i) If the concentration of a nuclide listed in Table 1 does not exceed 0.1 times the value listed in Table l, the class shall be that determined by the concentration of nuclides listed in Table 2.

    2. If the concentration of a nuclide listed in Table 1 exceeds 0.1 times the value listed in Table 1 but does not exceed the value in Table 1, the waste shall be Class C, provided the concentration of nuclides listed in Table 2 does not exceed the value shown in Column 3 of Table 2.

  1. Classification of wastes with radionuclides other than those listed in Tables 1 and 2. If radioactive waste does not contain any nuclides listed in either Table 1 or 2, it is Class A.

  2. The sum of the fractions rule for mixtures of radionuclides. For determining classification for waste that contains a mixture of radionuclides, it is necessary to determine the sum of fractions by dividing each nuclide's concentration by the appropriate limit and adding the resulting values. The appropriate limits must all be taken from the same column of the same table. The sum of the fractions for the column must be less than 1.0 if the waste class is to be determined by that column. Example: A waste contains Sr-90 in a concentration of 50 Ci/m3. and Cs-137 in a concentration of 22 Ci/m3. Since the concentrations both exceed the values in Column 1, Table 2, they must be compared to Column 2 values. For Sr-90 fraction 50/150=0.33; for Cs-137 fraction, 22/44=0.5; the sum of the fractions=0.83. Since the sum is less than 1.0, the waste is Class B ....

Suggested Citation:"APPENDIX B - CLASSIFICATION OF WASTES." National Research Council. 1995. Ward Valley: An Examination of Seven Issues in Earth Sciences and Ecology. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4939.
×
Page 215
Suggested Citation:"APPENDIX B - CLASSIFICATION OF WASTES." National Research Council. 1995. Ward Valley: An Examination of Seven Issues in Earth Sciences and Ecology. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4939.
×
Page 216
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The book examines specific scientific and technical safety issues related to the proposed low-level radioactive waste site at Ward Valley, California. It includes, among other issues, evaluation of the potential for infiltration by shallow subsurface water, contamination of ground water and the Colorado River, damaging effects on the desert tortoise habitat, and restoration of the native vegetation.

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