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OCR for page R1
Eject of
Envimnrnent
on Nutrient
Requimnents
of Domestic
Animals
Subcommittee on Environmental Stress
Committee on Animal Nutrition
Boars] on Agriculture and Renewable Resources
Commission on Natural Resources
National Research Council
NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS
Washington, D.C. 1981
OCR for page R2
NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of
the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National
Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The
members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences
and with regard for appropriate balance.
This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors according to procedures ap-
proved by a Report Review Committee consisting of members of the National Academy of Sci-
ences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine.
The National Research Council was established by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to
associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy's purposes of fur-
thering knowledge and of advising the federal government. The Council operates in accordance
with general policies determined by the Academy under the authority of its congressional charter
of 1863, which establishes the Academy as a private, nonprofit, self-governing membership cor-
poration. The Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy
of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in the conduct of their services to the
government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. It is administered
jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. The National Academy of Engineering
and the Institute of Medicine were established in 1964 and 1970, respectively, under the charter
of the National Academy of Sciences.
This study was supported by the Bureau of Veterinary Medicine, Food and Drug Administration
of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, by the Agricultural Research, Science
and Education Administration of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, and by Agriculture
Canada.
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Main entry under title:
Effect of environment on nutrient requirements of domestic animals.
Bibliography: p.
1. Animal nutrition. 2. Temperature Physiological
effect. 3. Stress (Physiology) 4. Veterinary
physiology. I. National Research Council (U.S.).
Committee on Animal Nutrition. Subcommittee on Environ-
mental Stress. II. Title: Environment on nutrient require
ments of domestic animals.
SF95.E3 636.08'52 81-16779
ISBN 0-309-03181-8 AACR2
Available from
NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS
2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W.
Washington, D.C. 20418
Printed in the United States of America
OCR for page R3
Preface
This report attempts to bring into focus the effects of environmental stresses
on nutrient requirements of cattle (beef and dairy), sheep, swine, and poul-
try. The term environmental stress used herein includes both physical and
psychological aspects of the animal's surroundings, although most available
data relating environment and nutrition involve the climatic environment
and, in particular, the effects of thermal stress.
The goal of this report is to create an awareness of the numerous and var-
ied interactions between environment and nutrition. There are expectations
that NRC committees preparing nutrient requirement tables will find the report
valuable in documenting environmental effects on nutrient requirements. Re-
searchers should benefit from the report when conducting and analyzing ex-
periments where environmental effects are evident. Students of both nutrition
and physiology should find the discussions valuable in explaining
environment-nutrition interactions. Extension workers and technical person-
nel including producers may apply principles discussed herein to make man-
agement decisions.
The report includes documented data dealing with animal responses to en-
vironmental stressors but is not limited to a review of pertinent literature.
The authors have projected topics beyond the scope of "textbook" materials
in an attempt to describe new and imaginative approaches to the complex
problems involved in adjusting nutrient requirements to meet demands im-
posed by adverse environments. The authors have the conviction that assem-
bling and interpreting data in this way will stimulate research that will
strengthen present knowledge and fill voids that now exist in the understand-
ing of this most important topic.
. · .
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The CAN Subcommittee on Environmental Stress expresses its appreciation
to Gerald H. Stott, L. E. Mount, Minoru Hironaka, and Robert R. Oltjen,
who reviewed the manuscript, and M. W. A. Verstegen, who made valuable
contributions to the report. Also reviewing this report were the members of
the Committee on Animal Nutrition of the National Research Council. The
Subcommittee is indebted to Philip Ross, Executive Secretary, and Selma P.
Baron, Staff Officer, of the Board on Agriculture and Renewable Resources,
for their assistance in the production of this report.
CAN Subcommittee on Environmental Stress
DAVID R. AMES, Chairman
Kansas State University
STANLEY E. CURTIS
University of Illinois
G. LEROY HAHN
USDA Meat Animal Research Center
ROBERT E. MCDOWELL
Cornell University
DONALD POLIN
Michigan State University
BRUCE A. YOUNG
University of Alberta
COMMITTEE ON ANIMAL NUTRITION
JOSEPH P. FONTENOT (Chairman), Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State
University
CARE E. COPPOCK, Texas A&M University
RICHARD D. GOODRICH, University of Minnesota
BERYL E. MARCH, University of British Columbia
PAUL W. MOE, USDA Animal Science Institute
WILSON G. POND, USDA Meat Animal Research Center
QUINTON R. ROGERS, University of California, Davis
GARY L. RUMSEY, Tunison Laboratory of Fish Nutrition
DUANE E. ULLREY, Michigan State University
SELMA P. BARON, Staff Officer
1V
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BOARD ON AGRICULTURE AND RENEWABLE RESOURCES
GEORGE K. DAVIS (ChairmanJ, University of Florida, retired
CHESTER O. MCCORKLE, IR. (Vice ChairmanJ, University of California, Davis
JOHN D. AXTEEE, Purdue University
NEVILLE P. CLARKE, Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, College Station
SALLY K. FAIRFAX, University of California, Berkeley
JOHN E. HAEVER, University of Washington
ROBERT O. HERRMANN, Pennsylvania State University
MINORU HIRONAKA, University of Idaho
LAURENCE R. lAHN, Wildlife Management Institute
BERNARD S. SCHWEIGERT, University of California, Davis
GEORGE R. STAEBLER, Weyerhaeuser Company, retired
PAUL E. WAGGONER, Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station,
New Haven
PHILIP ROSS, Executive Secretary
COMMISSION ON NATURAL RESOURCES
ROBERT M. WHITE (ChairmanJ, University Corporation for Atmospheric
Research
TIMOTHY ATKESON, Steptoe & Johnson
STANLEY I. AUERBACH, Oak Ridge National Laboratory
NORMAN A. COPEEAND, E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, Inc., retired
GEORGE K. DAVIS, University of Florida, retired
EDWARD D. GOLDBERG, Scripps Institution of Oceanography
CHARLES I. MANKIN, Oklahoma Geological Survey
CHESTER O. MCCORKEE, JR., University of California, Davis
NORTON NELSON, New York University Medical Center
DANIEL A. OKUN, University of North Carolina
DAVID PIMENTEE, Cornell University
JOHN E. TILTON, Pennsylvania State University
ALVIN M. WEINBERG, Oak Ridge Associated Universities
E. BRIGHT WILSON, ex officio, Harvard University
WAEEACE D. BOWMAN, Executive Director
v
OCR for page R6
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Contents
LIST OF Tastes
LIST OF FIGURES
INTRODUCTION
I FARM ANIMALS AND THE ENVIRONMENT
ANIMAL-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTIONS
Thermal Balance, 5
Effective Ambient Temperature, 6
Thermal Zones, 8
ENv~RoNMENT-NuTR~T~oN INTERAcT~oNs
Partitioning of Feed Energy, 14
Digestibility and Metabolizability, 16
BASAL METAsoE~sM
FEED INTAKE
Dairy Cows, 27
Dairy Heifers, 29
Feedlot Cattle, 30
vii
x
. . .
X111
s
13
22
27
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Contents
Sheep, 31
Swine, 32
Poultry, 33
FORAGE-TEMPERATURE INTERACTION ON FEED INTAKE
Temperature Effects, 35
Light Intensity, 35
Forage Quality, 37
WATER-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTIONS
Water Sources, 39
Water Losses, 40
Factors Affecting Water Intake, 41
NuTR~T~oNA~ EFF~c~ENcY
II APPROACHES FOR PRACTICAL NUTRITIONAL
MANAGEMENT
BEEF CATTLE
Introduction, 59
Voluntary Food Intake, 61
Water Needs, 61
Nutrient Values of Feedstuffs, 62
Adjustments to Maintenance Energy Requirement, 63
Adjustments to Nonenergy Components, 67
Summary of Adjustments for Environmental Stress
for Beef Cattle, 69
Examples of Environmental Influences on Nutrition
of Beef Cattle, 71
DAIRY CATTLE
Introduction, 75
Thermal Zones for Dairy Cattle, 76
Feed Intake and Energy Requirements During Cold Stress, 77
Feed Intake and Energy Requirements During Heat Stress, 80
Summary, 83
S HEEP
Introduction, 85
Thermal Zones for Sheep, 86
. . .
vail
35
39
51
57
59
75
85
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Contents
Environmental Effects on Feed Energy Intake, 86
Nutrient Digestibility, 87
Energy Requirement During Cold Stress, 88
Energy Requirement During Heat Stress, 91
Thermal Effects on Protein Requirement of Sheep, 92
Environmental Effects on Lamb Performance, 92
Miscellaneous Environmental Factors Affecting
Nutrition of Sheep, 93
Summary, 95
SWINE
Introduction, 96
Lower Critical Temperature, 96
Cold Stress, 100
Heat Stress, 105
Summary, 108
POULTRY
Introduction, 109
Poultry Environment, 109
Feed Intake and Nutrient Requirements, 110
Efficiency of Egg Production, 112
Feed Intake, 119
Performance, 120
Acclimation, 121
Carcass Composition, 122
Nutrient Adjustments, 122
Estimating ME Requirement for Laying Hens, 125
Water, 129
Vitamin A, 131
Summary, 131
EPIEOGUE
REFERENCES
1X
96
109
135
137
OCR for page R10
List of
Tables
Estimates of Lower Critical Temperatures for Sheep, Cattle
Swine, and Poultry
2 Influence of Ambient Temperature on the Ability of Cattle,
Sheep, and Swine to Digest Feed
Basal Metabolic Rates of Various Farm Species from Various
Sources to Indicate Older and Contemporary Values in the
Literature
Effect of Alfalfa Hay-to-Concentrate Ratio on Feed Intake of
Sheep Under Cool and Hot Conditions
Heat Loss from White Leghorn Fowl by Respiratory and
Cutaneous Evaporative Heat Loss at Different Environmental
Temperatures
6 The Effect of Water Availability on Water Consumption by
Lactating Grazing Cows
7 Effect of Some Diets on Water Intake of Holstein Heifers
8 Intake of Drinking Water and TDN of Brown Swiss, Holstein,
and Jersey Heifers Under Various Temperature Conditions
9 Correlation Coefficients Between Intake of Drinking Water and
Various Climatic and Production Variables for Lactating
Holstein Cows
10 Water Intake by Broiler Chickens
11 Effect of Temperature on Intake, Growth Rate, and Efficiency
of Energy Conversion for Swine (70 to 100 kg)
12 Summary of Voluntary Food Intake of Beef Cattle in Different
Thermal Environments
x
11
18
25
32
41
43
44
45
46
49
53
60
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List of Tables ~
13
14
Summary;of Voluntary Food Intake of Beef Cattle Exposed to
Nonthermal Stress
.Water.Requirements of Beef Cattle-.in Different Thermal En-
vironments
15 ~ Example of Adjustment to tine' Feeding Value of Alfalfa Hay
for Feeding ~ Beef Cattle~iEx~sed to Warm, Thermoneutral,
and Cold<-.Ehi'ironmental.~bh~itions
16 t`.'Estimates of Ti's~sue~and External Insulation for Beef Cattle
17 ' Estimates 0~3 Lower Critical Temperature (LCT)- of Beef Cattle and
the Increase in Energy Requirements to Compensate for Exposure
to Temperatures Below Their Lower Critical Temperature
18 NEm and NEg in Diet for Example 1 (Finishing Steer) Adjusted
for Effects of the Thermal Environment
19 Estimated Adequacy of Diets and Performance of a 300-kg
Finishing Steer (Example 1) Illustrating Expected Influences of
the Thermal Environment
20 Estimated Maintenance Requirements for a 500-kg Pregnant
Beef Cow During the Last Third of Pregnancy (Example 2)
Illustrating the Influences of Environmental Stress
Relative Changes in Maintenance Requirements and Dry
Matter for 600-kg Cows Producing 27-kg 3.7 Percent Fat Milk
at Various Ambient Temperatures Along with Estimates of
Actual Intakes of DM and Water
22 Gross Efficiency (kg milk/Mcal/NE) for Holsteins in First
Lactation When Maximum Daily Temperature Did Not Exceed
27°C or Exceeded 27°C 21 to 40 or 40 to 87 Days per 100
Days of Lactation
Average Hourly and Daily Temperature During the Month of
July for Tropical (San Juan)., 52uibtrop~.al' (New Iberia),
Semiarid (Phoenix), and Temperate (Ithaca)- Areas
24 Percent Increase in Maintenance Energy Cost per Degree
Centigrade Below Lower Critical Temperature.
Comparison of Measured and Estimated Heatt Loss (kcal/
m2/day/0C) During Cold
26 Protein Adjustment for Growing Lambs.;
27 ADO and Feed Efficiency of Lambs Grown-!at.Differeint Ambient
Temperatures and Fed Ad Libitum
28 Lower Critical Temperatures tUCT) in Pigs of- Different Body
Weights Fed at Maintenance (100 kcal/W075/day), 2 Times
Maintenance, and 3 Times Maintenance
29 Amounts of Feed (g/day) Given PigS of Various Weights at 1
to 3 Times Maintenance (Assuming Feed Contains 2.87 kcal
ME/g)
X1
61
62
63
67
68
70
72
74
79
82
83
90
90
93
94
97
98
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List of Tables
30 Changes in Lower Critical Temperature (LCT) in Pigs at Var-
ious Housing, Management, and Climatic Conditions
31 Extra Heat Required per °C Coldness and Feed Equivalent
Required to Compensate (Assuming Feed Contains 2.9 kcal
ME/g)
Estimates of Extra Feed Required at Various Temperatures
(g/day)
33 Extra Feed Intake and Reduction in Gain per °C Temperature
Change in the Cold
34 Decrease in Feed Intake and Rate of Gain During Heat Stress
The Efficiency of Converting Feed to Egg in Energetic Equiv-
alents, Assuming a Diet Containing ME = 2.85 kcal per g
36 The Efficiency of Converting Feed to Egg in Energetic Equiv
alents, Assuming a Diet Containing ME = 3.00 kcal per g l lS
37 The Effect of Environmental Temperature on the Efficiency of
Protein Deposition in Chicken Eggs
38 Lysine Intake and Body Weights of Broilers Reared at Tem-
peratures of 15.6 and 29.6°C
39 Effect of Temperature on Feed Intake of Laying Hens, Re-
gardless of Value for Metabolizable Energy in Diet
99
100
101
103
106
114
116
118
124
40 The Effect of Diets with Nutrients Increased 20 to 25 Percent
and ME 10 Percent on the Response of Chickens to High
Temperature 1 26
41 Observed and Estimated ME Intakes of Various Experiments 128
. .
X11
OCR for page R13
List of
F.
1gures
1 Schematic Representation Showing Relationship of Thermal
Zones and Temperatures
2 Estimated Range in Thermoneutral Temperature for Newborn
and Mature Animals of Different Species
3 Partition of Feed Energy Within the Animal
4 Basal Metabolic Heat Production for Laying Fowl and Resting
Metabolic Heat Production at 22 h Fasting for the Beef Cow
5 Effect of Environmental Chamber Temperature on Feed Intake
in Cattle Using 18-20°C as Baseline
6 Estimated Changes in Dry Matter Intake of Feedlot Cattle on a
Ration with 70 Percent Apparent Digestibility or at Tempera-
tures Above 27°C, 75 Percent Apparent Digestibility
7 Effect of Environmental Temperature on Feed Intake of Swine
8 ME Intake of Laying Hens After Being Moved from an 18°C
Environment to a 35 or 7°C Environment
9 Estimated Change in Peed Intake for Laying Hens
10 The Effect of Temperature on the Cell Wall Content (cwc) of
Grasses of the Same Maturity
11 Changes in the Digestibility Percentage by Ruminants of Plant
Digestibility of Dry Matter (DDM) and Digestibility of Cell
Wall (DCW) with Changes in Ambient Temperature from 10 to
28°C
Relationship Between Daily Dry Matter Intake (DMI) by Rumi-
nants and Cell Wall with Increasing Percentage of Cell Wall
Content (cwc) of Temperate Forages
12
. . .
X111
9
10
14
24
28
30
32
33
34
36
36
37
OCR for page R14
List of Figures
13 Water Intake of Two Species of Cattle as a Function of Envi-
ronmental Temperature
14 Intake of Drinking Water of Shorthorn Heifers Kept in an Open
Barn January-April (Control), or Changed from Outside to
32°C in January (Winter), or to 32°C in September (Summer)
15 Estimated Ad Libitum Water Intakes for Nonlactating Cattle
over the Temperature Range-10 to 35°C
16 Schematic Relationship of Heat Production (HE), Intake Energy
(~E), and Energy for Production (RE = lE - HE) with Tem-
perature Zones
17 Estimated Maintenance Requirements for a 600-kg Cow over a
Temperature Range of-15 to + 40°C
18 Relationship Between Total Feed Intake and Total Weight
Gain of White Leghorn Chicks Fed for 15 Days Diets win Ly-
sine Levels of 0.73, 0.88, 1.03, and 1.33 Percent at Two Am-
bient Temperatures
19 Relationship Between Accumulative Intake of Lysine and Ac-
cumulative Growth of Chicks Reared at 20 or 31.1°C and Fed
Diets for 15 Days Containing 0.73, 0.88, 1.03, or 1.33 Percent
Lysine
20 Relationship Between Dietary ME, Feed Intake, and Ambient
Temperature for Broiler-type Chicks 6-10 Weeks of Age
21 Relationship Between Gain, Percent Protein, and ME of the
Diet Fed to Broiler-type Chicks 6-10 Weeks of Age
22 Relationship Between Dietary Protein Level and Daily Egg
Mass from White Leghorn Hens at 5.5, 24.4, and 30°C
23 The Relationship Between Daily Calcium Intake and Shell
Thickness by Turkeys Fed 1.54, 2.01, or 2.48 Percent Dietary
Calcium at Each of Four Environmental Temperatures
24 The Relationship Between Ambient Temperature and Water In-
take or Body Temperature of White Leghorn Hens in Cham-
bers for 6 Hours
x~v
42
47
48
54
78
111
112
117
117
120
125
130
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Ear ~
gnu_
~ Add
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