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OCR for page 441
Index
in,
A
Active restoration, 210-211
Adams River, 155
Adaptive management, 11, 12, 299, 323, 336-
340, 353-356, 373-374, 375, 376
Agriculture and farming, 174, 187, 191 - 192
early settlers, 47-48
wetland losses, 71, 184- 185
see also Grazing; Irrigation
Alaska Current, 41-42
Alaska fisheries, 255, 269-272, 290, 292
Aleutian Islands, 262
Aleutian Low Pressure Index, 41
Alevins, 30, 166, 175, 186
Aluminum industry, 134
American Indians, 18, 23, 46
importance of salmon in culture, 23, 49,
123
nontreaty tribes, 259-260
participation in salmon management, 131,
258-259, 333, 334, 376
see also Treaties and treaty rights
Anadromy, 7-8. 29
Anglers, see Recreational fishing
Anthropogenic changes, see Human activities
Army Corps of Engineers, 129, 132, 134, 244,
349
Section 10 permits, 183
441
Artificial propagation, see Hatcheries and
hatchery programs; Hatchery-raised
fish
Attraction flows, 232, 238
Avalanches and landslides, 60, 169, 170- 171,
176-177, 195, 197
on Fraser River, 78, 83, 169, 266, 267
B
Ballard locks, 42, 89, 261
Barge transport, 240-241, 367
Beavers, 49, 172-173
Belloni decision, 49, 131, 259
Benthic invertebrates, 38, 184
Biodiversity, see Genetic diversity
Birds, 234, 261
Boldt decision, 49, 131, 255, 259
Bonneville Dam, 63, 65, 226, 233, 238, 239,
240, 241
Bonneville Power Administration (BPA), 134,
136, 138, 237, 244, 245-246, 259, 333
334, 349, 378
Breeding populations, see Local populations
Buffers and management zones, 190- 191, 192,
193, 199, 220-221, 225, 364-365
Bureau of Land Management (BLM), 55, 56, 378
Bureau of Reclamation, 68, 134, 245
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442
Bypasses to dams, 65, 96, 129, 231-234, 238
240
C
California
coastal salmon stocks, 86-87, 103, 105,
106, 107
economic values, 121
wetland losses, 71, 185
California Current, 35, 41-42
California Undercurrent, 35
Canada
Columbia River system dams, 435-437
fisheries, 265-267, 273
relations with Japan, 262-263
relations with U.S., 140, 258-259, 265-273,
291, 292
Canneries and packers, 49-50, 254-255
Carcasses, 29-30, 37-38, 113, 114, 123, 313
Carey Act, 68
Catch, 41, 257-258
Columbia River stocks, 90-91, 255
Fraser River stocks, 83-86, 257-258, 265
269, 273
hatchery-raised fish share of, 44-45
historical records, 78
Puget Sound, 257
quotas, 122, 262, 263
trawl fisheries, 260-261
Celilo Falls, 94
Channelization, 181-182? 196
Chehalis River, 36, 195, 198
Chief Joseph Dam, 64, 65, 231
Chinook salmon, 149-150, 151, 156-159, 230,
259-260, 268-269, 291
cannery operations, 49, 50
geographic distribution, 32, 86, 88, 91-94,
96-99, 102, 103- 104. 264
and hatchery programs, 53, 54, 92
life cycle, 30, 31
Chittenden (Ballard) locks, 42, 89, 261
Chum salmon, 44, 260
geographic distribution, 32, 86, 88-89, 99,
102, 106-107
and hatchery programs, 53, 54
life cycle, 30-31
Clackamas River, 50
Clean Water Act, 191, 197
Clearcutting, 187
INDEX
Climate change, 174-175, 230
impacts on ocean environment, 5, 39, 40-44
streamflow effects, 40
Coho salmon, 182- 184, 184, 185, 197, 257,
258, 268-269, 291
geographic distribution, 32, 86, 88, 99, 104-
105
and hatchery programs, 53, 88, 102, 310
life cycle, 30-31
Columbia Basin Inter-Agency Committee
(CBIAC), 132
Columbia River Basin, 33, 34
canneries, 49-50, 255
catch, 90-91, 255
dam removal, 252-253
dams, 60-61, 62, 63, 64, 93, 94, 129, 132,
133-139, 226-228, 231, 238, 239-240,
246, 367-368, 435-437, 439
fishery declines, 50, 51, 53, 75-76, 78, 90,
255
fishery management, 259-260, 346
hatchery programs, 50, 52-53, 54, 92, 99-
101, 102, 320-321
species interactions, 36
status of stocks, 90-103
wetland losses, 72, 184
Columbia River Basin Fish and Wildlife
Authority, 334
Columbia River Basin Fish and Wildlife
Program, 129, 146
Columbia River Compact, 259, 260
Columbia River Fish Management Plan, 259
Columbia River Treaty, 436
Commercial fisheries, 34, 257-258
Canada-U.S. relations, 140, 258-259, 265-
273, 291, 292
economic value, 120, 121- 122
elimination of, 287-291
existence values in, 121
history, 49-50, 254-256, 268
limited entry, 122, 284, 291-292
participation in management. 285, 334, 335
southeastern Alaska, 255, 269-272, 290, 292
terminal fisheries, 292-293, 370
see also Canneries and packers; Catch;
Ocean commercial fishing
Common-mode effects, 329, 340
Compensation issues, 141-142, 339
Competition among species 36, 194
Conservation easements, 223
Continental shelf, 35
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INDEX
Contingent valuation, 121
Cooperative management, 140-141, 332-336,
339-340, 342, 343, 345-346, 362, 376,
377
American Indian participation, 131, 333
Fraser River, 140
Puget Sound' 259
Coos Bay, 347
Copepods' 41, 235
Cost-sharing programs, 223
Culture, see Social values
Culverts, 197
Cutthroat trout, 184
geographic distribution, 33, 90, 102-103,
108-109
life cycle, 30
D
Dalles Dam, 65, 94, 238, 240, 242
Dams, 9-11, 60-66, 127, 133, 196-197, 205,
226-231
barge and truck transport around, 10, 240
241, 253, 351-352, 367, 368
bypasses, 65, 96, 129, 231-234, 238-240
flow augmentation and management, 10,
137-138, 141, 243-246, 350-352, 367
368
habitat losses, 63-65, 66, 67, 231
and hatchery programs, 52-53, 231, 246
and predation, 232-233, 234, 240
removal of, 10, 88, 248-253
reservoir drawdown, 246-248
screens, 10, 197, 237, 238-239, 240
spill and spillways, 65-66, 229, 241-242,
253
see also Hydroelectric power; Splash
dams
Data collection and analysis, 82, 260
to determine surplus population, 283-285
discrepancies among status reports, 79-82
for hatcheries, 52, 53, 129, 302' 304, 320-
321
on smolt survival, 236-237
status assessment, 77-79
in watershed analyses, 215-216
see also Historical records
Davidson Current, 35
Deaths, see Mortality of salmon
Debris torrents, 170-171, 174, 195
443
Declines of stocks, 1, 2, 3, 128, 161 - 162, 254,
258-259, 359
in Columbia River Basin, 50, 51, 53, 75-76,
78, 90, 255
geographic distribution, 75-77, 167- 168,
199
and habitat loss, 165-166
Demes, see Local populations
Density dependence, 39, 44-45, 276, 277
Descaling, 232
Desert Land Act, 68
Desired future conditions (DFCs), 220
Dewatering, 188
Diet
of juvenile salmon, 37
in ocean environment, 40-41
Dikes and diking, 71, 72, 183-186
Direct economic values, 119- 122
Diseases and parasites, 311-312, 322, 372
Distinct population segments, 21-22, 80, 159
160
Ditches, 71, 187, 189
Diversion dams, 70, 197, 237
Domestication, 307-310
Drainage basins, see River basins and
watersheds
Draining and drainage systems, 71, 183- 185
Drift dams, 195
Drift nets, 263, 265
Dworshak Dam and Reservoir, 231, 243, 246
E
Earth slumps, 169, 172-173
Economic development, 34, 129, 133, 360. See
also Commercial fisheries; Fishing;
Hydroelectric power; Logging and
forestry; Urban development
Economic value and valuation, 7, 80, 119-122,
138, 142, 335-336
and ESA listing decisions, 140-141
Ecosystems, see Geographic distribution;
Habitat alteration and loss; Habitat
management; Ocean environment; River
basins and watersheds; Streams;
Wetlands
Edge effects, 329
Eggs, 30, 166, 175, 186, 313
Electric power, see Hydroelectric power
El Nino conditions, 35, 121
Elwha Dam, 249-253
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444
Elwha River, 87-88, 158, 231
dam removal, 88, 249-253
Emergency fishing bans, 287
Endangered and extinct species, 1, 3, 75-77,
161-162, 199, 293
classification, 75, 80, 81-82, 159-160
management requirements, 136, 138, 140
141, 159-161, 244, 245, 246, 260
Endangered Species Act (ESA), 1, 136, 140,
244,246,260,293,324,328,330,337
biological opinion, 244, 245
criteria for listing, 43, 81, 160, 341
distinct population segments, 21-22, 80,
159-160
preemptive recovery plans, 15, 342-346,
376-378
Enhancement projects, 212, 218
Erosion, 169, 176-177, 195
human causes, 169, 170-174, 180-181
stream banks, 180-181
Escapements, 13, 148, 276-277, 368-369
minimum sustainable (MSE), 294-298, 363,
369
Estuaries, 35
dam impacts, 234-235, 237
losses of, 71-72, 184, 185, 235
Ethics, see Values
Euro-American settlement, 23, 46-48, 127
Evolutionarily significant units (ESU), 159- 160
Evolutionary units (EU), 160
Existence values, 119, 121
Extinction, see Endangered and extinct species
Exvessel prices and values, 121-122, 255, 256
F
Farming, see Agriculture and farming
Federal Columbia River Power System, 134
Federal court decisions, treaty rights, 49, 131,
259
Federal government
hatchery programs' 50, 129' 245
management policies, 127,132,133-139,214
see also Army Corps of Engineers;
Bonneville Power Administration;
Bureau of Land Management; Bureau of
Reclamation; Grazing Service; National
Marine Fisheries Service; National
Planning Board
Federal lands, see Public lands
Federal Power Commission, 132
INDEX
Filling, 183- 185
Fish-Guidance Efficiency (FGE), 239, 240
Fish ladders and fishways, 10 65, 231 -232,
238-240
Fishery management and policies, 12-14, 38
39, 139-142, 258-260, 285-301, 314,
324-326
adaptive management, 11, 12, 299, 323,
336-340, 353-356, 373-374, 375, 376
bioregional scales for, 79, 326-332, 339,
342, 361-362, 374, 375
control strategies, 122, 128, 284-285, 291
293, 299-300
cooperative management, 140-141, 332
336, 339-340, 342, 343, 345-346, 362,
376, 377
data collection and analysis, 82, 260
monitoring and evaluation, 129-130, 298
299, 337, 373-374
objectives and planning, 15, 129, 136-137.
296-299
and ocean conditions, 39, 44-45, 361
status quo, 285-287
Fishing, 34
elimination of, 287-291
genetic impacts, 162
and salmon mortality, 12, 254, 260-261,
263, 265, 268, 270, 272
see also Catch; Commercial fisheries;
Fishery management; Gillnetting; Ocean
commercial fishing; Recreational
fishing; Treaties and treaty rights;
Trolling
Flip-lips, 242
Flood control, habitat impacts, 185-186
Floodplains, 185- 186
Floods, 60, 166, 176-177
Flows and flow changes, 164, 166, 205, 439-
440
augmentation, 10, 137-138, 141, 243-246,
350-352, 367-368
dam impacts, 228-229
and irrigation return flows, 69
management and rights issues, 141, 349-
352, 365-366
Forest Ecosystem Management Assessment
Team (FEMAT), 214, 221, 378
Forestry, see Logging and forestry
Fraser River Basin, 31-32. 78, 140
Canada fisheries, 265-267
catch, 83-86, 257-258, 265-269, 273
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INDEX
dams, 83
fishery management, 140, 259
Hell's Gate rockslides' 78, 83, 169, 266, 267
status of stocks, 82-86
Fremont expedition, 47
Freshwater environments, see River basins and
watersheds; Spawning areas; Streams
Fry, 30, 154, 186
Full value principle, 124- 125
Future benefits, 7, 125
G
Gas supersaturation, 229, 241, 242
Gatewells, 239
General Mining Law, 127
Genetic adaptation, 8, 146, 147-148, 150. 152
155, 156, 160-161, 166
Genetic diversity, 4, 7-8, 146-148, 161-162
among individuals, 146, 148, 306-307
among local populations, 146, 148-150,
296, 305-306, 363
conservation policies and values, 140- 141,
159-161, 360, 363, 369
and disease susceptibility, 311-312
hatchery impacts, 11, 53-54, 162, 305-310.
319-320, 321, 322, 372, 373
homing reduction of, 29, 148-150
metapopulation dynamics, 8, 149, 155-159
and productivity, 146, 162- 163, 296
Geographic distribution, 30-35
declines over, 75-77, 167-168, 199
of individual species, 31-33, 76
over life cycle, 29-31
Gillnetting, 122, 257, 263
Glines Canyon Dam, 249-253
Grand Coulee Dam, 64, 65, 226, 231, 243
Grande Ronde River, 346
Gravel removal, 183
Grays Harbor, 198
Grazing, 55-56, 127, 180, 189
Grazing Service, 55
Groundwater, 189- 190, 206
H
Habitat alteration and loss, 8-9, 26, 164-166,
199-203
frequency of disturbances, 168, 170-175,
201 -202
445
genetic impacts, 162
human causes of, 9, 46-74 passim, 165- 166,
168-175, 176-177, 180-199 passim, 364
from natural disturbances, 165, 166- 167,
170-175, 176-177, 178
productivity impacts, 166- 169. 201
recovery times and mechanisms, 168- 169,
176-177, 178
see also Flows and flow changes;
Sedimentation; Thermal regime and
temperature changes; Vegetation and
cover; Water quality; Woody debris
Habitat Conservation Plans'(HCPs), 345
Habitat management, 9, 204-225, 300
artificial enhancement, 207, 209, 212, 366
burden of proving damage, 224-225
on private land, 202-203, 221-224
protection of intact areas, 206, 207, 208,
364-366
rehabilitation, 27, 207, 209, 211, 315-316,
364, 366
restoration, 26, 204-211 passim
substitution of new sites, 207, 209, 213
watershed analysis, 213-217
Hanford Reach, 97-98
Harbor seals, 40
Hatcheries and hatchery programs, 50, 52-55,
129, 275-276
catch-augmentation, 274, 319, 321, 372
ecological problems, 313-316, 319, 371
as mitigation strategy, 11-12, 52-53, 302,
315, 320
monitoring and data collection, 52, 53, 129,
302, 304, 320-321
and ocean conditions, 44-45
as part of rehabilitation strategy, 315-318,
321-322, 371-372
supplementation strategy, 137, 321
temporary, 318-319
Hatchery-raised fish, 3, 77, 303
behavioral traits, 310
diseases and parasites, 311-312, 322, 372
genetic risks, 162, 305-310
marking of, 322-323, 372
mixed-population problems, 95, 281-283,
305
physiology, 312-313
as share of catch, 44-45
smoltification, 312-313
straying, 305-306, 322
Hell's Canyon dams, 64, 231
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446
Historical records
of catch, 78
of human impacts, 73, 216
on smolt survival, 236
on status of: stocks, 77-78
Homing, 8, 20, 29, 235
and genetic diversity, 29, 148-150
Human activities, 46-74
causing erosion, 169, 170- 174, 180- 181
flow alterations, 181-182, 186-189
frequency of occurrence, 168, 170-175,
178, 201-202
genetic diversity impacts, 161 - 162
groundwater impacts, 189
historical records, 73, 216
and natural disturbances, 165, 167, 201-
202, 205, 366
offsetting technologies, 129- 130
productivity impacts' 165, 168- 169, 201
recovery from, 168-169, 176-177, 178
species composition impacts, 165
wetland losses, 70-72, 184- 185
see also Agriculture and farming; Dams;
Dikes and diking; Draining; Filling;
Fishery management and policies;
Fishing; Flood control; Grazing; Habitat
management; Hatcheries and hatchery
programs; Irri cation; Logging and
forestry; Mining; Roads
Humboldt; Bay, California, 71, 72
Hydroelectric power, 60-62, 133-134, 226, 436-
437, 439-440
and fishery restoration, 134-136, 238, 243-
246, 259, 331, 375
fish losses, 53, 97, 136, 231, 366
Hydrograph, see Flows and flow changes
I
Idaho
fishery management, 259-260
watershed analysis projects, 214
wetland losses, 71
Imnaha River Basin, 306
Inbreeding depression, 307
Indians, see American Indians
Indirect values, 120-121, 122-124
Individual preferences, 116- 117
Industrial economies, 123-124
Instream mining, 182- 183
INDEX
Integrated Hatchery Operations Team (IHOT),
320
Interdisciplinary approaches, 7, 142-143, 362,
375
International Convention for the High Seas
Fisheries of the North Pacific Ocean,
262
International Joint Commission (IJC), 435,
436
International North Pacific Fisheries
Commission, 262
International Pacific Salmon Fisheries
Commission (Sockeye Commission),
140, 259
Introduced fish species, 36, 194, 202, 234
Irrigation, 45, 66-70, 197, 229
J
Japan fisheries, 262-265
John Day Dam and Reservoir, 65, 238, 239,
240, 242
Joint planning groups, 222, 223
Juveniles, 37, 175, 186, 188, 197
migration, 30, 70, 137, 153, 154, 197, 232,
234, 235-236, 239, 243
in stock-recruitment theory, 278
K
Key watersheds, 199, 200, 327
King County, Washington, 203
Klamath River, 33, 104, 149- 150
dams, 231
irrigation projects, 68
Kokanee, 30' 155
Korea, 263
L
Lake Aldwell, 251
Lake Mills, 250-251
Lake Roosevelt, 243
Lake trout, 317
Lake Washington, steelhead runs, 42-43
Landings, see Catch; Commercial fisheries
Landslides, see Avalanches and landslides
Larvae, see Alevins
Lewis and Clark expedition, 46-47
License restrictions, 122, 284, 291-292
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INDEX
Life cycle and life history, 5-6, 30-31, 153-154,
155, 167
and natural disturbances, 166
see also Alevins; Eggs; Juveniles; Smolts;
Spawners
Limited entry, 122, 284, 291-292
Limiting-factor analyses, 219-220
Live-catch fleshing, 13, 292, 370
Local populations, 79, 163, 363
adaptation to local conditions, 150, 152- 155
as distinct from "stocks", 78-79, 148
genetic differentiation between, 146, 148-
150, 296, 305-306, 363
metapopulation dynamics, 8, 79, 149, 155-
159, 363-364, 3?0
stock-recruitment functions, 276-285, 286-
287
see also Status of stocks
Logging and forestry, 34, 56-60, 127, 169, 180-
181, 187, 191, 221
and watershed analysis projects, 213-215
see also Splash dams
Lower Granite Dam, 238, 240, 241, 246
Lower Snake River Compensation Plan, 129
M
Mackerel, 40
Magnuson Fishery Conservation and
Management Act, 139, 255, 258, 262
Marine mammals, 42-43, 261
Marine Mammals Protection Act (MMPA), 43,
140, 261
Marine residence, see Ocean environment
Maturation, 30-31
Maximum sustained yield (MSY), 277, 281,
283-286, 292, 295
McKenzie River, 346
McNary Dam and Reservoir, 65, 238, 239, 241
Metapopulations, 8, 79, 149, 155-159^ 160,
161, 163, 363-364, 370
Migration, 153-154, 367
barriers, 9, 169, 196- 197, 226, 366
extinction of runs, 196-197
transport around, 10, 240-241, 253, 351-
352, 367, 368
woody debris seen as, 195
and climate change, 40
through coastal waters, 30, 35
individual species' patterns, 31-33
447
of juveniles, 30, 154
blockages and dangers, 70, 197, 232, 239
timing and delays, 137, 153, 234, 235-
236, 243
mortality during, 235-237
of smolts, 30, 240
and dams, 10, 65-66, 226, 232-233,
240, 367, 368
predation, 36, 40, 232-233, 240
timing, 153, 235-237
of spawners, 30-31
straying, 8, 149-150, 155, 156, 166, 235
timing and delays, 40, 65, 152- 153,
188- 189, 232
Minimum sustainable escapement (MSE), 294-
298, 363, 369
Mining, 182- 183, 199
water quality impacts, 198-199
Mitchell Act of 1938, 52-53
Mitigation, see Substitution and mitigation
strategies
Mixed populations, 95, 281-283, 305
Monitoring and evaluation, 129-130, 298-299,
337, 373-374
of hatchery programs, 52, 53, 129, 302,
304, 320-321
public involvement in, 222, 223-224
of smolt survival, 236-237
use of watershed analyses in, 214, 215, 216
Mortality of salmon, 12, 16, 276, 293, 379
and climate change, 41
dam-related, 65-66, 68, 231-237
hatchery-raised fish, 310, 312
related to fishing, 12, 254, 260-261, 263,
265, 268, 270, 272
after spawning, 29-30
see also Predation
N
National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS),
159-160, 234, 258, 260, 324-325, 341,
343, 344, 349, 376-377
National Planning Board (NPB), 132
Natural disturbances, 165, 166- 167, 176- 177
frequency of occurrence, 170-175, 178, 201
human activities hindering, 165, 167, 201 -
202, 205, 366
productivity impacts, 166- 167, 178
recovery from 176-177, 178
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448
see also Avalanches and landslides; Climate
change; Debris torrents; Earth slumps;
Erosion; Floods; Storms; Volcanoes;
Wildfires; Windthrows
Natural economies, 124
Natural restoration, 210
Navigational improvements, 195-196
Nisqually River, 347
Northwest Indian Fisheries Commission, 131,
259
Northwest Power Act' 134-135, 136, 238, 259,
333-334
Northwest Power Planning Council (NPPC),
135, 136, 137n, 138, 139, 243, 244,
259, 333-334, 343, 376-378
Nutrient transport
via groundwater, 189- 190
via natural disturbances, 166
via spawners' carcasses, 29-30, 37-38, 113,
114, 123, 313
o
Ocean commercial fishing, 78, 255, 258
associated mortality, 260-261
bans and limits, 290-291, 292
Canada-U.S. relations, 268-273
diversification of activities, 122
by Japan, 262-265
Ocean environment, 23, 29, 35, 39-45
density-dependent growth and survival, 39,
44-45
duration of residence, 30-31
interdecadal climate changes, 5, 39, 40-44
productivity impacts, 3, 5, 122, 361
Old-growth forest, 56-60, 195
Option values, 120-121, 123
Oregon
coastal salmon stocks, 86-87, 103-109
passe, 184
economic values, 120, 121
fishery management, 128, 259
gravel removal operations, 183
hatchery programs, 50, 51, 306
tax incentive program, 223
watershed analysis projects, 214
wetland losses, 71
Oregon and Washington Fish Propagating
Company, 50
INDEX
p
Pacific Fishery Management Council (PFMC),
139-140, 258, 260, 285, 287, 331, 333,
335, 344
Pacific Northwest Electric Power and Planning
Conservation Act (Northwest Power
Act), 134-135, 136, 238, 259, 333-334
Pacific Northwest Index, 40
Pacific Northwest Regional Planning
Commission, 132
Pacific Northwest River Basin Commission
(PNRBC), 132, 328
Pacific Northwest Utilities Conference
Committee, 334
Pacific Ocean, see Ocean environment
Pacific Salmon Commission, 140, 258-259,
290, 344, 370
Pacific Salmon Treaty, 86, 139, 140, 265, 272
273, 274, 370
Packers, see Canneries and packers
Parasites, 311-312
Passive integrated transponder (PIT) tags, 237,
323, 367, 372
Phenotypic plasticity, 161
Pink salmon, 44
Canada fisheries, 267, 268, 273
geographic distribution, 31, 83, 86, 89, 107
and hatchery programs, 53
life cycle, 30-31
Pinnipeds, 40
Plants, see Vegetation and cover
Poaching, 232
Political pluralism, 116, 130, 135n
Pollution, 176-177, 197-199, 366
Pools, 175-176, 188, 196
Population growth (human), 47, 48, 73-74, 360
Populations of salmon, see Declines of stocks;
Local populations; Status of stocks
Predation, 36, 40, 198
at dams, 232-233, 234, 240
by introduced species, 194, 234
by marine mammals, 42-43, 261
Preemptive recovery plans, 15, 342-346, 376
378
Priest Rapids Dam, 238, 240, 246
Private property, see Property rights
Productivity, 24, 276, 282-283
enhancement projects, 218
and genetic diversity, 146, 162- 163, 296
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INDEX
impacts of human activities, 165, 168- 169,
201
impacts of natural disturbances, 166-167, 178
impacts of ocean environment, 3,5, 122, 361
Property rights, 125, 126, 142
and conservation incentives, 222, 223
and habitat protection, 221-223
and treaty rights, 48
Public lands, 127, 191, 199
:,razing, 55-56, 127
timber harvest, 56
Public opinion surveys, 116-117, 118, 119, 120
Public trust doctrine, 131, 141
Public values, 7, 116-117, 124-125
Puget Sound Basin, 34, 255, 257
dams, 231
fish species, 36
fishery management, 259
hatchery programs, 88, 89
status of stocks, 78, 86-90
wetland losses, 71 -72, 184, 185
R
Ranges (of fish), see Geographic distribution
Ranges (grassland), see Grazing
Reclamation Act, 68
Recreational areas, 181
Recreational fishing, 121, 122, 194, 255, 257,
259-260, 290
economic value, 120, 122
Redds, see Spawning areas and reads
Redfish Lake, endangered sockeye population,
53
Redside shiners, 194
Refugia, 199
Rehabilitation strategies, 3, 27, 207, 209, 211,
315-316, 364, 366
hatcheries' role in, 315-318, 321 -322, 371 -
372
Reproductive units, see Local populations
Reservoirs, 9-10, 226, 227, 234, 242, 438-440
drawdowns, 246-248
and introduced fish species, 36
temperature changes, 229-230
Resource planning, 131 - 139
Restoration programs, 26, 204-211 passim
costs to hydropower customers, 134- 136,
238, 243-246, 259, 331, 375
involving property owners, 224
449
Riparian Tax Incentive Program (RIPTIP),
223
River basins and watersheds, 34-39, 327-329
habitat assessment, 213-217
juvenile adaptability to conditions, 37
species interactions, 35-36
see also Columbia River Basin; Fraser
River Basin; Puget Sound Basin;
Sacramento River Basin
Rivers, 35, 327. See also Estuaries; Streams;
and specific rivers and waterways
Roads, 60, 169, 174, 187, 189
Rockfish, 122
Rock Island Dam, 238, 240
Rocky Reach Dam, 238, 240
Rogue River, 182- 183, 231, 347
S
Sacramento River Basin, 34, 104, 105, 107,
195
canneries, 49, 183, 254-255
dams, 231
fish species, 36
hatchery programs, 105
Salmon River, 34, 72, 231
Salmon species' see Chinook salmon; Chum
salmon; Coho salmon; Kokanee; Pink
salmon; Sockeye salmon
Salt marshes, 71, 72, 184, 235
Salvage logging, 57-58, 60
San Joaquin Delta, 104
Scientific advisory board, proposal, 15, 353
357, 373
Screens, 10, 197, 237, 238-239, 240
Sea lions, 40, 42, 43, 89, 261
Seals, 261
Sedimentation, 168, 169-180, 198-199, 365
and dams, 205, 248, 250-251
flushing of, 187
and spawning areas, 175, 179- 180
Semelparity, 29-30
Sewage and wastewater discharges, 197- 198
Sexual selection, 308-309
Shasta Dam, 231
Shoshone-Bannocktribe, 131, 140
Size selection, 309, 310
Skagit River, 37, 185
Smith River, 106
OCR for page 450
450
Smolts, 30
and dams, 10, 65-66, 226, 232-233, 240,
367, 368
migration, 30, 153, 235-237, 240
and pollution, 198
predation of, 36, 40, 232-233, 240
Snags, see Woody debris
Snake River, 33, 92, 94, 95-96
dam removal, 252-253
dams, 61, 62, 64, 94, 95, 129, 137-138, 226,
228, 238, 239, 246-248
hatchery programs, 53, 95, 245
irrigation projects, 229
Snake River Salmon Recovery Team, 221, 248,
253
Snow accumulation and melting, 187, 205,
350
Social values, 7, 122- 123, 124- 125, 217
Sockeye salmon, 44, 152-154, 197
Canada fisheries, 265-267, 273
geographic distribution, 31-32, 78, 83, 86,
89, 95-96
and hatchery programs, 53
life cycle, 30, 31
Soviet Union, 262
Spatial scales, for fishery management, 79,
326-332, 339, 342, 361-362, 374, 375
Spatial scales and analysis, 28, 45, 215, 219
Spawners, 30, 31, 38, 44
in stock-recruitment theory, 276-281
see also Escapements; Homing
Spawning areas and reads, 29, 30, 34, 35, 188.
313
losses to dams, 63-65, 230
and sedimentation, 175, 179- 180
Species interactions, 35-36, 194
Spill, 229, 241-242, 253
Spillways, 65-66, 242
Spiny dogfish, 40
Spiritual values? 123
Splash dams, 58, 59, 195, 231
Sport fishing, see Recreational fishing
Squawfish, 36, 198, 232, 234, 240
Squid, 263* 265
State governments
hatchery programs, 50, 129
resource management, 343-344
Status of stocks, 2-3, 75-77
coastal rivers, 2-3, 76, 103-114
Columbia River Basin, 90-103
INDEX
Fraser River Basin, 82-86
Puget Sound Basin, 78, 86-90
risk assessments, 75, 77, 79-82
use of historical records, 77-78
Steelhead trout, 194, 260
geographic distribution, 33, 83, 89, 94, 95,
102, 107-108, 264-265
and hatchery programs, 53, 89, 99- 101
life cycle, 30, 31
Stem elects, 329-332, 340, 344
Step changes, 43-44
Stock-recruitment functions, 276-285, 286-287
Stocks, as management units, 12- 13, 78-79,
148. see also Local populations? Status
of stocks
Storms, 166, 170-171, 180, 205
Strait of Georgia, hatchery programs, 54
Straying, 8, 149-150, 155, 156, 166, 235
Streams, 34-35, 438
armored banks, 181 - 182
bank erosion, 180- 181
buffers and management zones, 190- 191,
192, 193, 199, 220-221, 364-365
channelization? 181 - 182, 196
management approaches, 219-221
spawners' impacts on, 37-38
Subpopulations, see Local populations
Substitution and mitigation strategies, 26-27
artificial habitat enhancement, 207, 209,
212, 366
hatcheries as part of, 11-12, 52-53, 302,
315, 320
new habitat sites, 207, 209, 213
payment issues, 141-142
Supplementation strategy, 137, 321
Supreme Court cases, treaty decisions, 48-49
Survival, see Mortality of salmon
Sustainable fishery management, 274, 275
Swamps, 72
Symbolic values, 80, 122- 123
System planning, 136- 137
Systems Operation Review, 246, 247
T
Taiwan, 263
Tax incentives, 223
Taylor Grazing Act (TGA), 55
Technological optimism, 127, 129-130
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INDEX
Temporary hatcheries, 318-319
Terminal fisheries, 13, 258, 282, 292-293, 370
Thermal regime and temperature changes, 191-
194, 202
dam and reservoir impacts, 229-230
<,roundwater, 189
in ocean environments, 35, 40, 42-44
of spawning sites, 152, 165
and species interactions, 194
see also Climate change
Thornton Creek, 184
Tidal marshes, 71, 72, 184, 235
Tillamook Bay, 106- 107
Timber harvest, see Logging and forestry
Time and temporal scales
of genetic adaptation, 160- 161
of human impacts, 73, 74
ocean and climate change, 5, 39, 40-44
and policy, 5, 28, 45, 125, 136, 375
and resource values, 125
in watershed analyses, 215-216
Tourism, 34
Toutle River, 102
Transport around dams? 10, 240-241, 253, 351 -
352, 367, 368
Trapping, 47, 49
Trawling, 255, 260-261
Treaties and treaty rights 131, 255, 257. 274
319
court decisions, 49, 131, 259
and fishing bans, 290
negotiation, 47-48
and private property rights, 48
Treaty of Medicine Creek, 48, 255
Trees, 190
Tributaries, see Streams
Trolling, 122, 255, 257, 258
Canada-U.S. competition, 268-269
Trout species, see Cutthroat trout; Steelhead
trout
Truck transport around dams, 240-241
Turbidity, see Sedimentation
Turbines, 231, 232, 236, 239, 240, 242, 440
U
United States v. Oregon (Belloni decision), 49,
131, 259
United States v. Washington (Boldt decision),
49, 131, 255, 259
Upwelling, 188, 189
451
Urban development, 34, 71 -72, 132, 181, 184
U.S. agencies, see Federal government; and
. ~ .
specific agencies
V
Values, 6-7, 25, 115-116, 142-143
biodiversity and endangered species, 123,
140-141
institutional, 126-139, 217, 324-326, 362,
374-376
of management organizations, 139-142
public and private choices, 116- 117, 118,
124-125
salmon as natural capital, 6-7, 117- 125
see also Economic value and valuation;
Existence values; Indirect values;
Option values; Social values; Symbolic
values
Vegetation and cover, 164, 206, 216
disturbances of, 165, 180- 181, 184, 190-
191, 194, 205-206
see also Buffers and management zones;
Woody debris
Vertical barrier screen (VBS), 239
Volcanoes, 102, 174- 175
W
Walla Walla River, 68, 99
Wanapum Dam, 238, 240
Washington
coastal salmon stocks, 86-87, 103, 104,
107, 109-110
fishery management, 128, 131, 259
watershed analysis projects, 214
wetland losses, 71, 185
Water budget, 137- 138. 243-247
Water quality, 164
pollution sources and impacts. 176-177?
197-199. 366
Water resources development and use, see
Dams; Hydroelectric power; Irrigation;
Reservoirs
Water rights, 127
Watershed analysis (procedure), 213-217
Watersheds, see River basins and watersheds
Waterways 2000 program, 203
Water withdrawals. 186, 187- 188, 197
Wells Dam, 238, 239-240
OCR for page 452
452
Wetlands, 70-72, 184- 185
Wildfires, 166, 172-173
Willamette River, 34, 195, 197- 198, 322
Willapa Bay, 347
hatchery programs, 110- 111
status of stocks, 110- 114
Windthrows, 166, 172-173
Woody debris, 166, 187, 194- 196, 206
salvage logging of, 57-58, 60
INDEX
y
Yakima River, 34, 95, 346
hatchery projects, 318-319
irrigation projects, 95
z
Zooplankton, 41
Representative terms from entire chapter:
river basin
