Index
A
Abedus herberti, 31
Acetic acid, 30
Acetylcholine, 174
Adenoregulin, 18
Agriculture
sex attractant research, 104
use of chemical signaling for pest control, 62
Aldehydes, in moth sex pheromones, 169
Algal pheromones
(a)biotic degradation, 98-99, 101
C11 biosynthesis, 95-98
C11 hydrocarbons in, 87-89, 91, 99-101
classification, 89
defensive role, 99
mass release of male gametes, 90-91
measurement, 89-92
Aliphatic acid, plant, 1
Alkaloids
in arthropod defenses, 32-34
in insects, 25
in skin of amphibians, 18, 22-27
insect sequestration of, for defense, 119, 120-122
role in sexual selection among insects, 119, 122-130
Allelopathic compounds, 3
Allomones, 2-3
Allomyces, 133-134
Amines, amphibian skin, 18
Amphibians. See Poisons, in amphibians
Amplitude modulation, 154
Analipus japonicus, 92
Ant
communication system, 41
modulatory communication, 45-47, 49
multicomponent signaling, 43, 46-47, 48-49
nestmate recognition, 47-48
signal ritualization, 44-45
signal specificity, 44
social organization, 41
stridulatory vibration, 45-46
trail pheromones, 42-44
Apiomerus flaviventris, 129
Arthropods
chemical defenses, 30-34
chemical eavesdropping strategies in predation, 52-54, 63
chemical predatory strategies, 62-63
chemical signaling in predation, 51-52
predatory mimicry by spiders, 59, 63
as source of frog/toad toxins, 24-26
spider venoms, 34-36
See also Lobster
Atelopus toads, 18
Azabicyclononane, 33
Azaphenalene, 33
B
Batrachotoxins
actions of, 23
in birds, 23
Beet armyworm, 55-57
Benzoyl cyanide, 30
Bioinformatics, 192
Birds, 122
chemical defenses in, 4
poisonous substance production, 17
Bolas spider, 59-61
Bombesin, amphibian skin, 18
Bombyx mori, 105
Brachycephalus toads, 18
Bradykinin, amphibian skin, 18
Bufo toads, 18
6-(1E)-Butenyl, 92
Butylbenzene, 99
C
Caerulein, amphibian skin, 18
Calcineurin, 137, 138, 139-140, 143, 187
Camouflage, in chemical signaling, 148
cAMP, 110
Campoletis sonorensis
evolution, 78-80
expression patterns, 80
induced developmental arrest of host larva, 68-69
polydnavirus expression in host, 70-78
polydnavirus gene families, 79-80
polydnavirus protection for, as endoparasite, 67-68, 81
polydnavirus structure, 69-70, 82
protection from host recognition, 67-68, 81-82
Cannibalism, 128-129
Cantharidin, 129
Caprylic acid, 30
Carbon metabolism
biosynthesis of C11 hydrocarbons in plants, 92-98
in plant defense, 8-9
Cassava, 58
Caudoxirene, 91
Cell death, 187
Ceratopogonid flies, 54
Chemical signaling
agricultural application, 62
algal pheromones, 87-92
in ant social organization, 41
ant trail pheromones, 42-44
arthropod predation, 51-52, 62-63
dispersal patterns, 148
evolutionary development of olfaction, 162-164
immunophilin / immunosuppression complexes, 136-140
lobster urine, 154-158
in marine environment, 148-150
modulatory communication in ants, 45-47, 49
molecular interaction, 142-143
multicomponent systems in ants, 43, 46-47, 48-49
multidisciplinary research, 142, 143
nestmate recognition in ants, 47-48
plant, to summon herbivore predator, 54-58, 63
predatory mimicry, 59-61
ritualization in ants, 44-45
selection pressure in, 147
signal transduction as chemical ecology, 133-134
signal transduction in T-cells, 134
specificity of ant, 42-44
spectral contrast, 148
stridulation in ants, 45-46
temporal contrast, 148
temporospatial analysis in marine environment, 150-154, 158
types of, 161
variation in plant reaction to herbivore attack, 58
See also Sex pheromones
Chilocorus cacti, 32
Chiriquitoxin, 22
Chlorophyll, 2
CNS 2103, 34-35
Combinatorial chemistry, 195-196, 197
Competition for resources, 3
human chemical defenses in, 12
Consumer selection pressure
in chemical signaling, 147
taxonomic distribution of defensive chemistry as evidence of, 3-4
vestigial accumulation in secondary compound metabolism, 7-8
Cost-benefit analysis, 9-11
Cotesia marginiventris, 55, 57
Cotton, 58
Coumarins, plant, 1
Creatonotus transiens, 129
Crotalaria spectabilis, 120, 126
Cutleria multifida, 89-90, 92, 97
Cyanogenic glycosides, plant, 1
Cyclohexene, 92
Cyclopentenes, 91
Cyclosporin, 134, 135, 137, 138, 142, 143, 187
Cysteine-rich polydnavirus expression products, 71-75, 80, 81, 82
Cytochrome b5, 109
D
Danaidone, 130
Danaus gilippus, 130
Danaus plexippus, 192
Decahydroquinolines, 24, 25, 26
Defense chemistry of amphibians. See Poisons, in amphibians
Defense chemistry of arthropods
diversity, 30-34
sources of chemicals, 36-38
sources of steroids, 31-32
Defense chemistry of birds
batrachotoxins in pitohui, 23
distribution, 4
Defense chemistry of humans
characteristics, 12-13
natural sources, 13
range of, 11
synthetic sources, 11-12
Defense chemistry of insects
medicinal application, 190-191
parental endowment of larva, 126-127, 129-130
sources of, 1
use of plant alkaloids, 119, 120-122
Defense chemistry of marine invertebrates
distribution, 4-6
poisonous substances, 17
Defense chemistry of plants, 3
active repellent strategies, 54-55
chemical interaction vs. chemical build-up, 9
consumer selection pressure and, 7
cost-benefit analysis, 9-11
distribution, 6
human use of, 11
medicinal application, 189
poisons, 17
signal release to summon predator during herbivore attack, 54-58, 63
theoretical models of, 6-7, 9, 13
Defensive chemistry, in general
absence of, 4
allomone functions vs., 2-3
antiviral properties of toxic substances, 31
conspicuous life-style and, 4
cost-benefit analysis, 9-11
definition, 2-3
in parasitic organisms, 4
poisons and, 3
similarities across taxa, 3, 13-14
taxonomic distribution, 3-6
Degranulation, 133-134
Dermorphins, amphibian skin, 18
Desoxycorticosterone, 31
Development, individual
endoparasite-induced arrest in host larva, 68-69
furanocoumarin distribution and, 2
plant volatile emissions in response to herbivore attack, 58
polydnavirus protection for endoparasitic wasps, 67
Dianthrones, 17
Dictyopteris acrostichoides, 92
Dictyopteris divaricata, 91
Dictyopteris membranaceae, 87, 91
Dictyopteris zonariodes, 91
Dictyota diemensis, 98
Diol serenin, 133-134
Dodeca-3,6,9-trienoic acid, 93-95, 101
Dolomedes okefinokensis, 34, 38
E
biosynthesis of C11 hydrocarbons in plants, 93, 94
Ectocarpus siliculosus, 87, 91, 92, 99
Electroantennogram, 105-107
Endriandra introrsa, 97
Epilachna varivestis, 33
Epilachnene, 33-34
Ergot, 189-190
Escherichia coli, 162
Ethanolamine, arthropod, 33-34
Euclytia flava, 53
Evolutionary processes
cost-benefit analysis of defensive chemistry, 10
in host-parasite diversity, 77
insect development, 29
models of chemical defense and, 10
mutation, 193-195
olfaction in, 162-164
overdominant selection in polydnavirus expression, 74, 79-80
parasite protein structure, 79-80
segmented virus genomes in, 78-79
selection pressures in parasitization, 77-78
signal ritualization, 44-45
Exochamine, 32
F
predatory mimicry, 59
FK506/FKBPs, 134, 135, 136-137, 143, 187
peptidomimicry, 140-142
structure, 138-140
Frogs
phylogenetic distribution of poisons, 18
See also Poisons, in amphibians
Furanocoumarins, 2
G
GABA, 174-175
Gene structure
cysteine-rich polydnavirus expression products, 71-75, 82
FKBP12, 138
pharmaceutical research, 192-194
polydnavirus expression in parasitized wasp, 70-71
polydnavirus in Campoletis sonorensis, 69-70
polydnavirus in wasps, 69-70
random change events in secondary compound metabolism, 7-8
repeat-gene polydnavirus, 76-77
stearoyl-CoA desaturase, 109
venom-related polydnavirus expression products, 75-76
Gephyrotoxins, 26
Giffordene, 95
Giffordia mitchellae, 95-97
Glucose, plant, 8
Glucosinolates, plant, 1
Glutathione S-transferase, 79
Granulocytes, in endoparasite-induced immunosuppression, 68
Gustatory systems, 163
H
Heliothis virescens, 68-82
Hemyda aurata, 53
(E)-2-Hexenal, 58
HF-7, 35
Histamine, amphibian skin, 18
Histrionicotoxins, 23-24, 25, 26
HIV, 184-185
Hololena curta, 38
Homarus americanus. See Lobster
Homo sapiens, 11-13
Homopumiliotoxins, 26
Hoopoe, 4
Hormosirene, 91-92
Hydrogen cyanide, 30
Hydroxydanaidal, in Utetheisa ornatrix sexual selection, 123-126, 129, 130
immunophilin / immunosuppressant complexes, 136-140
response to parasitization, 77
vertebrate, 79
I
Immune system
Immunosuppression
hemocyte responses in parasitized host, 68
immunophilin / immunosuppressant complexes, 136-140
in parasitized host, endoparasite-induced, 68, 69, 71
T-cell signaling and, 134
Indole, 55-57
Indole alkylamines, in amphibians, 18
Indolizidines, 24
Influenza, 79
Inositol triphosphate, 112
Insects
biochemical diversity, 30
diversity, 29
evolutionary development, 29
plant alarm signals for protection from, 54-58
poisonous substance production, 17
predatory mimicry by, 59-61
secondary metabolites in plants and, 2
sex attractant research, 103-105
sex pheromone detection, 111-114
sex pheromone production, 108-111
sex pheromone specificity, 107-108
as source of frog/toad toxins, 24-27
See also Defense chemistry of insects
Interleukin-2, 135
Introns, in cysteine-rich polydnavirus expression products, 71, 72-73, 82
Iodosylbenzene/manganese tetraphenylporphyrin, 99-99
Ips paraconfusus, 52
Ips pini, 108
Ivermectin, 191
K
Kairomones
in arthropod predation, 51, 52
definition, 161
L
L-dopa, 189
Laminaria digitata, 91
Lampreys, 163
Leukotreine D4
Lima bean, 55
Linolenic acid, 93
Lipophilic alkaloids, in amphibians, 18, 22, 23
Lobster
chemical signaling strategies, 150
chemical signals in dominance conflicts, 156
olfactory navigation, 151
as research subject, 150
sensory sampling behavior, 152, 158
sexual selection, 156
temporospatial analysis of chemical signaling, 150-154, 158
urine dispersal, 154-158
Lovastatin, 190
M
Major histocompatibility complex, 134-135
Malaria, 79
Mamestra brassicae, 53
Mandelonitrile, 30
Manduca sexta, 191
antennal lobe structure/functioning for signal detection, 174-176
higher order processing of pheromonal information, 175-176
neural processing of sex-pheromonal information, 168-169
sex-pheremonal stimulus, 169-170, 172-174
sex pheromone detection, 170
sex pheromone neural pathways, 171-172
sex pheromone stimulus intermittency, 173-174
signal transduction in pheromone-specific cells, 170-171
Mantella frogs, 23-24
Marine environment, chemical signaling in, 148-150
Marine invertebrates
chemical defenses, 4-6
olfactory systems, 163
poisons in, 17
Mast cell degranulation, 133
Mastigoproctus giganticus, 30
Mastophorinae spiders, 59-61
Measurement techniques
brown algal pheromones, 89-90
chemical signal analysis in marine environments, 150-154
for cost-benefit analysis of defensive chemistry, 9-10
pheromone identification with electroantennogram, 105-107
7-Methylcyclooctriene, 97-98
Mevalonate, 190
Microplitis croceipes, 57
Mimicry
peptidal, by FK506, 140-142, 143
predatory, 59-61
Minyobates frogs, 23
Moths, 55
predatory mimicry by spiders, 59-61
sex pheromone detection, 112, 113, 114-115, 176-177
sex pheromone production, 103, 107, 108, 109-110, 114-115
sodium sequestration, 130
See also Manduca sexta
See also Utetheisa ornatrix
N
N-based compounds, 8-9
NADH, 109
Neopyrochroa flabellata, 129
Nicotiana sylvestris, 191
Nitropolyzonamine, 32
Nuclear factor of activated T-cells, 135
O
Octopamine, 113
Olfactory system
cellular organization, 165-166
evolutionary development, 162-164
giant sphinx moth sex-pheromone system, 168-177
neurobiological functioning, 164-165, 177
properties of odor stimuli, 166-167, 168, 177
Onychophora, 163
Opioids, 188
Ouabain, 192
P
Parasitization
absence of defensive chemistry in parasites, 4
developmental arrest induced in host larva, 68-69
immunologic response of host, 68, 71
pheromone interception by predatory arthropods, 52-54
polydnaviruses in endoparasite protection. See Campoletis sonorensis, 81
protection strategies, 77
selection pressures in, 77-78
Peptidyl proline isomerization, 137
Periplaneta americana, 107
Perithalia caudata, 91
Pharmaceuticals
antiviral properties of toxic steroids, 31
biodiversity and, 197-198
combinatorial synthesis in development of, 195-196
new drug development process, 183-184, 191-198
opportunities for advancement, 196-197
receptor subtype sensitivity, 186-187
selecting sources for screening for research, 188-191
selection of drug discovery targets, 184-188
specificity, 186
Phenolic amines, in frogs, 18
Pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide, 110-111
Pheromones
amplitude modulation, 154
ant multicomponent systems, 46-47, 48-49
ant trail, 42-44
chemical eavesdropping between
mimetic behavior, 52
in predation between arthropods, 50-51
See also Sex pheromones
Philanthus triangulum, 35
Phospholipase C, 112
Phyllobates frogs, 18, 22-23, 25, 191
Phylomedusa frogs, 18
Physaelaemin, amphibian skin, 18
Phytoecdysones, 189
Picrotoxin, 174-175
Pieris brassicae, 53
Piperidines in arthropods, 33
Plants
allelopathic compounds in, 3
biosynthesis of C11 hydrocarbons, 92-98, 101
competition for resources in allocation of secondary chemistry, 7
models of secondary metabolism, 8-9
predatory mimicry by, 59
screening for pharmaceutical application, 188-191
secondary metabolites in insects and, 2
sources of secondary compounds, 1
See also Defense chemistry of plants
Plasmatocytes, in endoparasite-induced immunosuppression, 68
Poisons, in amphibians, 17-18, 191
in animals raised in captivity, 22
bicyclic alkaloids, 24
dendrobatid alkaloids, 23-24, 25
dietary sources, 24-27
phylogenetic distribution, 18
substances unique to frogs/toads, 24, 26
tetrodotoxins, 22
Poisons, in general, 26
definition, 3
range of, 17
Polyamines in spider venoms, 35, 38
Polydnaviruses
cysteine-rich gene family, 71-75, 80, 81, 82
in endoparasite-induced developmental arrest of host larva, 68-69
in endoparasite-induced immunosuppression, 68
evolution, 78-80
expression products in host, 70-82
general features, 69-70
overdominant selection processes in antigen recognition site codon
segmented virus genomes and, 78-79
structure, 67
venom-related gene family, 75-76
Polyzonamine, 32
Polyzonium rosalbum, 32
Predation
allomone function in, 2-3
amphibian defenses, 18
ant recruitment pheromones, 43-44
arthropod semiochemical strategies, 62-63
chemical signal interception between arthropods, 52-54
chemical signal mimicry, 59-61
chemical signaling between arthropods, 51-52
future research in chemical signaling, 61-62
plant alarm signals to summon herbivore predator, 54-58
spider venoms, 34-36
Utetheisa ornatrix defense by alkaloid sequestration, 120
Pregnanes, 32
Pseudoperga guerini, 36
Pseudophryne frogs, 24
Puffer fish, 22
Pyrethroids, 17
Pyrrolidines in arthropods, 33
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids
parental bestowment on eggs, 126-127, 129-130
sequestration by cannibalism in
Utetheisa ornatrix, 128-129
sequestration by Utetheisa ornatrix for
defense, 120
in Utetheisa ornatrix sexual selection, 123-126, 130
Utetheisa ornatrix sperm selection and, 127-128, 130
Pyrrolizidines in amphibians, 24, 25, 26-27
Q
Quinolizidine, 24
R
Ras farnesyl-protein transferase, 188
Renin, 184
S
Salamanders, 18
Salmonella, 187
Saponins, 17
Sargassum asporofolium, 91
Sargassum latifolium, 91
Sauvagine, amphibian skin, 18
Schistosoma, 79
Scolytus multistriatus, 52
Scorpions, 30
Secondary compounds
in cellular signal transduction, 134
consumer selection pressure and, 7
as defensive agents, 3
evolutionary processes in models of, 10
genetic mutation as source of, 7-8
metabolic characteristics, 2
models of plant metabolism, 8-9
ontogenetic distribution, 2
patterns of allocation, 2, 6-11
plant poisons, 17
in plants, 3
primary metabolism and research on, 11
sources of, 1
taxonomic distribution, 12
Serine proteases, 194-195
Serotonin
in amphibian skin, 18
moth sex pheromone reactivity and, 113
Sex pheromones
basic function, in insects, 105, 114-115
behavioral thresholds, 113
biosynthetic enzymes, 108-110
detection mechanism in moth, 170
detection by electroantennogram, 105-107
genetic determinants of response, 113-114
higher order processing in Manduca sexta, 175-176
hormonal system in production of, 110-111
interception by predatory arthropods, 52-53, 63
neural processing in moths, 168-177
peripheral detection, 111-112
predatory mimicry, 59
production in insects, 108-111
research history, 103-105
signal transduction in Manduca sexta, 170-171
specificity, 107-108
stimulus characteristics, 172-173
stimulus intermittency, 173-174
Utetheisa ornatrix emission, 122-123
Utetheisa ornatrix sexual selection, 123-126, 130
visible, 103
Shigella flexneri, 187
Social regulation
ant predation, 43-44
chemical signaling in ant societies, 41, 48
communication ritualization, 45
lobster chemical signals, 157, 158
nestmate recognition in ants, 47-48
Sodium sequestration, 130
Spider venoms, 34-36
Spodoptera exigua, 55
Stearoyl-CoA desaturase, 109
Steroids
arthropod defense, 30-31
synthesis of steroidal pyrones, 31-32
Streptomyces avermitilis, 191
Streptomyces faecalis, 133
Streptomyces hygroscopicus, 135
Streptomyces tsukubaensis, 135
Sulfated nucleoside glycosides, 35-36, 38
Supella longipalpa, 107
Supellapyrone, 106
T
T-cells
immunophilin / immunosuppression activity, 137, 143
induced immunosuppression, 134
signal transduction in, 133, 134-135
Telenomus calvus, 54
Telenomus remus, 53
Terpenes, 55-57
Tetrodotoxins
mechanism, 22
in newts, 18
origin of, 22
Theophylline, 186
Tolypocladium inflatum, 135
Tomicobia tibialis, 52
Trichogramma evanescens, 53
Trichothecenes, 17
Trypanosomes, 79
Tyramine, amphibian skin, 18
U
Ultraviolet light, 3
Undecane, 44
Utetheisa ornatrix
cannabilism for sequestration of defensive alkaloids, 128-129
courtship behavior, 122
defensive chemistry, 119, 120-122
palatability, 120
parental endowment of eggs with alkaloidal protection, 126-127, 130
post-copulatory sperm selection, 127-128, 130
sequestration of foodplant alkaloids, 120
sex pheromone emission, in spider webs, 120
V
Vespula vulgaris, 58
Viridiene, 91
Viridofungans, 188
Vitellogenin, 110
W
Wasps
endoparasitic, polydnaviruses in. See Campoletis sonorensis
parasitoid behavior, 52-53, 54
plant signals to, during herbivore attack, 54-55, 57, 58
polydnavirus genetic complexity, 69
venom-related polydnavirus expression products, 75-76
Y
Yersinia pestis, 187
Z
Zaragozic acids, 188
Zetekitoxin, 22