Below are the first 10 and last 10 pages of uncorrected machine-read text (when available) of this chapter, followed by the top 30 algorithmically extracted key phrases from the chapter as a whole.
Intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text on the opening pages of each chapter.
Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.
Do not use for reproduction, copying, pasting, or reading; exclusively for search engines.
OCR for page 211
REFERENCES
Aber, l., N. Christensen, T. Fernandez, l. Franklin, L. Hidinger, M.
Hunter, l. MacMahon, D. MIadenoff, l. Pastor, D. Perry, R. Slangen
and H. van Miegroet. 2000. Applying Ecological Principles to
Management of the U.S. National Forests. Issues in Ecology 6:~-20.
Adams, D.M. and R.W. Haynes. 1980. The 1980 Softwood Timber
Assessment Market Model: Structure, projections, and policy
simulations. Forest Science Monograph No. 22, Society of American
Foresters, Washington, DC. 64 pp.
Adams, D.M., K.C. Jackson, and R.W. Haynes. 1988. Production,
Consumption, and Prices of Softwood Products in North America:
Regional Time Series Data, 1950 to 1985 (later extended to 1993~.
Resource Bull. PNW-RB-151. Portland OR.: USDA, Forest Service,
Pacific Northwest Research Station. 49 pp.
Adams, D.M., A. Alig, B.A. McCarl, J.M. Caliaway, and S. Winnett.
1996. An analysis of the impacts of public timber harvest policies on
private forest management in the U.S. Forest Science 42~3~:343-358.
Agee, J.K. 1981. Fire effects on Pacific Northwest forests: flora, fuels,
and fauna. Northwest Fire Council Proc. 54-66.
Agee, l.K. 1991. Fire history along an elevational gradient in the
SiskiyouMountains,Oregon. Northwest Science. 65~4~:~-199.
Agee, l.K. 1993. Fire Ecology of Pacific Northwest Forests. Washing-
ton, D.C.: Island Press.
Aizen, M.A. and P. Feinsinger. 1994. Habitat fragmentation, native
insect pollinators, and feral honey bees in Argentine "Chaco Serrano."
Ecological Applications 4~2~:378-392.
277
OCR for page 212
272
Pacific Northwest Forests
Akcakaya, H.R., M.A. Burgman, and l~.R. Ginzburg. 1999. Applied
Population Ecology: Principles and Computer Exercises Using
RAMAS EcoLab 2.0, 2nd Ed. Sunderiand, Mass.: Sinauer Associates.
Amaranthus, M. P. , l. M. Trappe, L. Bednar, and D. Arthur. 1 994 .
Hypogeous fungal production in mature Douglas-fir forest fragments
and surrounding plantations and its relation to coarse woody debris
and animal mycophagy. Can. l. For. Res. 24~: 2157-2165.
Andersen, M.C. and D. Mahato. 1995. Demographic models and
reserve designs for the California spotted owl. Ecological Applica-
tions 5~3~:639-647.
Anderson, H.M. and l.T. Olson. 1991. Federal Forests and the Economic
Base of the Pacific Northwest. Washington, D.C.: The Wilderness
Society.
Anderson, To., C.E. CarIson and R.H. Wakimoto. 1987. Forest fire
frequency and western spruce budworm outbreaks in western
Montana. For. Ecol. Manage. 22~3-4~:251-260.
Anderson, R.~. 1990. Effects of global climate change on tree survival
and forest pest in the South. Pp. 176-~80 in: Proceedings of the
Society of American Foresters National Convention. Paper presented
at the meeting on, "Are Forests the Answer", held July 29-Aug 1,
1990, Washington DC. Bethesda, MD: The Society.
Andrews, H.~. and R.W. Cowlin. 1940. Forest Resources of the Douglas-
fir Region. Misc. Publ. 389. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Forest Service. 169pp.
Anthony, R.G., M.G. Garrett and C.A. Schuler. 1993. Environmental
contaminants in bald eagles in the Columbia River Estuary. l. WildI.
Manage. 57~:10-19.
Arno, S.F. 1980. Forest fire history in the northern Rockies. l. For.
78~:460-465.
Arno, S.F., E.D. Reinhardt, and l.H. Scott. 1993. Forest Structure and
Landscape Patterns in the Subalpine Pine Type: A Procedure for
Quantifying Past and Present Conditions. Gen. Tech. Report INT 294.
Og~en, UT: USDA, Forest Service, Tntermountain Research Station.
Arnolds, E. 1991. Decline of ectomycorrhizal fungi in Europe. Agric.
Ecosyst. Environ. 35~2/3~:209-244.
Barett, R. 1987. Tourism employment in Montana: quality versus
quantity? Western Wildiands 13~2~:~-21.
OCR for page 213
References
213
Bawa, K.S. 1990. Plant-poBinator interactions in tropical rain forests.
Annul Rev. Ecol. Syst. 21: 399-422.
Beale, C. 1993. Pp. 22-27 in: Poverty is Persistent in Some Rural Areas.
AgriculturalOutiook. U.S.Departmentof Agriculture. September
1993.
Becerra, l.X. 1994. Squirt-gun defense in Bursera and the chrysomelid
counterploy. Ecology75~7~:1991-1996.
Bechtold, W.A., W.H. Hoffard, and R.~. Anderson. 1992. Summary
Report: Forest Health Monitoring in the South, 1991. Gen. Tech.
Report SE-~. Asheville, N.C.:USDA, Forest Service, Southeastern
Forest Experimental Station.
Beuter, l.H. 1990. Social and Economic impact of the Spotted Owl
Conservation Strategy. Tech. Bull. No. 9003. Washington, D.C.:
American Forest Resource Alliance. 37pp.
Beuter, J.H., K.N. Johnson, and H.~. Scheurman. 1976. Timber for
Oregon's Tomorrow--An Analysis of Reasonably Possible Occur-
rences. Oregon State Univ. For. Res. Lab. Res. Bull.19. Corvallis, OR.
111 pp.
Blahna, Do. 1990. Social basis for resource conflicts in areas of reverse
migration. Pp. 159-178 in: Community and Forestry: Continuities in
the Sociology of Natural Resources, R.G. Lee, D.R. Field, and W.R.
Burch Jr., eds. Boulder, CO: Westview.
Bliss, l.C., C. Bailey, G.R. Howze, and L. Teeter. 1992. Timber Depend-
ency In the American South. SCFER Working Paper No. 74. South-
eastern Center for Forest Economics Research, Research Triangle
Park, NC. 15 pp.
Bolsinger, C.~. and J.M. Berger. 1975. The Timber Resources of the Blue
Mountain Area, Oregon. USDA Forest Service Resource Bulletin PNW
57. U.S. Forest Service. Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experi-
ment Station, Portland, OR
Bolsinger, C.~. and K.~. Waddell. 1993. Area Of Old-Growth Forests In
California, Oregon, end Washington. Resource Bulletin PNW-RB-197.
USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. December.
Bonnicksen, T.M. 1993. An Analysis of a Plan to Maintain Old-Growth
Forest Ecosystems. A report to the American Forest & Paper
Association, Washington, D.C. Department of Forest Science, Texas
A& M University, Texas.
OCR for page 214
214
Pacific Northwest Forests
Booth, D.E. 1991. Estimating prelogging old-growth in the Pacific
Northwest. J. For. 89~10~:25-29.
Booth, D.E. 1994. Valuing Nature: The Decline and Preservation of Old-
Growth Forests. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.
Bork, l. 1985. Fire History in Three Vegetation Types on the East Side
of the Oregon Cascades. Ph.D. Dissertation. Oregon State University,
Corvallis, OR. 94pp.
Bormann, F.E. and G.E. Likens. 1979. Pattern and Process in a Forested
Ecosystem. New York: Springer-VerIag.
Boyle, l.R., l.E. Warila, RAT. Beschta, M. Reiter, C.C. Chambers, W.P.
Gibson, S.V. Gregory, l. Grizzel, l.C. Hagar, l.~. Li, W.C. McComb,
T.W. Parzybok, and G. Taylor. 1997. Cumulative effects of forestry
practices: an example framework for evaluation from Oregon,
Biomass and Bioenergy 13~4/5~:223-245.
Brooks, D., H. Pajuoja, T.~. Peck, B. Solberg, and P.A. Wardle. 1996.
Long-term trends and prospects in worId supply and demand for
wood. Pp. 75-106 in: T~ong-term Trends and Prospects in WorId
Supply and Demand for Wood and Tmplications for Sustainable
Forest Management. B. Solberg, ed. Research Report 6. Joensuu,
FinIand: European Forest Institute.
Brown, l.H. and A.C. Gibson. 1983. Biogeography. St.l~ouis, Missouri:
Mosby. 644pp.
Brown, R.B. 1993. Rural community satisfaction and attachment in
mass consumer society. Rural Sociology 58~3~:387-403.
Brown, T.C. 1999. Past and Future Freshwater Use in the United States:
A technical document supporting the 2000 USDA Forest Service
Assessment. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMR~GTR-39. Fort Collins,CO: USDA,
Forest Service. 47pp.
Brubaker, L.B., S. Vega-Gonzalez, E.D. Ford, C.A. Ribic, C.~. EarIe and
G. Segura. 1992. Old-growth Douglas-fir in western Washington.
Ecolog~cal Studies: analysis and synthesis. 97: 333-364.
Brundrett,M. 1991. Mycorrhizasinnaturalecosystems. Adv.Ecol.Res.
21:171-313.
Buchanan, l.B., L.~. Trwin and E.~. McCutchen. 1995. Within-stand nest
site selection by spotted owls in the eastern Washington Cascades. I.
WildI. Manage. 59~2~:301-310.
Bull, E.~. and R.E. Holthausen. 1993. Habitat use and management of
OCR for page 215
References
Z75
pileated woodpeckers in northeastern Oregon. l. WildI. Manage.
57~2~:335-345.
Bull, EAT. and A.D. Partridge. 1986. Methods of killing trees for use by
cavity nesters. Wildlife Society BuDitin. 14~2~:142-146.
Bull, EAT., R.S. Holyhausen and M.G. Henjum. 1992. Roost trees used
by pileated woodpeckers in northeastern Oregon. l. WildI. Manage.
56~4~:786-793.
Campbell, R.W. and T.R. Torgersen. 1982. Some effects of predaceous
ants on western spruce budworm pupae in north central Washington.
Environ. Entomo1. 11~:~-~14.
Canadian Council of Forest Ministers. 1997. Compendium of Canadian
Forestry Statistics, 1996. National Forestry Database Program.
Ottawa: Canadian Council of Forest Ministers. 234 pp.
Carde1lichio, P.A., Y.C. Yuon, C.S. Binkley, l.R. Vincent, and D.M.
Adams. 1988. An Economic Analysis of Short-Run Timber Supply
Around the Globe. CINTRAFOR Working Paper 1S, Seattle, WA.:
University of Washington. 153 pp.
Carey, A.B. 1995. Sciurids in Pacific Northwest managed and old-
growth forests. Ecolog~calApplications 5~3~:648-661.
Carey, A.B., l. Kershner, B. Biswell, and L. Dominquez de Toledo. 1999.
Ecological Scale and Forest Development Squirrels, Dietary Fungi,
and Vascular Plants in Managed and Unmanaged Forests. Wildlife
Monographs. No. 142. Bethesda, MD: The Wildlife Society. 71 pp.
CarIson, C.E. and l.E. Lotan. 1988. Using Stand Culture Techniques
Against Defoliating Insects. Pp. 275-277. Gen.Tech. Report INT-243.
Ogden, UT.: USDA, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station.
Carter, C. 1988. Assessment of Oregon's forest resource economy: fish
and wildlife. Pp.153-158 in: Assessment of Oregon's Forests. Salem,
OR.:Oregon State Department of Forestry.
Carter, M.F. and K. Barker. 1993. An interactive database for sewing
conservation priorities for western neotropical migrants. Pp.120-144
in: Status and Management of Neotropical Migratory Birds, D.M.
Finch and P.W. Stangel, eds. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-229. Fort CoBins,
CO.: USDA, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range
Experiment Station.
Castle, E.N. 1993. Rural diversity and American asset. Annals AAPSS
529 (Sept.~:12-21.
OCR for page 216
276
Pacific Northwest Forests
Chapman, H.H. 1931. Forest Management. Albany, NY: l.B. Lyon.
544pp.
Chen, J., l.F. Franklin and T.A. Spies. 1992. Vegetation response to edge
environments in old-growth Douglas-fir forests. Ecological Applica-
tions. 2~4~:387-396.
Chen, l., J.F. Franklin and T.A. Spies. 1993. An empirical model for
predicting diurnal air-temperature gradients from edge into old-
growthDouglas-firforest. Ecol. Modell. 67:179-198.
Christensen, N.~. 1985. Schrubland fire regimes and their evolutionary
consequences. Pp. 85-100 in: The Ecology of Natural Disturbance and
Patch Dynamics. S.T.A. Pickett and P.S. White, eds. New York:
Academic Press.
Christensen,N.T~. 1988. Succession and naturaldisturbance: Paradigms,
problems, and preservation of natural ecosystems. Pp. 62-86 in:
Ecosystem Management for Parks and Wildernesses, l.K. Agee and
D.R. Johnson, eds. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press.
Christensen, N.~., I.K. Agee, P.F. Brussard, l. Hughes, D. H. Knight,
G.W. Minshall, l.M. Peek, A. Pyne, F.~. Swanson, S. Wells, l.W.
Thomas, S.E. Williams and H.A. Wright. 1989. interpreting the
Yellowstone fires of 1988. BioScience. 39~10~:678-685.
Christensen, NIT., A.M. Bartuska, l.H. Brown, S. Carpenter, C.
D' Antonio, R. Francis, l.F. Franklin, l.A. MacMahon, R.F. Noss and
D.~. Parsons. 1996. The report of the Ecological Societv of America
.,, ,~ . ..,. ~ . ,
committee on tne sclennnc oasis tor ecosystem. Ecological Applica-
tions 6~3~:665-691.
Cissel, l.H., A. Swanson, G.E Grant, D.H. Olson, S.V. Gregory, SIT.
Garman, L.R. Ashkenas, M.G. Hunter, l.A. Kertis, l.H. Mayo, M.D.
McSwain, S.G. Swetland, K.A. Swindle, and D.O. Wallin. 1998. A
Landscape Plan Based on Historical Fire Regimes for a Managed
Forest Ecosystem: The Augusta Creek Study. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-
GTR-422. Portland, OR: USDA, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest
Forest and Range Experiment Station.
Clawson,M. 1976. The nationalforests. Science. 191~4227~:762-767.
Clawson, M. 1979. Forest in the long sweep of American history.
Science 204~4398~:~168-~174.
Clemens, F.E. 1916. Plant Succession: An Analysis of the Development
of Vegetation. Pub. 242. Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Institution of
Washington. 512pp.
OCR for page 217
References
277
Clemens, F.E. 1928. Plant Succession and Indicators. New York:
Wilson. 453pp.
Cohen, W.B., T.A. Spies and G.A. Bradshaw. 1990. Sem~variograms of
digital imagery for analysis of conifer canopy structure. Remote Sens.
Environ. 34~3~:167-178.
CoIciasure P. l. Moen, and Cot. Bolsinger. 1986. Timber Resource
Statistics for the Northern Interior Resource Area of California.
Resource Bulletin PNW-RB-135. Portland, OR: USDA, Forest Service,
Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station.
Committee of Scientists Report. 1999. Sustaining the People's Lands.
Recommendations for Stewardship of the National Forests and
Grasslands into the Next Century. Washington, DC.: USDA. 193pp.
Connell, l.H. and R.D. Slatyer. 1977. Mechanisms of succession in
natural communities and their role In community stability and
organization. Am. Nat. I11~982~:~19-~144.
Cook, R.E. 1969. Variation in species density of North American birds.
Syst. Zool. 18:63-84.
Cordray, S. and K. Goetz. 1994. Comparison of rural and urban melts
in a Pacific Northwest county. Annual Meeting of the Rural Sociolog~-
cal Society, August 11-14, Portland, OR.
Courtney, S.P. 1985. Apparency in coevolving relationships. Oikos
44~1~:91-98.
Covington, W.W. and M.M. Moore. 1994. Postsettlement changes in
natural fire regimes and forest structure: ecological restoration of old-
growth ponclerosa pine forests. Journal of Sustainable Forestry.
2~1/2~:153-181.
Covington, W.W., RET. Everett, R. Steele, T.. Irwin, T.A. Daer and
A.N.D. Auclair. 1994. Historical and anticipated changes in forest
ecosystems of the inland west of the United States. Journal of
Sustainable Forestry. 2~1/2~:13-63.
Cowles, H.C. 1910. The Fundamental Causes of Succession Among
Plant Associations. Report of the Seventy-ninth Meeting of the British
Association for the Advancement of Science 1909:668-670.
Cowlin, R.W., P.A. Briegleb and F.~. Moravets. 1942. Forest Resources
of the Ponderosa Pine Region of Washington and Oregon. Misc. Publ.
490. Washington, D.C.: USDA, Forest Service. 99 pp.
Crane, M.F., l.R. Habeck, and W.C. Fischer. 1983. Early Postfire
Revegetation in Western Montana Douglas-fir Forest. Res. Pap. TNT-
OCR for page 218
218
Pacific Northwest Forests
319. Ogden, UT: USDA, Forest Service, Intermountain Research
Station. 29 pp.
Cromartie, J. 1994. Statement: Before the House Committee on Natural
Resources Hearing on "The Changing Needs of the West" Salt Lake
City Utah, April 7, 1994. Pp. SI-108 in: The Changing Needs of the
West, Oversight Hearing before Committee on Natural Resources
House of Representatives, 103 Congress, Second Session, Serial No.
103-80. Washington, D.C.: GAO.
Cubbage, F.W., T.G. Harris, Jr., D.N. Wear, R.C. Abt, and G. Pacheco.
1995. Timber supply in the South: Where is aD the wood? l. For.
93~7~:16-20.
Culotta, E. 1994. Ecologists gather for mix of Policy, Science in
Nashville. Science265~5176~:~178-~179.
Darr, D.R. 1989. RPA Assessment of the Forest and Rangeland
Situation in the United States, 1989. Washington DC: USDA, Forest
~ .
service.
Davis, D. D., M. it. Torsello and I.R. McClenahen. 1 997. influence of
Cryphonectria parasitica basek cankers on radial growth of scarlet
oakin Pennsylvania. Plant Dis. 81~4~:369-373.
Delcourt, H.R. and P.A. Delcourt. 1991. Quaternary Ecology: A
Paleoecolog~cal Perspective. New York: Chapman & Hall.
Diamond, l.M. 1972. Biogeographic kinetics: estimation of relaxation
times for avifaunas of Southwest Pacific Islands. Proc. NatI. Acad.
Sci. USA. 69~11~:3199-3203.
Diamond, H.L. and P.F. Noonan. 1996. Land Use in America. Wash-
ington, DC: Island Press. 351pp.
Doak, D. 1989. Spotted owls and old growth logging in the Pacific
Northwest. Conserv. Biol. 3~4~:389-396.
Drielsma, l.H. 1984. The Influence of Forest-Based Industries on Rural
Communities. Yale University Ph.D. Dissertation. Ann Arbor:
University Dissertation Services.
Drury, W.H. and I.C.T. Nisbet. 1973. Succession. Journal of the Arnold
Arboretum 54:331-368.
Edwards,l.S. 1987. Arthropods of alpine aeolian ecosystems. Annul
Rev. Entomol. 32:163-179.
Egan, T. 1994. Oregon, foiling forecaster, thrives as it protects owls.
New York Times. Oct.ll:Al,C20.
Egler, F.E. 1977. The Nature of Vegetation, Its Management and
OCR for page 219
References
2~9
Mismanagement: An Introduction to Vegetation Science. Norfolk,
Conn.: Egler.
Ehrlich, P.R. and A.H. Ehrlich. 1981. Extinction. The Causes and
Consequences of the Disappearance of Species. New York: Random
House.
Ellefson, P.V., A.T. Cheng, and R.S. Moulton. 1995. Regulation of
Private Forest Practices by State Governments. Minnesota Agricul-
tural Experimental Station Bulletin 605-1995. University of Minnesota,
St. Paul, MN. 225pp.
Elo, I.T. and C.~. Beale. 1984. Natural Resources and Rural Poverty: An
Overview. Washington D.C.: Resources for the Future.
Elton, C.S. 1958. The Ecology of Invasions by Animals and Plants.
London: Methuen &Co. 181pp.
Endicott, E. 1993. Land Conservation Through Public/ Private
Partnerships. Washington,D.C.: Island Press.
Ewel, A.. 1986. Designing agricultural ecosystems for the humid
tropics. Annul Rev. Ecol. Syst. 17:245-271.
Ewel, I.~., M.~. Mazzarino and C.W. Berish. 1991. Tropical soil fertility
changes under monocultures and successional communities of
different structure. EcologicalApplications 1~3~:289-302.
Fahnestock,G.R.andl.K.Agee. 1983. Biomass consumption and smoke
production by prehistoric and modern forest fires in western
Washington. l. For. SI(10~:653-657.
Farnum, P., R. Timmis and A. Kuip. 1983. Biotechnology of forest
yield. Science 219~4585~:694-702.
FEMAT (Forest Ecosystem Management Assessment Team). 1993.
Forest Ecosystem Management: An Ecological, Economic, and Social
assessment. Report of the Forest Ecosystem Management Assessment
Team. U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, U.S. Depart-
ment of Interior Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. Department of
Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration,
National Marine Fisheries Service, U.S. Department of the Interior
Bureau of Thank Management, and U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency.
Finch, D.M. 1991. Population Ecology, Habitat Requirements and
Conservation of Neotropical Migratory Birds. Gen. Tech. Report RM-
205. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service,
Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 33pp.
OCR for page 220
220
Pacific Northwest Forests
Flather, C.H. and T.W. Hoekstra. 1989. An Analysis of the Wildlife and
Fish Situation in the United States: 1989-2040. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-
178. Fort Collins, CO: USDA, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest
and Range Experimental Station. 147 pp.
Flather, C.H., I. Brady and M.S. Knowles. 1999. Wildlife resource
trends in the United States: A technical document supporting the 2000
RPA assessment. Gen. Rep. RMR~GTR-33. Fort CoHins, CO: USDA,
Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 79pp.
Fogel, R. and l.M. Trappe. 1978. Fungus consumption (mycophagy) by
small animals. Northwest Sci. 52~:~-31.
Foley, P. 1997. Extinction models for local populations. Pp.215-246 in:
Metapopulation Biology: Ecology, Genetics, and Evolution. I.A.
Hanski and M.E. Gilpin, eds. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
Force, l.E., G.E. Machlis and T~.Zhang. 1994. Understanding Social
Change in Resource-Dependent communities. Paper presented at
Forestry and the Environment: Econom~c Perspectives Conference.
October 12-15, 1994. Banif, Alberta, Canada.
Force, J.E., G.E. Machlis, L. Zhang, and A. Kearney. 1993. The relation-
ship between timber production, local historical events, and commu-
nity social change: A quantitative case study. For. Sci. 3944~:722-742.
Forestry Canada. 1993. The State of Canada's Forests, 1992: Third
Report to Parliament Forestry Canada, Ottawa. 112 pp.
Forsman, E.D., S. Destefano, M.G. Raphael and R.~. Gutierrez, eds. 1996.
Demography of Northern Spotted OwI. Studies in Avian Biology 17.
Los Angeles: Cooper Ornitholog~cal Society. 122pp.
Frank, S.A. 1997. Spatial processes in host-parasite genetics. Pp.325-352
in: Metapopulation Biology: Ecology, Genetics, and Evolution, I.A.
Hanski and M.E. Gilpin, eds. San Diego: Academ~c Press.
Frank, D.A. and S.~. McNaughton. 1991. Stability increases with
diversity in plant communities: empirical evidence from the 1988
YeBowstone drought. Oikos. 62~3~:360-362.
Franklin, l.F. 1979. Vegetation of the Douglas-fir reg~on. Pp. 93-~12 in:
Forest Soils of the Douglas-Fir Reg~on, P.E. Heilman, H.W. Anderson,
and D.M. Baumgartner, eds. Pulman, WA: Washington State
University Cooperative Extension Service.
Franklin, l.F. 1991. Old growth and the new forestry. Pp.~-11 in:
Proceedings of the New Perspectives Workshop, 1990 July 17-20,
Petersburg, Alaska, M.~. Copenhagen, ed. Juneau, AK: USDA, Forest
Service, Alaska Region.
OCR for page 221
References
227
Franklin, 1.F. 1993b. The fundamentals of ecosystem management with
applications in the Pacific Northwest. Pp. 127-144 in: Defining
Sustainable Forestry. G.H. Aplet, N. Johnson, l.T. Olson and V.A.
Sample, eds. Washington, D.C.: Island Press.
Franklin,l.F. 1993a. Preserving biodiversity:species,ecosystems,and
landscapes? Ecological Applications. 3~2~:202-205.
Franklin, l.F., and C.T. Dyrness. 1973. Natural Vegetation of Oregon
and Washington. Gen. Tech. Rep. PAWN. Portland, OR: USDA,
Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment
Station. 417 pp.
Franklin, J.F. and M.A. Hemstrom. 1981. Aspects of succession in the
coniferous forest of the Pacific Northwest. Pp. 212-229 in: Forest
Succession: Concepts and Application, D.C. West, H.H. Shugart and
D.B. Botkin, eds. New York: Springer-VerIag.
Franklin, l.F. and T.A. Spies. 1984. Characteristics of Old-Growth
Douglas-fir Forests. Pp. 328-334 in: New Forests For a Changing
World. Bethesda, MD: Society of American Foresters.
Franklin, J.F. and T.A. Spies. 1991a. Ecological definitions of old-
growth Douglas-fir forests. Pp. 61-71 in: Wildlife and Vegetation of
Unmanaged Douglas-Fir Forests. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-285.
Portland, OR: USDA, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and
Range Experiment Station.
Franklin, J.F. and T.A. Spies. 199Ib. Composition, function, and
structure of old-growth Douglas-fir forests. Pp. 71-80 in: Wildlife and
Vegetation of Unmanaged Douglas-Fir Forests. Gen. Tech. Rep.
PNW-GTR-285. Portland, OR: USDA, Forest Service, Pacific North-
west Forest and Range Experiment Station.
Franklin, l.F., D.R. Berg, D.A. Thornburgh and l.C. Tappeiner. 1997.
Alternative silvilcultural approaches to timber harvesting: variable
retention harvest systems. Pp. 111-139 in: Creating a Forestry for the
21th Century, K.A. Kohm andJ.F. Franklin. Washington, D.C.: Island
Press.
Franklin, l.F., K. Cromack, Jr., W. Denison, A. McKee, C. Maser, l. SedeD,
F. Swanson and G. Juday. 1981. Ecological Characteristics of Old-
Growth Douglas-fir Forests. Gen. Tech. Rep. POW-. Portland, OR:
USDA, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experi-
mentStation. 4Spp.
Franklin, l.F., D.A. Perry, T.D. Schowalter, M.E. Harmon, A. McKee and
T. Spies. 1989. Importance of ecological diversity in maintaining
OCR for page 243
References
243
Seastedt, T.R. 1984. The role of m~croarthropods in decomposition and
mineralization processes. Annul Rev. Entomol. 29:25-46.
Seiko, R.A. and D. Botkin. 1997. Using forest plantations to spare
natural forests. Environment 39~10~:14-20, 30.
Senge, P.M. 1990. The Fifth Discipline: The Art and Practice of the
Learning Organization, fist Ed. New York: Doubleday/ Currency.
424pp.
Seymour, R.S. and M.~. Hunter, Jr. 1992. New Forestry in Eastern
Spruce-Fir Forests: Principles and Applications to Maine. Orono, Me:
College of Forest Resources, University of Maine.
Shaffer, M.~. 1981. Minimum population sizes for species conservation.
BioScience. 31~2~:131-134.
Shugart, H.H. and S.W. Seagle. 1985. Modeling forest landscapes and
the role of disturbance in ecosystems and communities. Pp. 353-368
in: The Ecology of Natural Disturbance and Patch Dynamics, S.T.A.
Pickett and P.S. White, eds. Orlando, FI: Academic Press.
Simard, S. and E. Vyse. 1994. Paper birch: Weed or crop tree in the
interior cedar-hemlock forests of South British Columbia. Pp.309-316
in: Interior Cedar-Hemiock-White Pine Forests: Ecology and
Management, D.M. Baumgartner, l. E. Lotan, and l. R. Tonn, eds.
Pullman, WA: Dept of Natural Resource Sciences, Washington State
Univ.
SimberIoff, D. 1976. Experimental zoogeography of islands: effects of
islands size. Ecology 57~4~:629-648.
SimberIoff, D. 1984. Mass extinction and the destruction of moist
tropical forests. Zh. Obshch. Biol. 45~6~:767-778.
Simpson, G.G. 1964. Species density of North American recent
mammals. Syst. Zool. 13~2~:57-73.
SIocombe, D.S. 1993. Implementing ecosystem-based management-
development of theory, practice and research for planning and
managing a region. BioScience 43~9~:612-622.
Smith, D.M. 1962. The Practice of Silviculture, 7th Ed. New York, NY:
John Wiley & Sons.
Smith, D.B. 1986. The Practice of Silviculture, Sth Ed. New York, NY:
John Wiley & Sons.
Smith, A.T. 1974. The distribution and dispersal of pikes: consequences
of insular population structure. Ecology. 55~5~:~12-~19.
SNEP (Sierra Nevada Ecosystem Project). 1996a. Status of the Sierra
OCR for page 244
244
Pacific Northwest Forests
Nevada. Vol. I. Assessment summaries and management strategies.
Final Report to Congess. Wildiand Resources Center report No. 36.
Centers for Water and Wildiand Resources. University of California
at Davis. Davis, CA.
SNEP (Sierra Nevada Ecosystem Project). 1996b. Status of the Sierra
Nevada, Vol. TI. Assessments and scientific basis for management
options. Final Report to Congess. Wildiand Resources Center Report
No. 37. Centers for Water and WildIand Resources. University of
California at Davis. Davis, CA. 1528 pp.
Soule, M.E. 1983. What do we really know about extinction? Pp. 111-
124 in: Genetics and Conservation: A Reference for Managing Wild
Animal and Plant Populations, C.M. Schonewald-Cox, S.M.
Chambers, B. MacBryde and W.~. Thomas, eds. MarIo Park, CA:
Benjamin/ Cummings.
Soule, M.E. 1986. Conservation Biology: The Science of Scarcity and
Diversity. Sunderiand, MA: Sinauer Associates. 584pp.
SouTe, M.E. 1987. Where do we go from here? Pp. 175-~83 in: Viable
Population for Conservation. M.E. Soule, ed. Cambridge, England:
Cambridge University Press.
Soule, M.E and B.A. Wilcox. 1980. Conservation Biology: An
Evolutionary-ecological Perspective. SunderIand, MA: Sinauer
Associates.
Sousa, W.P. 1984. Intertidal mosaics: patch size, propagule availability,
and spatially variable patterns of succession. Ecology
65(6):1918-1935.
Spies, T.A. 1991. Plant species diversity and occurrence in young,
mature, and old-growth Douglas -fir stands in western Oregon and
Washington. Pp. 111-121 in: Wildlife and Vegetation of Unmanaged
Douglas-fir Forests. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR 285. Portland, OR:
USDA, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station.
Spies, T.A. and I.F.Franklin. 1991. The structure of natural young,
mature and old-growth Douglas-fir forests in Oregon and
Washington. Pp. 91-110 in: Wildlife and Vegetation of Unmanaged
Douglas-fir Forests. Gen. Techn. Rep. PNW-GTR-285. Portland, OR:
USDA, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station.
Spies, T.A., l.F. Franklin and M. Klopsch. 1990. Canopy gaps in
Douglas-fir forests of Cascade Mountains. Can. l. For. Res. 20~5~:649-
658.
OCR for page 245
References
245
Spurr, S.H. and B.V. Barnes. 1973. Forest Ecology, 2n~ Ed. New York:
Ronald Press. 571pp.
Stanton, M.~. 1983. Spatial patterns in the plant community and their
effects upon insect search. Pp. 125-157 in: Herbivorous Insects: Host-
seeking Behavior and Mechanisms, S. Ahmad, ed. New York:
Academic Press.
Steen, H.K. 1976. The U.S. Forest Service: A History. Seattle, WA:
University of Washington Press.
Steffan-Dewenter, T. and T. Tscharntke. 1997. Bee diversity and seed set
in fragmented habitats. Pp. 231-234 in: Pollination: from Theory to
Practise, 7th International Symp. on Pollination, K.W. Richards, ed.
Leiden,The Netherlands: ISHS.
Stickney, P.F. 1986. First Decade Plant Succession Following the
Sundance Forest Fire, Northern Idaho. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-197.
Ogden, Utah: USDA, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range
Experiment Station. 26pp.
Stone, L. 1897. The artificial propagation of salmon on the Pacific Coast
of the United States with notes on the natural history the quinnat
salmon. BuH.U.S.FishComm. 16:203-235.
Strong, D.R., l.H. I~awton and S.R. Southwood. 1984. Insects on Plants:
Community Patterns and Mechanisms. Cambridge, MA.: Harvard
University Press.
Swanson, F.~., and l.F. Franklin. 1992. New forestry principles from
ecosystem analysis of Pacific Northwest forests. Ecol. Applic.
2~3~:262-274.
Swetnam, T.W.. 1993. Fire history and climate change in giant sequoia
groves. Science 262~5135~:885-889.
Swetnam, T.W. and A.M. Lynch. 1989. A tree-ring reconstruction of
western budworm history in the southern Rocky Mountains. For. Sci.
35~4~:962-986.
Tappeiner, l.C., D. Huffman, D. Marshall, T.A. Spies, and l.D. Bailey.
1997. Density, ages, and growth rates in old-growth and young-
growth forests in coastal Oregon. Can. l. For. Res. 27~5~:638-648.
Teensma, D.A., l.T. Rienstra and M.A. Yeiter. 1991. Preliminary
Reconstruction and Analysis of Change in Forest Stand Age Classes
of the Oregon Coast Range from IS50 to 1940. USDI Bureau of Land
Management Technical Note TIN OR-9. Portland, OR: Oregon State
University. 9pp plus maps.
OCR for page 246
246
Pacific Northwest Forests
Temple, S.A. 1977. Plant-animal mutualism: coevolution with dodo
leads to near extinction of plant (Calvaria major). Science
197~4306~:~85-~86.
Terborgh, J. 1974. Preservation of natural diversity; the problem of
extinction prone species. Bioscience 24~12~:715-722.
Thomas, C.D. 1990. What do real population dynamics tell us about
minimum viable population sizes? Conserv.Biol. 4~3~:324-327.
Thomas, C.D. and I. Hanski. 1997. Butterfly metapopulations. Pp.359-
386 in: Metapopulation Biology: Ecology, Genetics, and Evolution,
I.A. Hanski and M.E. Gilpin, eds. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
Thomas, l.W., A. Parker, R.A.Mowrey, G.M. Hanson and A. BeD.
1979. Wildlife Habitats in Managed Forest: The Blue Mountains of
Oregon and Washington. Agriculture Handbook 553. Washington
D.C.: USDA, Forest Service.
Thomas, l.W., E.D. Forsman, l.B. Lint, E.C. MesIow, B.R. Noon and l.
Verner. 1990. A conservation Strategy for the Northern Spotted Owl:
A Report of the Interagency Scientific Committee. Portland, OR:
USDA Forest Service, USDI Bureau of Land Management, Fish and
Wildlife Service, and National Park Service. 427pp.
Thomas, T.W., et al. 1993. Forest Ecosystem Management: An Ecolog~-
cal, Economic, and Social Assessment Report of the Forest Ecosystem
Management Assessment Team. US Government Printing Office 793-
071.
Tilman, D. 1996. The Benefits of Natural Disasters. Science
273~5281~:1518.
Tilman, D. and l.A. Downing. 1994.
grasslands. Nature 367~64611 36:3-365
Biodiversity and stability in
\ ,
Tilman, D., D. Wedin and l. Knops. 1996. Productivity and
sustainability influenced by biodiversity in grassland ecosystems.
Nature 379~6567~:718-720.
Tilman, D., R.M. May, CAT ehman and M.A. Nowak. 1994. Habitat
destruction and the extinction debt. Nature 371~:65-66.
Tobalske, B.W., R.C. Shearer and Rib. Hutto. 1991. Bird Population in
Logged Western Larch/ Douglas Fir Forests in Northwestern
Montana. Res. Pap. TNT-442. Ogden, Utah: USDA, Forest Service,
Tntermountain Research Station. 12pp.
Torgersen, C.E. 1993. Spatial Variability of Soil Organisms, pH,
Moisture, O-horizon Depth, and Temperature in Differentiated
OCR for page 247
References
247
Conifer Stands in an Old-Growth Forest Stand in Western Cascades,
Oregon. B.A. Thesis Eugene, OR: University of Oregon. 62pp.
Torgersen, T.R., R.R. Mason and R.G. Campbell. 1990. Predation by
birds and ants on two forest insect pests in the Pacific Northwest. Pp.
14-19 in: Studies in Avian Biology. No.13. Avian Foraging: Theory,
Methodology and Applications. MAT. Morrison et al, eds. Taos
Angeles, CA: Cooper Ornithological Society.
Toumey, l.W. and C.F. Korstian. 1937. Foundations of Silviculture
Upon An Ecological Basis. New York: Wiley & Sons.
ToweiD, D. and P.~. Hanna. 1985. Elk Management Plan, 1986-1990.
Boise, Idaho: Idaho Dept. of Fish And Game.
Trappe, l. M. 1 962. Fungus associates of ectotrophic mycorrhizae . Bot.
Rev. 28:538-606.
Trappe, l.M. and Did. Luoma. 1992. The ties that bind: fungi in
ecosystems. Pp. 17-27 in: The Fungal Community. Its Organization
and Role in the Ecosystem, 2n~ Ed., G.C. Carroll and D.T. Wicklow,
eds. New York: Marce! DeLker.
Trombulak, S.C. and C.A. FrisselI. 2000. Review of ecological effects of
roads onterrestrialand aquatic communities. Conserv. Biol. 14~):~-
30.
Tuchmann, E.T., K. P. Connaughton, L. E. Freedman, and C. B.
Moriwaki. 1996. The Northwest Forest Plan: A Report to the
President and Congress. M.H. Brookes, ed. Portland, OR: USDA,
Office of Forestry and Economic Assistance.
Turner, M.G., W.W. Hargrove, R.H. Gardner and W.H. Romme. 1994.
Effects of fire on landscape heterogeneity in Yellowstone National
Park, Wyoming. Journal of Vegetation Science. 5~5~:731-742.
Unsworth, l.W. et al. 1991. Elk Management Plan, 1991-1995. Boise:
Idaho Dept. Fish & Game. 62pp.
Ure, D.C. and C. Maser. 1982. Mycophagy of red-backed voles in
Oregon and Washington USA. Can. l. Zool. 60~12~:3307-3315.
U.S. Bureau of the Census. 1978. Census of Manufactures, 1978.
Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.
U.S. Bureau of the Census. 1990. Census of Population: 1990.
Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.
U.S. Bureau of the Census. 1991. Statistical Abstract of the United States:
1991. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.
USDOI (U.S. Department of the Interior). 1989. 1985 National Survey
OCR for page 248
248
Pacific Northwest Forests
of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife Associated Recreation. U.S.
Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. Washington
DC: GPO. 167 pp.
USDOT (U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wild Service). 1993.
1991 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated
Recreation. U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service,
and U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. Washing-
ton DC: GPO. 124 pp. + app.
USDOT (U.S. Department of the Interior) 1998. 1996 national survey of
fishing, hunting, and wildlife-associated recreation Washington,
D.C.: U.S Deptment of Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. Available:
http: / / www.census. gov/ prod/ www/ abs/ fishing. html.
U.S. Department of Commerce. 1993. Statistical Abstract of the United
States. Washington, D.C.: GPO.
USFS (U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service). 1963. Timber
Trends in Western Oregon and Western Washington. Res. Paper 5.
Portland OR : USDA, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and
Range Experiment Station. 154 pp.
USFS (U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service). 1969. Douglas-
Fir Supply Study. U.S. Forest Service Regional Office. Portland OR:
USDA, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experi-
mentStation. 53 pp.
USFS (U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service) . ~ 976. Timber
Harvest Scheduling Issues Study. Review draft. Washington D.C.:
USDA,Forest Service. 282 pp.
USFS (U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service). 1982. An
Analysis of the Timber Situation in the United States: 1952-2030.
Forest Resource Report No. 23. Washington D.C.:USDA, Forest
Service. 499pp.
USFS (U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service). 198Sa. The
South's Fourth Forest: Alternatives for the Future. Forest Resource
Report No. 24. Washington D.C. 512 pp.
USFS (U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service). 198Sb. An
Analysis of the Outdoor Recreation and Wilderness Situation in the
United States: 1989-2040, a technical document supporting the 1989
RPA assessment. Draft. H. K. Cordell, project leader. Washington
D.C.: USDA, Forest Service .
USFS (U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service). 1990. An
OCR for page 249
References
249
Analysis of the Timber Situation in the United States: 1989-2040:
Summary. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-199. Washington D.C.: USDA, Forest
Service. 268 pp.
USFS (U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service). 1991. Wildlife
and Vegetation of Unmanaged Douglas-fir Forests. Gen. Tech. Rep.
PNW GTR-285. Portland OR: USDA, Forest Service, Pacific North-
west Research Station.
USFS(U.S.Departmentof Agriculture Forest Service). 1993a. Eastside
Forest Ecosystem Health Assessment. Volume ITI. Assessment. U.S.
Department of Agriculture Forest Service. April 1993.
USFS (U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service). 1993b. Region
6 Interim Old Growth Definition for Douglas-Fir Series, Grand
Fir/White Fir Series, Interior Douglas Fir Series, Lodgepole Pine
Series, Pacific Silver Fir Series, Ponderosa Pine Series, Port-Orford-
Cedar and Tanoak(Redwood) Series, Subalpine Fir Series, Western
Hemlock Series. Portland, OR: Timber Management Group, USDA,
Forest Service. June.
USFS (U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service). 1994. Tree
Planting in The United States—1993. U.S. Department of Agriculture
Forest Service, State and Private Forestry, Cooperative Forestry.
Washington D.C.: Cooperative Forestry. 17 pp.
USFS (U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service). 1996. An
Integrated Scientific Assessment for Ecosystem Management in the
Interior Columbia Basin and Portions of the Klamath and Great
Basins. T. M. Quigley, R. W. Haynes, and Russell T. Graham, tech.
eds. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-382. Available:
www.fs.fed.us/ pow/ int-col.htm
USFS/BEM (U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service and U.S.
Department of the Interior Bureau of Land Management). 1994. Final
Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement on Management of
Habitat for hate -Successional and Old-Growth Forest Related Species
Within the Range of the Northern Spotted Owl. USDA, Forest Service,
U.S. Department of the Interior,Bureau of Land Management.
USNRC(U.S.NationalResources Committee). 1938. Forest Resources
of the Pacific Northwest. Washington, D.C.:GPO
Visser, l.H. 1986. Host odor perception in phytophagous insects.
Annul Rev. Entomol. 31: 1251-144.
Vogt, D.~.1987. Douglas-fir ecosystems in western Washington: Biomass
OCR for page 250
250
Pacific Northwest Forests
and production as related to site quality and stand age. Ph.D.
dissertation. University of Washington, Seattle.
Vogt, K.A. 1991. Carbon budgets of temperate forest ecosystems. Tree
Physiol. 9:69-86.
Vogt, K.A., RAT. Edmonds, and C.C. Grier. 1981. Dynamics of
ectomycorrhizae in Abies amabilis stands: the role of Cenococcum
graniforme. Holarctic Ecology 4~3~:167-173.
Vogt, K.A., D.A. Publicover and D.~. Vogt. 1991. A critique of the role
of ectomycorrhizas in forest ecology. Agriculture, Ecosystems and
Environment 35~2/3~:171-190.
Vogt, K.A., l. Bloomfield, l.F. Amm~rati, and S. R. Ammirati. 1 992.
Sporocarp production by basidiomycetes, with emphasis on forest
ecosystems. Pp. 563-581 in: The Fungal Community. Its Organization
and Role in the Ecosystem, 2nd Ed. G.C. Carroll and D.T. Wicklow,
eds., New York.: MarcelDekker.
Vogt, K.A., E.E. Moore, D.~. Vogt, M.~. Redlin and R.~. Edmonds. 1983.
Conifer fine root and mycorrhizal root biomass within the forest
floors of Douglas-fir stands of different ages and site productivities
Pseudotsuga menziesu. Can. l. For. Res. 13~3~:429-437.
Vogt, K.A., D.~. Vogt, E.E. Moore, B.A. Fatuga, M.R. Redlin and R.l~.
Edmonds. 1987. Conifer and ang~osperm fine-root biomass in
relation to stand age and site productivity in Douglas-fir forests. l.
Ecol. 75~3~:857-870.
Vogt, K.A., D.~. Vogt, H. Asbjornsen, and R.A. Dahigren. 1995. Roots,
nutrients and their relationship to spatial patterns. Plant and Soil.
168-169:~13-123.
Vogt, K.A., D.~. Vogt, P.A. Palm~otto, P. Boon, l. O'Hara, and H.
Asbjornsen. 1996. Review of root dynamics in forest ecosystems
grouped by climate, climatic forest type and species. Plant and Soi]
187~2~:159-219.
Waddell, K.~., D.D. Oswald, and D.S. Powell. 1989. Forest Statistics of
the United States, 1987. USFS, Resource Bull. Pacific Northwest-RB-
168.106 pp.
Waggener, T.R. 1990. Forest, Timber, and Trade: Emerging Canadian
and U.S. Relations Under the Free Trade Agreement. Orono, Me:
University of Maine Press. 45pp.
Walsh, R.G., D.A. Harpman, l.G. Hof, K.H. lohn and l.R. McKean. 1989.
Long-Run Forecasts of Participation in Fishing, Hunting, and
OCR for page 251
References
257
Nonconsumptive Wildlife Recreation. Gen. Tech Rep. SE. Asheville,
N.C.: USDA, Forest Service, Southeastern Forest Experiment Station.
Walters, Cal. 1986. Adaptive Management of Renewable Resources.
New York: MacMillan.
Waring, G.~. and N.S. Cobb. 1992. The impact of plant stress on
herbivore population dynamics. Pp.167-226 in: Insect-Plant Tnterac-
tions, Vol. 4., E.A. Bernays, ed. Boca Raton, FL.: CRC Press.
Waring, R.H., and J.F. Franklin. 1979. Evergreen coniferous forests of
the Pacific Northwest. Science 204:1380-1386.
Warren, D.D. 1999. Production, Prices, Employment, and Trade in
Northwest Forest Industries: Fourth Quarter, 1997. Resource Bulletin
Pacific Northwest-RB-230. Portland, OR: USDA, Forest Service,
Pacific Northwest Research Station. 130 pp.
Watt, A.S. 1947. Pattern and process in the plant community. I. Ecol.
35~1-2~:1-22.
Weatherspoon, C.P. and C.N. Skinner. 1995. An Assessment of factoras
associated with damage to tree crowns from the 1987 wildfires in
northern California. For. Sci. 41~3~:430-451.
Wells, P.V. 1983. Paleobiogeography of montane islands in the Great
Basin since thelastglaciopluvial. Ecol.Monogr. 53~4~:341-382.
WelIner, C.A. 1970. Fire history in the northern Rocky Mountains. Pp.
42-64 in: The Role of Fire in the Intermountain West. Missoula,
Montana: University of Montana.
Welsh, H.H. and A.~. Lind. 1988. Old-growth forests and the distribu-
tion of the terrestrial herpetofauna. Pp. 439-454 in: Management of
Amphibians, Reptiles and Small Mammals in North America, Gen.
Tech. Rep. RM-166. Fort Collins, CO.: USDA, Forest Service, Rocky
Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station.
Weyerhaeuser Company. 1994. Habitat Conservation Plan for the
Northern Spotted Owl on the Millicoma Tree Farm, Coos and
Douglas Counties, Oregon. Weyerhaeuser Company, Millicoma
Operations, North Bend, Oregon. November.
Whitford, P.B. 1983. Man and the equilibrium between deciduous
forest and grassland Ecosystems, mainly in the Midwestern United
States. Geobotany 5:163-172.
WhitIock, C. 1992. The history of Larix occidentalis during the last
20,000 years of environmental change. Pp. 83-90 in: Ecology and
Management of Larix Forests: A Look Ahead: Proceedings of an
OCR for page 252
252
Pacific Northwest Forests
international symposium, Whitefish, Montana. October 5-9, 1992.
Gen. Tech. Rep. INT 319. Ogden, UT: USDA, Forest Service,
Intermountain Research Station.
Whittaker, R.H. 1960. Vegetation of the Siskiyou Mountains, Oregon
and California. Eco1. Monogr. 30~3~:279-338.
Whittaker, R.H. 1961. Vegetation history of the Pacific coast states and
the "central" significance of the KIamath region. Madrono 16:5-23.
Wickman, B.E., R.R. Mason and H.G. Paul. 1992. Thinning and nitrogen
fertilization in a grand fir stand infested with western spruce
budworm. IT. Tree growth response. For. Sci. 38~2~:252-264.
Wiens, l.A. 1997. Metapopulation dynamics and landscape ecology. Pp.
43-62 in: Metapopulation Biology: Ecology, Genetics, and Evolution,
I.A. Hanski and M.E. Gilpin, eds. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
Wild, A. and V.G. Breeze. 1981. Nutrient Uptake in Relation to Growth
(Crop Plants, Rhizosphere). Pp. 331-344 in: 30th Proceedings-Easter
School in Agricultural Science. University of Nottingham.
Wilderness Society. 1993. The Thriving Landscape. Vol.2. Pacific Salmon
and Federal Lands. A Regional Analysis. Washington, D.C.:
Wilderness Society. BoDe Center for Forest Ecosystem Management.
Wilkins, D.A. 1991. The influence of sheathing (ecto-) mycorrhizas of
trees on the uptake and toxicity of metals. Agriculture, ecosystems &
environment 35~2/3~:245-260.
Williams, M. 1992. Americans and Their Forests. Cambridge
University Press.
Wilson,E.0.1988. Biodiversity. Washington,D.C.:NationalAcademy
Press.
Wilson, E.O. 1992. The Diversity of Life. Cambridge, Massachusetts:
Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
Wimberly, M.C., T.A. Spies, C.~. Long and C. WhitIock. 2000.
Simulating historical variability in the amount of old forests in the
Oregon Coast Range. Conserv.Biol. 14~:167-~80.
Winchester, N.N. 1997. The arboreal superhighway: arthropods and
landscape dynamics. Can. Entomologist 129~4~:595-599.
Wittinger, W.T., W.l . Pengelly, L.1. Irwin, and l.M. Peek. 1977. A 20-
year record of shrub succession in logged areas in the cedar-hemlock
zone of northern Idaho. Northwest Sci. 51~3~:161-171.
Wondolleck, l.M. 1988. Public Lands Conflict and Resolution:
Managing National Forest Disputes. New York: Plenum Press.
OCR for page 253
References
253
Yaffee, SIT. 1994. The Wisdom of the Spotted Owl: Policy Lessons for
a New Century. Washington, D.C.: Island Press.
Young, l. and l. Newton. 1980. Taming the timber beast. Pp. 21-56 in:
Capitalism and Human Obsolescence: Corporate Control vs. Individ-
ual Survival in Rural America. J.A. Young and l.M. Newton, eds.
Montclair, Nl: Allanheld, Osmun.
Representative terms from entire chapter:
northwest forests
