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OCR for page 317
Index
A
Abandonment
of nourishment project, 12, 120-121
of shore buildings, 17, 27-28
Accountability, 13, 104-105
Accretion of sediment
design considerations, 141-142
recommendations for research, 157
Adjacent areas
considerations in project site
selection, 145
in cost-benefit analysis, 5, 47-48, 153
effects of hard structures in
nourishment projects, 89-91
in project and program planning, 8,
31, 148
property values, 47-48, 138, 257-258,
262-263
See also Spreading losses
Adjustable structures, 90
Advanced fill, 8, 102, 142, 193, 194,
200-201, 212-213
Alaska, 179
Alon~shore spreading. See Sediment
transport; Spreading losses
317
Amenity values, 47-48, 258
Arctic coast, 22
Army Corps of Engineers, U.S.
(USAGE)
Beach Erosion Board, 59
Coastal Engineering Research Board,
59
Coastal Engineering Research Center,
59, 100, 193
contracting for technical services, 9,
150
coordination of navigation projects
and shore protection projects, 39
cost-benefit analysis methodology, 5,
45, 47, 137, 152-154, 251-252,
260-262
credentialing of coastal engineers,
105
current shore protection strategies, 60
design procedures and standards, 6,
102-103, 191, 311-313
evaluation of nontraditional devices,
12, 145
evolution of shore protection
strategies, 59, 311-312
FEMA and, 73
OCR for page 318
318
legislative authority, 59-60
major projects, 18
modeling techniques, 177, 182
navigation projects, 153-154
project decision-making, 43-45
recommendations for, 143, 145, 150,
152-154, 157
reconnaissance study, 29
research budget, 18
responsibilities, 18, 58-59
sand bypass system, 215, 291
Shore Protection Manual, 6, 142-143,
199
spending on shore protection, 18
storm modeling methodology, 199,
312-313
wave studies, 304
Assateague Island, 29-30, 39
Atlantic coast, physical characteristics
of, 21-22
Australia, 223-225
B
Backpassing, 269-270
Bahama Islands, 100, 273
Barrier islands, 19
Beach profile
analysis, 303
construction profile, 84, 204
construction template, 194
design profile, 194-199, 203-204
design standards, 6
difficulties of modeling, 93-94
disequilibrium, 167
equilibrated, 84-87, 93, 142
equilibration equations, 169-172
evolution after nourishment, 82, 195-
196, 206-210
grain size as factor in, 208
historical development of design
concepts, 190- 191
modeling techniques in design
process, 95-97
INDEX
monitoring, 84, 131 - 132, 299-304
nourishment profiles, 205-206
numerical modeling of evolution of,
181-182
offshore bar, 209-210
optimum cross-section design for
storm protection, 208
perched beach, 217-218, 225-226
profile nourishment approach, 209
public understanding, 54-55
recommendations for research, 156
seasonal variation, 87
subaerial, 301, 303
subaqueous, 301
survey techniques, 300-301
underwater beach, 54-55
Benefits of beach nourishment. See
Cost-benefit analysis; Recreation;
Social costs and benefits; Storm
damage reduction
Berm, 72
design beach, 194-199
profile equilibration, 84
as variable in probabilistic design,
231-233
Biological resources
in borrow sites, 10, 115-120, 151
criticism of nourishment practice, 17
government agency for protection of,
18
monitoring, 134- 136
preconstruction monitoring, 129
project monitoring, 10, 150-151
project planning, 151
responses to nourishment activities,
39
subaerial habitats, project effects on,
107-112
subtidal habitats, project effects on,
112-115
Bird populations, 110, 112
Bulkheads. See Revetments/seawalls/
bulkheads
OCR for page 319
INDEX
C
Caldwell section, 102, 312-313
California, 31-32, 209-210, 222, 270,
272-273
Climate change, 23, 40
Clinton administration, 43-44, 67
Closure depth
borrow sites within, 8-9, 145
defined, 8
as design concept, 93
determination, 301
meaning, 87
offshore nourishment mound in, 210
Coastal Barrier Improvement Act of
1990, 19
Coastal Barrier Resources Act of 1982,
19
Coastal Barrier Resources System, 19
Coastal processes
Arctic coast characteristics, 22
Atlantic coast characteristics, 21 -22
current understanding, 6, 16, 141
design considerations, 141-142, 194
Great Lakes region, characteristics of,
21
Gulf coast characteristics, 21
monitoring, 128-129, 130-134
Pacific coast characteristics, 20-21
physical definition of beach, 20
professional understanding of, for
project design, 104-105
research needs, 10, 156-157
simulation in risk analysis, 233-235
U.S. Geological Survey research, 69
See also Sediment transport
Coastal Zone Management Act, 61, 62
Commercial fisheries, 113
Community Development and
Regulatory Improvement Act of
1994, 67
Comprehensive Environmental
Response, Compensation, and
Liability Act of 1980, 48, 254
319
Computers
geographic information systems, 308-
309
modeling systems, 177-181, 193, 234,
296
Coney Island, 16, 191, 267
Construction profile, 84, 204
Construction standards for shoreline
buildings
elements of, 77
long-term considerations, 76, 77-78
recommendations for, 155-156
relaxation of, 13, 76-78
as requirement of beach nourishment
projects, 31
setback requirements, 72, 78
as source of long-term uncertainty, 41
Continental shelf, 147
Contingency planning
in beach nourishment planning, 9,
141
recommendations, 141, 148
Contingent valuation, 138, 251, 255
Contractual arrangements
for emergency nourishment, 290
for nourishment projects, 286-288
Cost-benefit analysis
benefit factors in, 46
conceptual development, 253-254
consideration of alternative scenarios
in, 51
contingent valuation, 138, 251, 255
cost factors in, 46
of design beach, 198-200
development-induced risk, 260
distribution of project costs and
benefits, 43, 44-45, 139, 251, 252
economic development factors, 45,
48-49
environmental issues in, 48
follow-up studies, 137
funding strategies as factor in, 52
future considerations, 50
infrastructure burdens as factor in,
260
OCR for page 320
320
long-term maintenance
considerations, 147
of market vs. nonmarket items, 252,
255
methodological problems, 4-5, 152
monitoring for, 136-139
navigation projects as factor in, 4, 5,
151-152, 153-154
obstacles to, 46, 47-49
opportunities for improving, 4-5, 260
262
opportunity costs, 259
preconstruction monitoring, 129
price of sand, projections for, 7
project scope considerations in, 8
property values as factor in, 47-48
proposed for water resource
development projects, 44
public good considerations, 51-52
quality issues in, 47
quality of life issues in, 259
recommendations for, 151-154, 157
recreational values in, 5, 46, 47, 137
138, 152, 153, 199-200, 258
research needs, 157
storm damage reduction as factor in,
46-47, 152
time horizon issues, 50-51
travel cost models, 251, 252, 255-256
uncertainty and risk in, 264
unintentional effects in, 47-49
USACE methodology, 5, 45, 47, 152
154, 251-252, 260-262
vs. economic analysis, 46
See also Social costs and benefits
Cost of beach protection, 15
CRAB survey system, 301
Criticism of nourishment projects, 16
17, 43, 215-216
Currents, monitoring, 133, 305
Cutter-suction dredge, 101, 275-277,
278, 282-283, 287
INDEX
D
Design of project
advanced fill, 102, 193, 194, 200-201,
212-213
analysis of, 190
analytical modeling techniques, 32
baseline profile, 87, 134
biological resource considerations,
10, 151
borrow site characteristics as factor
in, 281, 285
as budget of littoral sediments, 235
237, 298-299
calculating nourishment quantity,
194-196
conditions for success, 3
construction profile, 84, 204
cost-benefit analysis in, 198-200
criteria for engineered beach status,
13, 154-155
cross-section profiles, 102-103, 194,
196, 203-204
design profile, 194-199, 203-204
detached breakwaters, 218-219
detailed phase, 96-97
development of design beach, 194
200
dredging and delivery considerations,
284
effects of fixed structures, 196-198
engineering and technical standards,
6, 142-143
environmental impacts, 120, 189-190
erosion measurements, 141-142
estimating sand volume, 194-198,
203-204
federal guidelines, 102-103
German method, 211-212
groins, 219-221
historical development, 16, 191-193,
311-312
hybrid projects, 144, 217-218
individual differences, 190
invariants, 185
OCR for page 321
INDEX
judgment in, 190
local conditions as factors in, 6, 88,
94, 141, 142, 143
long-term considerations, 189
methods, 194
Netherlands method, 211
objectives, 83-84, 189, 190, 311
opportunities for improvement, 6-7,
212-213, 216
perched beach, 225-226
performance monitoring and, 295
postcons~uction refinement, 103-104
preliminary phase, 95-96
process, 32-34, 83, 190
professional accountability, 104-105
profile equilibration, 84-87
public access considerations, 286
public awareness/involvement, 7, 146,
147, 190
recommendations for, 141-143, 157
research needs, 6, 10-11, 157
revetments/seawalls/bulkheads, 222
225
review phase, 190
risk analysis in, 226, 227-229
safety factors, 142
sand bypass operation, 214, 215, 290
291
sand compatibility, 201-203, 213
sand source considerations, 97-98
sand-tight jetties, 221-222
sea-level rise considerations, 213
sediment characteristics as factor in,
281
sediment placement, 204-205, 285
286
technical basis, 82
uncertainty and risk in, 34, 40-41, 94,
264
USACE strategies, 59, 60, 311-313
use of hard structures with
nourishment, 89-91, 104
use of nontraditional devices, 91-92
veneer beach fills, 237-242
wave characteristics as factor in, 132
321
Detached breakwaters, 218-219
Deterministic design, 227-228
Differential global positioning systems,
308
Disaster assistance programs
design standards for qualification
under, 13
federal, 63
recommendations for, 154-155
Dredging
back bay sand deposits, 272-273
biological impacts, 1O, 115, 118-12O,
151
borrow site characteristics, 282-283,
285
computer modeling of effects, 179
180
contingency planning for, 9
deepwater, 283, 288
disposal of sand from federal
navigation projects, 5, 39, 153
effects of sediment characteristics,
281
equipment and techniques, 101, 274
280
future needs, 288-289
industry characteristics, 287-288
local conditions as factor in, 284-285
project design consideration, 284
sand bypass operation, 213-215
stockpiling material, 289, 290
Dry beach width, 54-55, 150
equilibration equations, 169-172
in equilibrium profile, 87
as indicator of project performance,
4, 87
project planning, 32
Dunes
migration process, 72
modeling behavior of, in design
process, 96-97
modeling movement of, 192, 199
nourished profile for storm protection,
208-209
OCR for page 322
322
as sand source for replenishment,
270-271
E
Economic development, 1, 3
benefits of tourism, 14- 15, 48-49
in cost-benefit analysis of projects,
26, 45, 48-49, 258
infrastructure burdens, 49, 260
negative effects, 49
rationale for project, 31
valuation of, as project effect, 138-
139
Economics
analytical scope, 45
contractor payment, 286-287
cost of feasibility/reconnaissance
studies, 29
cost of nourishment material, 7, 100-
101, 147-148
cost of offshore disposal of
navigation project sand, 5, 153
distribution of project costs,
justification for, 43-45
dredging industry, 287
economies of scale in project
planning, 31, 290
efficient use, 251
federal funding process, 9, 28, 150
flood protection role of projects, 12-
13
hedonic analysis, 138, 256
impacts vs. value, 256
long-term considerations, 23, 53-54,
147-148
measures of project success, 149
monitoring, 129, 136-139, 213
national flood insurance program, 76
preconstruction monitoring, 129
project evaluation criteria, 4
public understanding of beach
nourishment implications, 36, 37,
53-54, 55
rationale for government intervention,
45-46, 51-52
INDEX
risk analysis, 229, 231
sand placement, 36-37
social benefits of project related to
financing, 253
spending on beach protection, 15, 18
tourism benefits, 48-49
of transporting nourishment material,
275, 282, 283
use of fixed structures, 143-144
value of beaches, 14- 15
See also Cost-benefit analysis
EDUNE modeling tool, 192, 193, 199
Effectiveness of projects
conditions for success, 3, 140
current professional assessment, 2
design factors, 141
design invariants, 185
design objectives, 83-84
detached breakwaters, 218-219
determinants of, 98
with fixed structures, 11-12, 143
grain size as factor in, 97
measures of success, 4, 41-43, 54-55,
149-150, 215-217
nontraditional devices and techniques,
92
opportunities to improve, 2-3
placement of sand as factor in, 32-34
public expectations and, 2, 34-38, 55
veneer beach fills, 239-242
Emergency maintenance, 9, 148
cost considerations, 288
federal assistance programs, 155
preprocessed contracts for, 290
Endangered species, 110, 112
Engineered beach, 13, 154-155
Environmental concerns
beach recovery from nourishment
activities, 39
borrow source areas, 115- 120
coastal areas, 14
criticism of nourishment practice, 17-
18
current status, 107
OCR for page 323
INDEX
as factors in cost-benefit analysis, 48,
259
fixed structures, 144
legal and regulatory issues, 39
monitoring biological resources, 128
129, 134-136
monitoring physical resources, 130
134
monitoring previous history of site,
131
in project design, 189- 190
project monitoring, 10, 150- 151
restoration of abandoned projects,
120-121
risk assessment, 226
subaerial habitats, 107-112
subtidal habitats, 112-115
turbidity effects, 40
U.S. Geological Survey research, 69
Environmental Protection Agency, 19,
253-254
Equations for predicting project
evolution
effect of wave refraction, 176
equilibration dry beach width, 169-
172
equilibrium profile, 192
erosional hot spots, 176- 177
fill performance with uniform
background rate, 175
longevity for simplest case, 174
planform evolution, 172- 174
residual bathymetry, 176-177
simple analytical procedures, 168-169
storm frequency, 230-231
Equilibrium profile
as design concept, 93, 95-96, 143
dynamic nature of, 87
equilibration process, 84, 86-87, 194,
206
evolution of modeling concepts, 192
prediction and evaluation, 87
prediction dry beach width, 87
time scales, 84, 95, 167, 169
323
Erosion, 2, 72
background assessment, 32, 94
definition, 24
design considerations, 3, 6-7, 141 - 142
effects of fixed structures, 11, 144
effects of navigation projects, 152,
153-154
federal agencies concerned with, 18,.
64, 72-73
hot spots, 6, 101-102, 103-104, 141
142, 157, 176-177, 180
human factors in, 15- 16, 29
littoral drift gradients, 200
National Flood Insurance Program
planning basis, 65-67
natural processes, 15, 72
potential community responses to, 27
28
predictive modeling techniques, 192
193
public understanding of, 53
rate after nourishment, 189
regional characteristics, 20, 21, 22-23
relevance of sea-level rise, 15, 146
research needs, 10-11, 157
USACE responsibilities, 58-59
Evaluation of beach
background erosion, 32
previous history, 131, 299
reconnaissance/feasibility study, 29
Evaluation of project performance
alongshore spreading, 87-88
definition, 24
difficulties of, 62
equilibrium dry beach width, 87
FEMA accreditation of nourishment
projects as hazard-reducing, 73-74,
7g-80
measures of success, 41-43, 54-55,
149-150, 215-217
media coverage, 37-38
methodology, 4, 144
under National Flood Insurance
Program, 64-65, 67, 68, 73, 156
OCR for page 324
324
need for, 17
nontraditional devices and techniques,
12,92, 144
of project scope, 8, 149
as public investment, 257
public participation in, 55
recommendations for methodology,
144, 149-150
relevance of sea-level rise, 146
scope of economic analysis, 45, 251
social costs and benefits, 251, 252
spreading losses, 200-201
See also Cost-benefit analysis;
Monitoring
Exxon Valdez, 256
F
Failure of projects
causes of, 16
sources of uncertainty and risk:, 40-41
Feasibility study, 29
Federal Emergency Management
Agency (FEMA)
accreditation and certification by, 13,
73-74, 79-80
authorities and responsibilities, 18, 62
beach nourishment policy, 73
Community Rating System, 78
disaster assistance program, 13, 154-
155
engineered beach criteria, 13, 154-
155
flood insurance program, 13, 18, 62,
64-68, 154, 156
recommendations for, 154-155, 156
risk assessment methodology, 13, 41
shore protection spending, 18
USACE and, 73
Federal government
agencies involved in coastal
management, 58. See also specific
agencies
construction standards in nourishment
projects, 31
INDEX
coordination of navigation projects
and shore protection projects, 39
cost-benefit analysis methodology, 46,
52, 260-262
criticism of nourishment programs,
16-17, 43
design procedures, 102-103
determinants of federal interest in
support of projects, 28
distribution of project costs,
justification for, 43-45
erosion impacts of navigation
projects, 4, 152, 153-154
funding for feasibility/reconnaissance
studies, 29
management of national seashores,
18, 39
objectives for nourishment projects
funded by, 83
opportunities for agency coordination
in shore protection, 71-73, 79-80
planning requirements, 9, 150
project funding, recommendations for,
9, 150
proposed participation in shore
protection projects, 44
rationale for intervention, 45-46, 51
52
in securing long-term sand source, 7,
147
shore protection activities/
responsibilities, 18-19
social cost-benefit analysis mandated
by, 253-254
spending for beach protection, 15, 18
FEMA. See Federal Emergency
Management Agency
FIRMS. See Flood Insurance Rate Maps
Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S., 18
Fish populations, 113, 114, 135
Fixed structures, 55
adjustable, 90
current application, 18
design of nourishment project with,
11, 89-91, 104, 196-198, 217-218
OCR for page 325
INDEX
detached breakwaters, 218-219 Grain size, 6
downdrift placement, gO
effectiveness of, 11
fill, 6, 12, 144
groins, 55, 90-91, 219-221
historical development, 16, 59
interior placement, 90-91
maintenance of beach nourishment
project and, 12, 144
monitoring, 133, 307
predicting effects of, 90, 91, 93-94,
182-185
recommendations for, 143-145
restoration of abandoned projects,
120-121
retention structures, 183
revetments/seawalls/bulkheads, 1, 16,
183-185, 196-198, 222-225
role of, 11-12, 144
sand-tight jetties, 221-222
traditional applications, 1, 16
USACE strategies, 59
Flood Insurance Rate Maps (FIRMS),
65, 67, 76
Floods. See National Flood Insurance
Program; Storm damage reduction
Florida, 31, 39, 40, 48, 54, 67, 88, 100,
113, 114, 180, 195-196, 200-201,
217, 218-219, 221, 222, 240-241,
268, 272, 273, 298
G
GENESIS modeling tool, 178-181, 193,
201
Geographical information systems, 308
309
Geological Survey, U.S.
authorities and responsibilities, 18, 68
National Marine and Coastal Geology
Program, 68-70
recommendations for, 157
Germany, 15, 211-212
Ghost crabs, 109
Global positioning systems, 308
325
design consideration, 142
distribution on beach, 306
dune sand, 270-271
effects on dredging and construction,
281
effects on project performance, 93,
201
in evaluating equilibrium profile, 87
evaluation of borrow material, 97
evolution of design concepts, 191
in evolution of nourished profile, 208
as factor in alongshore spreading, 88,
202
in modeling of sand movement, 93,
95-96
monitoring, 133-134
offshore sand sources, 268
colitic sands, 273
overfill method of design modeling,
201-202
recommendations for research, 156
sediment movement and, 93
Great Lakes Region, physical
characteristics of, 21
Green Book, 253
Groins, 55, 90-91, 219-221. See also
Fixed structures
Gulf coast, 113
physical characteristics, 21
H
Harbor protection, 104
Hawaiian islands, 22-23
Hedonic analysis, 138, 256
Historical development of shore
protection, 16, 311-312
Hopper dredge, 101, 275, 277-278, 282,
287
Housing and Urban Development Act of
1987, 28
I
Indiana, 39
Insurance
OCR for page 326
326
flood, 13, 18, 154, 156. See also
National Flood Insurance Program
risk assessment, 41
Interior, U.S. Department of, 19, 147
See also Minerals Management
Service
International comparison, 25
spending for beach protection, 15
Interval between renourishments
accuracy of projections, 54
cost of fixed structures and, 144
first renourishment, 7, 142
as measure of project performance,
43
performance predictions, 83
public awareness, 146
risk analysis, 229-230
statistical modeling, 235
Italy, 225
Japan, 15
L
Land-use plans, 49, 263
Land values, 14
Laws and regulations
affecting beach nourishment projects,
43
NOAA authorities, 61
project planning process, 39-40
USACE authority, 59-60
on use of dredged sand from
navigation projects, 314-315
on use of fixed structures, 11, 18,
143-145
valuation of environmental effects, 48
See also specific legislation
Licensing of engineers, 105
Littoral Environment Observation
Program, 305
Local conditions
baseline profile, 87, 129, 134, 296
INDEX
design considerations, 6, 94, 141,
142, 143, 295
distribution of project benefits and,
45
history of site, 299
implications for dredging operations,
284-285
measurement of project success and,
41 -42
potential settings for nourishment
projects, 88
preconstruction monitoring, 129, 296
predictability of project performance
affected by, 94-95
project formulation for, 32-33
Long-term considerations
accreditation of nourishment projects
as hazard-reducing, 74-75, 79-80
in beach nourishment program, 9
biological resource degradation, 10
climate shifts, 23, 40
construction standards for shore
buildings, 76-78
in cost-benefit analysis, 50-51
cost projections, 53-54
environmental effects of dredging,
115, 118-120
federal agency coordination, 79-80
measures of project success, 149- 150
placement of sand, 32-34
in project design, 189
project monitoring, 297
public awareness and understanding
of, 38, 53
research and development needs in
dredging industry, 288-289
restoration of abandoned projects,
120-121
sand placement technique, 32-34
sea-level rise, 213
social effects of projects, 252-253,
263-264
socioeconomic factors, 23
OCR for page 327
.
INDEX
sources of nourishment material, 7-8,
23, 97-98, 100-101, 147-148
uncertainty in assumptions, 23
Louisiana, 69-70, 180, 241-242
M
Maintenance
availability of nourishment material,
7-8, 147-148
design of projects, 211 -212
emergency, 9, 148, 155, 288, 290
fixed structures, 12, 144
long-term commitments, 9, 147-148
need for, 17
postconstruction refinement, 103-104
recommendations, 141
relaxation of construction standards
and, 77
Maryland, 29-30, 37-38, 39, 180, 182,
206, 223, 269, 280, 297
Media coverage, 37-38
Michigan, 67
Mineral rights, 147
Minerals Management Service, 18, 70
71, 147
Modeling, 32
advanced-fill design, 212-213
alongshore shoreline performance,
177-181
budget of sediments, 235-237
current and wave effects on
underwater sand source, 71
data needs, 296
design role of, 190
dune recession, 192- 193, 199
erosion rate of nourished beach, 192-
193
limitations of, 93-94
numerical, 177- 182, 193
profile evolution, 181- 182
for risk analysis, 227-229, 233-234
sand compatibility, 201-202
USACE methodology, 60
wave tank experiments, 92
327
See also Equations for predicting
project evolution
Monaco, 225-226, 274
Monitoring
activities of, 127, 135
beach profiles, 84, 299-304
biological, 10, 134-136, 150-151
borrow areas, 307
closure, 87
construction phase, 84, 129, 296
currents, 305
definition, 24
duration, 130, 296-297
economics, 129, 136-139, 213
environmental, 10, 120, 128-129,
150-151
fixed structures, 307
global positioning systems for, 308
good design of program for, 10
nontraditional devices and techniques,
92
objectives, 127-128, 129
operational, 129, 296
performance, 129, 295, 296
phases, 129-130, 296
photographic documentation, 134,
305, 309
physical processes of beach, 130- 134,
294-295, 297-299
postconstruction, 103- 104, 129, 296
preconstruction, 129, 296
quality control in construction, 289,
296
recommendations for, 150-151, 157
role of, 294, 295-296
sand movement, 87
scale, 130, 296-297
sediment budget, 298-299
sediment characteristics, 306
special studies, 308
storms, 301-303
subaerial life forms, 109-110
survey frequency, 132
third-party, 10, 157, 309
OCR for page 328
328
types of, 128-129
water level, 133, 306
waves, 304-305
N
National Economic Development plan,
8, 45, 149
National Flood Insurance Program
accreditation of nourishment projects
as hazard-reducing, 73-74, 79-80
construction standards for shore
buildings, 76-78
evaluation of nourishment projects,
64-65, 67, 68, 73, 156
hazard zones, 64, 65-66, 78
opportunities for improved
management of, 66-68
planning basis, 65-66
premium and rate setting, 13, 78-79,
154
as subsidization of beachfront
property owners, 67-68
National Marine and Coastal Geology Pacific coast
Program, 68-70
National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration, 18
authorities and responsibilities, 18,
61-62, 133, 306
recommendations for, 157
Navigation projects
disposal of sand, calculating cost of,
5, 153-154
as factor in cost-benefit analysis, 4, 5,
151-152, 153-154
planning in conjunction with
nourishment project, 39
sand bypass systems and, 104, 213
214
as sand source for nourishment
project, 272
stockpiling dredging material from,
290
Netherlands, 15, 209, 211
New Jersey, 58, 67, 179, 199, 220, 269
270
INDEX
New York, 220
Nontraditional projects and techniques,
11, 12,89
defined, 89 n.1
evaluation of, 92
potential problems of, 92
recommendations, 144-145
research needs, 92
sand sources, 273-274
types of, 92
North Carolina, 28, 29, 39, 109, 191
o
Ohio, 179, 219, 274
Oil Pollution Act, 48, 254
Colitic sands, 273
Opportunity costs, 259
Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act, 70
Ozone layer, 23
p
nourishment sources, 101
physical characteristics, 20-21, 30-31
Perched beach, 217-218, 225-226
Photographic documentation, 134, 305,
309
Placement of sand
advanced-fill designs, 201
on beach face, 36, 84-86
construction monitoring, 129
design considerations, 32-34, 84, 284,
285-286
equipment and methods, 101, 274-
280
evolution of design concepts, 191
initial construction, 86
nourishment profiles, 84, 205-206
obstacles to, 281
offshore, 84, 209-210
for profile equilibration, 84-87
as project performance variable, 32-
34
in projects with hard structures, 90-91
OCR for page 329
INDEX
public access to beach during, 286
quality control, 289, 296
selection of methods, 204-205
technical capabilities, 284
Policy making
analysis of public good, 51-52, 257
distribution of project costs, 43-45
as source of uncertainty, 41
technical basis for, 3, 17
Population trends, 14
Prediction of project performance
advanced-fill design, 200-201
alongshore spreading, 88
cross-section design for storm
protection, 208-209
in design process, 32, 83, 95-96
design profile, 203-204
in detailed design phase, 96-97
determinants of accuracy in, 88, 94-
95
equilibrium dry beach width, 87
evolution of techniques for, 191 - 193
expected accuracy of, 83
with fixed structures, 90, 91, 182-
185, 183
limitations, 93-94
obstacles to, 167-168
previous history of site as indicator
for, 131, 299
risk assessment, 226
sediment transport patterns, 167
simple analytical procedures, 168-169
storm effects, 199
USACE methodology, 191
See also Equations for predicting
project evolution; Modeling
Probabilistic design, 228, 231-233
Profile equilibration. See Equilibrium
profile
Program planning
availability of nourishment material,
7-8, 23, 147-148
commitments for long-term
maintenance in, 9
329
consideration of adjacent areas, 148
decision-making process, 27-32, 294-
295
funding sources, 53
participants in, 28-29
reconnaissance study, 29
regional cooperation, 31-32, 148, 290
research needs, 156-157
Project planning
assumptions, 23
biological monitoring, 134
construction contracts, 286-288
cost-benefit analysis, 51
definition process, 32
duration, 9, 150
federal agencies concerned with, 58
initiation of, 27
legal and regulatory environment, 39-
40, 150
local government in, 9
methodology, 141
navigation project planning and, 39
public expectations, 34-38
public involvement, 7, 146-147
public participation, 28-29
recommendations for, 140-141, 150
sand bypass operation, 6-7, 215, 291-
292
sand source considerations, 98, 267
scope of project, 8, 148-149
site selection, 145
terminology, 23
See also Design of project
Property values
amenity values, 47-48, 258
as factor in cost-benefit analysis, 47-
48, 262-263
hedonic analysis, 138, 256
storm damage reduction and, 47, 138,
257-258
Public awareness and expectations
contingent valuation issues, 138
design process and, 34-38, 190
economic behavior in response to
perceived damage reduction, 262-
264
OCR for page 330
330
of effects of fixed structures, 11
elements of campaign for, 38, 53-55
initial sediment losses after
nourishment, 36-37, 208
interest in shoreline protection, 14
of National Flood Insurance Program,
67-68
participation in project planning, 7,
28-29, 141
project costs, 53-54, 55
project performance and, 2, 34-38, 55
recommendations for, 141, 146-147
survey of, 34-36, 137-138
Public Law 71-520, 58-59
Public Law 94-s87, 315
R
Rainfall, 41
Reconnaissance study, 29
Recreation
contingent valuation of, 255
as factor in cost-benefit analysis, 4-5,
46, 52, 137-138, 152, 153, 199-
200, 255, 258, 261-262
monitoring, 137- 138
travel cost valuation of, 255
valuation in USACE cost-benefit
analysis, 47, 251-252
value of beaches for, 1, 14-15
Research activities
Geological Survey, U.S., 68-70
Minerals Management Service, 71
USACE, 59
Research needs
coastal processes, 10-11, 156-157
correlation of closure with depth of
closure, 87
cost-benefit distribution, 139
for decision-making, 10- 11
design and prediction methodologies,
6, 10-11, 157
directional wave data, 10, 157
evaluation of nontraditional projects,
12, 144-145
INDEX
for National Flood Insurance Program
planning basis, 65-66
for policy making, 17
recommendations, 156-157
Revetments/seawalls/bulkheads, 16,
183-185, 196-198, 222-225. See
also Fixed structures
Risk analysis/assessment
current practyice, 41
data needs, 227, 234
in design process, 227-229
elements of, 226-227
FEMA evaluation of nourishment
projects, 64-65, 78
FEMA flood hazard surveys, 64
public understanding of project risks,
34-36
relevance to nourishment projects,
226
simulation techniques, 228, 233-235
storm-related, 229-231
River and Harbor Act of 1968, 59-60
Rivers as sand sources, 270
S
Safety factors in project design, 6, 142
Sand bypass operation, 8-9, 145
definition, 24
design of, 214, 215, 290-292
nature of, 99-100
navigation projects and, 104
need for, 213
as source of sand for nourishment,
100-101, 270
systems for, 214-215, 291
Sand-tight jetties, 221-222
Sand volume
accuracy of predictions, 83
advanced-fill design, 200-201, 212-
213
calculating nourishment quantity, 6,
194-195
design determinants, 194-198, 203-
204- 212
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INDEX
design profile, 194
estimating, in profile analysis, 303
grain size as determinant of, 202
as measure of project success, 4, 149
150, 216-217
monitoring, 54-55, 131 - 132, 150
Netherlands method, 211
nourishment design as managing
budget of, 235-237, 298-299
overburden distribution, 109
preliminary design calculations, 96
subaqueous, 4
thickness of veneer beach fills, 238
SBEACH modeling tool, 181, 182, 192
193, 199, 208
Scheduling of construction, 286
Sea level. See Water level
Sea turtles, 17, 110-112, 128-129, 190
Seawalls. See Revetments/seawalls/
bulkheads
Sediment characteristics, 133-134
compatibility, 102-103
design consideration, 6-7, 97-98
implications for dredging and
construction, 281
monitoring, 306
colitic sands, 273
settling velocity, 306
social value, 46
surveying, 97
See also Grain size
Sediment transport
closure depth and, 8, 87
design considerations, 6-7, 95-97, Size of project
141, 142
effect of fixed structures on, 89-91,
183-185, 196-198
environmental effects, 113- 114
equilibrium state, 167
in erosional hot spots, 101-102
grain size as factor in, 93, 202
groin effects, 219-220
measurement of, 87
modeling, 93-94, 95-97, 177- 181
331
natural processes, 15
offshore mounds, 210
patterns in project evolution, 167
public understanding of, 36-37, 208
recommendations for research, 156
seawall effects, 196-198
shoreline recession, definition of, 24
time scales, 169
wave action in, 304
See also Spreading losses
Seismic survey, 98, 268
Setback requirements, 13, 72, 78
Shore buildings
abandonment strategy, 27-28
elevated, 77
federal policy, 19, 72-73
FEMA insurance requirements, 64-
65, 68
nourishment program as subsidy for,
16-17
as rationale for nourishment project,
53
trends, 1, 59
See also Construction standards
Shore Protection Manual, 6, 142-143,
lg9
Shore protection structures. See Fixed
structures
Side-scan sonar, 98
Site selection, 145
as cause of project failure, 16
major USACE projects, 18
previous history of site, 131
design consideration, 34
monitoring needs, 130
policy problems, 8
profile equilibration, 84
recommendations, 148-149
regional planning, 31-32, 148, 290
Social costs and benefits
analytical challenges, 49, 254, 257
beach nourishment evaluation, 252-
253, 257, 262-264
OCR for page 332
332
behavior affected by perceptions of,
262-264
benefit categories, 257-259
cost categories, 259-260
current cost-benefit analysis
methodology, 4-5, 45-46, 260-262
distribution of, 45, 51-52, 252
future considerations, 254, 256, 258-
259, 262, 263-264
hedonic analysis, 256
as measure of economic efficiency,
251
project financing and, 253
recommendations for assessing, 152-
153
valuation methodology in analysis of,
252, 253-256
value of sand, 46
vs. economic value, 256
See also Cost-benefit analysis
Sources of sand
assessing, 98, 268
back bay deposits, 272-273
beach ridges, 271-272
biological resources in borrow sites,
10, 115-120, 151
borrow site characteristics,
implications for dredging, 282-283,
285
within closure depths, 8-9, 97, 145
contaminated, 97
continental shelf, 147
cost projections, 7, 46, 50-51
crushed rock material as, 274
deepwater, 283, 288
definition, 24
as determinant of project success, 98
distance from shore, 97
distant sites, 283, 289
dunes, 270-271
for emergency nourishment, 9, 148,
155
evaluation in design process, 97-98,
142
INDEX
evolution of design concepts, 191
excavation equipment and methods,
101, 274-280
federal management, 18, 70-71, 147
future potentials, 101, 283
historical nourishment practice, 267
inland, 270-273
inlets, 269
littoral drift, 269-270
locating, 8-9, 98, 268
long-term consideration, 23, 50-51,
147-148
monitoring, 130-131, 151, 307
navigation projects, 5, 39, 153-154,
273-273
offshore, 97, 98, 115-118, 267-269
colitic sands, 273
project planning, 32, 98, 267
project site selection and, 145
recommendations for, 142, 147-148
regulatory restrictions, 39-40
sand bypassing as, 99-101, 270
sediment compatibility as design
factor, 201-202, 213
silt/clay content, 97, 108, 114
stockpiling, 289, 290
uncertainties about, in planning
process, 7-8, 40-41
unconventional, 147
upland areas, 115
South Carolina, 60, 67, 113, 300
Spain, 15
Spreading losses
alongshore equilibration, 84
current understanding, 169
design consideration, 6, 142
determinants of, 88
federal design guidelines for
calculating, 102-103
grain size as factor in, 202
littoral drift gradients, 200-201
as measure of project performance,
87-88
predictive modeling techniques, 193
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INDEX
time scales, 169
use of hard structures to contain, 89-
91
See also Sediment transport
State governments
NOAA activities and, 61, 62
in securing long-term sand source, 7,
147
Stochastic design, 228, 233-235
Storm damage reduction
in cost-benefit analysis, 46-47, 52,
152, 198-199, 262-264
cross-section design for, 208-209
design consideration, 83, 142
disaster assistance qualifications for
projects, 13, 155
dune protection, 17
economic behavior in response to
perception of, 262-264
federal assistance programs for beach
nourishment, 155
federal flood insurance program, 13,
18, 154, 156
FEMA accreditation of nourishment
projects, 13, 73-74, 79-80
FEMA authorities and
responsibilities, 62
FEMA flood insurance premiums
and, 12-13, 154
FEMA responsibilities, 18, 62
long-term planning, 23
National Flood Insurance Program
policies, 64-68
poststorm damage assessment as
project performance criterion, 4,
150
property values and, 138, 257-258
public understanding of, 37-38
risk analysis for project design, 229
230
role of beaches in, 1, 16
role of underwater beach in, 54
valuation of, 138
Storm surge, 199, 203
333
Storms
beach erosion process, 72
contingency planning, 148
during dredging operations, 284-285
grain size as response factor, 202-203
monitoring, 301-303
natural beach response, 15
predicting effects of, 97, 192, 199
predicting frequency and severity, 40
probability calculations, 230-231
probability data, 199
project planning considerations, 40
regional characteristics, 20-21, 22, 23
response of nourished beaches, 207-
208
USACE modeling methodology, 60,
312
water level during, 306
See also Storm damage reduction
T
Taxes and taxation
property value increases from
nourishment project, 263
public understanding of beach
nourishment implications, 36, 37
Terminology of beach nourishment, 23
Texas, 223, 239-240
Tourism/travel
cost-benefit analysis, 48-49
foreign revenues, 49
popularity of beaches, 49
value of, 14-15
Turbidity, 40
biological effects, 114
construction-induced, monitoring, 129
replenishment sand as source of, 97,
108
Turtles. See Sea turtles
U
USACE. See Army Corps of Engineers,
U.S.
User fees, 52
OCR for page 334
334
V
Veneer beach fills
applications, 237
design, 237-238
examples, 239-242
performance, 242
types, 237
Vibracore samples, 268
W
Washington, 236-237, 272
Water level
beach erosion and, 15, 145-146
design considerations, 192, 213
determinants of, 306
monitoring, 133, 306
rainfall effects, 41
wave setup effects, 132
Water Resources Council, 260
Water Resources Development Act of
1976, 150, 314
Water Resources Development Act of
1986, 311, 314
INDEX
Water Resources Development Act of
1988, 314
Water Resources Development Act of
1992, 9, 43, 315
Wave characteristics, 16
berm width and, 232-233
data for design, 199
as design factor, 88
effects on beach profile, 86-87
effects on underwater sand sources,
modeling of, 71
in erosional hot spots, 102
as factor in alongshore spreading, 88
grain size as factor in, 203
modeling, 176-177
in modeling of sand movement, 96
monitoring, 132, 304-305
National Flood Insurance Program
planning basis, 65-66
recommendations for research, 157
refraction around project, 176
residual bathymetry, 176- 177
risk analysis, 227
setup effects, 132
tank experiments, 92
Representative terms from entire chapter:
flood insurance
