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OCR for page 3
JACOB AALL BONNEVIE BJERKNES
November 2, 1897-July 7, 1975
BY ARNT ELIASSEN
JACOB AALE BONNEVIE BJERKNES, or Jack Bjerknes as he was
usually called, was one of the founders of modern me-
teorology. He entered the scientific scene at the age of
twenty with the discovery of the structure of extratropical
cyclones, which became of the greatest importance and
formed the starting point of a fruitful development for theo-
retical meteorology as well as practical weather forecasting.
It was Jack's father, the famous physicist and geophysicist
Vilhelm Bjerknes, who set the stage for the research lead-
ing up to this discovery, but Jack was the principal per-
former.
FAMILY BACKGROUND
The name Bjerknes comes from a family farm in south-
eastern Norway where some of Jack's ancestors livecI. Jack
represented the thirct generation in a dynasty of scientists.
His grandfather, Carl Anton Bjerknes, was professor of math-
ematics at the University of Christiania, as the Norwegian
capital OsIo was called at the time. He showed both theo-
retically and by experiment that an icleal fluid wouIc! trans-
fer Coulomb-type forces between pulsating spheres and
thought that he was on the track of a hyciroclynamical ether
theory of electromagnetism.
3
OCR for page 4
4
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
Jack's father, Vilhelm Bjerknes, began his career as a physi-
cist working with Heinrich Hertz in Bonn on electromag-
netic resonance. In ~ 893 he married Honoria Sophia
Bonnevie, a Norwegian science student in Christiania. They
settled in Stockholm, where Vilhelm Bjerknes was appointee!
lecturer ant! later professor of mechanics and mathemati-
cal physics.
Jack Bjerknes was born in Stockholm ant! spent his chilcI-
hooc3 years there. He was namer! after his mother's father,
Jacob Aall Bonnevie a prominent civil servant and minister
~ . .
- --, ~ r---------
ot ectucat~on in Norway. Jack's aunt, Kristine Bonnevie, was
Norway's first woman professor; her field was zoology. Young
Jack thus grew up in an academic family.
In ~ 897, the year Jack was born, his father, Vilhelm
Bjerknes, discovered the circulation theorem that bears his
name. It generalizes Helmholtz's and Kelvin's theorem on
vortex conservation in ideal fluids into a theorem on vor-
tex formation in nonhomogeneous fluids. With this theo-
rem, Vilhelm Bjerknes realized that he now was in posses-
sion of the complete set of hyciroclynamic/thermoclynamic
equations that govern the motion of nonhomogeneous flu-
ids. Encouraged by his Swedish colleagues, among them
the famous chemist Svante Arrhenius en c! the oceanogra-
pher Otto Petterson, he set out to apply the theory to the
motions in the atmosphere and the sea. He put forward the
view that weather forecasting should be clealt with as an
initial valise problem of m~them~tic~1 nEvcirc and r~rrier1
out by numerical or graphical integration of the governing
equations. This is nothing more than treating the atmo-
`_ V
sphere as a physical system; but at the time it was a revolu-
tionary iclea.
Vilhelm Bjerknes visited! the United States in 1905. At the
initiative of the renowned American meteorologist Cleve-
land Abbe, he gave a lecture in Washington, D.C., where he
OCR for page 5
JACOB AALL BONNEVIE BJERKNES
5
described his vision of scientific weather prediction. The
lecture was enthusiastically received and resulted in a yearly
grant from the Carnegie Institution of Washington, which
he retainer! until the Second World War. The money could
hardly have fount! a better use; it enabled ViThelm to em-
ploy and educate a consiclerable number of research assis-
tants, all of whom became well-known geophysicists.
In ~ 907, when Jack was nine, the family moved to
Christiania, where Vilhelm was called to a chair at the uni-
versity. In cooperation with his Carnegie assistants, the Swecle
Johan Sancistrom, ant! the Norwegians Olaf Devik and
Theoclor Hesselberg, he published a substantial work, Dy-
namic Meteorology and Hydrography. In Germany they were
impressed and offered him a position as director of a new
geophysics institute at the University of Leipzig. He accepted
and with his family moved to Leipzig in 1913. Jack, how-
ever, stayer! in Christiania to finish junior college and begin
science studies at the Norwegian university.
IN LEIPZIG DURING WORLD WAR I
The Geophysics Institute in Leipzig started out success-
fully. ViThelm Bjerknes brought with him his two Carnegie
assistants, T. Hesselberg (later director of the Norwegian
Meteorological Institute) and H. U. Svercirup (later clirec-
tor of the Scripps Oceanographic Institution). In adclition,
there were several German doctoral students ant! research
assistants, among them Robert Wenger, who followed Bjerknes
as director of the Leipzig institute. Then WorIct War ~ broke
out, and many of the German students and staff were called
to war service. Sverdrup en cl Hesselberg also left, and ViThelm
Bjerknes was in great need of help for his research.
In 1916 lack Bjerknes, not yet nineteen, interrupted his
studies in Norway and went to Leipzig to join his family
OCR for page 6
6
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
and assist his father. With him went another Norwegian
student, Halvor Solberg.
In Leipzig a German cloctoral student, Herbert PetzoIcI,
had been studying convergence lines in the wine! f~elct. But
PetzoIcT was sent to the front and was killed at Verdun in
1916. Jack Bjerknes took over his research. He found that
convergence lines may be thousands of kilometers long,
tent} to drift eastward, and are connecter! with clouds anc!
precipitation. He reported these results in his first scien-
tif~c paper, which appeared in print before he was twenty.
As the war went on, the situation for the Leipzig Geo-
physics Institute worsened, with lack of labor and food short-
ages. Through the intervention of the Norwegian oceanog-
raphers Fridtjof Nansen anct Bj0rn HelIand-Hansen, a
professorship was established for Vilhelm Bjerknes in Bergen
in western Norway.
THE BERGEN SCHOOL
There was no university in Bergen at the time; but plans
for a science faculty existed, ant} Bergen Museum served as
a nucleus for such a clevelopment. HelIancI-Hansen held a
position as professor of oceanography at Bergen Museum;
he had for many years given international courses in ocean
research. The establishment in 1917 of a new geophysics
institute at Bergen Museum with a professorship for Vilhelm
Bjerknes was an important step toward strengthening the
academic milieu in Bergen.
ViThelm Bjerknes left wartime Germany and arriver! in
Bergen in the summer of 1917 with two young assistants,
Jack Bjerknes and Halvor Solberg. He reaTizecl that he wouic!
not have in Bergen the resources for a theoretical attack on
the problem of weather prognosis and planned instead a
push toward practical weather forecasting by offering a spe-
cial summer forecasting service for agriculture. With sup-
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JACOB AALL BONNEVIE BJERKNES
7
port from the Norwegian government, he arranged for a
nearly tenfold increase in the number of observing stations
in southern Norway.
With these preparations, the forecasting started in the
summer of 1918. Vilhelm Bjerknes clict not himself take
part in the map work but arranger! to have Jack as fore-
caster in Bergen and Solberg in Christiania. The war was
still on, and no weather data were received from France,
England, or the Atlantic. From the improved data network
in Norway, however, Jack could again identify convergence
lines of the type he tract studied in Leipzig, as they mover!
along the Norwegian coast. Moreover, he cliscovere(1 that
these convergence lines, which were later termed fronts,
were connected with cyclones in characteristic manner. In
a paper ("On the Structure of Moving Cyclones") written in
the fall of 1918 before he was twenty-one, he presented his
famous frontal cyclone model (see Figure I). The fronts in
the mocle} were assumed to represent boundary surfaces
separating cold air to the north and west of the cyclone
center from warm air in the warm sector to the south anct
southeast. These frontal boundary surfaces were assumed
to be sloping with the coin air on the unclersicle, in accor-
clance with a formula derives! in 1903 by the Austrian me-
teorologist Max MarguTes. Furthermore, Jack stated in his
paper that warm air ascends along the sloping frontal sur-
· faces, causing bancis of clouds and precipitation to form
along the fronts, whereas the coicI air sinks en cl spreads out
along the ground. He notecl that these vertical motions
represent a reduction of the potential energy, which couIcI
account for the formation of the cyclone's kinetic energy,
in agreement with MarguTes's theory publishecl fifteen years
earlier. Jack also mentioned in his paper the notion of cy-
clone series following the same path, with the trailing coin
front after one cyclone serving as a warm front of a new
OCR for page 8
8 BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
~orikOr~ Sutton
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H~ ^ ~ `~` ~ =? ~ ;~ ~ ~~
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Cold: TFo~~ ~ Cold
~> u~ ale eri\, line
FICLRE 1 jack Weakness cyclone model ~reamUnes, clouds, and precipF
tadon and verOca1 cros~secdons north and south of the center. (From ~erknes,
191~)
cyclone briber west He even discussed the role of cyclones
in the general circulation of the atmospbere and ascribed
to them ~ role as ~ link in the interchange of a~ be~een
the polar regions and the equatorial zone.
On the wbole,]~ck~ short paper of eight pages contained
OCR for page 9
JACOB AALL BONNEVIE BJERKNES
9
an abundance of very interesting thoughts and suggestions.
It was a fantastic achievement for a twenty year old after a
few months of work with weather maps from a limited part
of Europe.
In the following years, Jack Bjerknes's frontal cyclone mode!
was subject to intense study by the team consisting of Jack,
Solberg, and Tor Bergeron, a Swedish student who joined
the Bergen team in ~ 9 ~ 9. Solberg reanalyzed old weather
maps from the AtIantic with many observations from ships.
He found evidence that a polar front exists as an undulat-
ina line across most of the ocean, with new cyclones form-
ing as growing waves on the front. Bergeron found that in a
later stage of the cyclone's life, the cold front will overtake
the warm front, lifting the warm sector air to higher levels,
whereas the cold air spreads out along the ground. This
process he called occlusion.
The Bergen team could now formulate a four-dimensional
cyclone model, with a typical structure and a typical life
cycle. As Theodor Hesselberg put it: "EThe cyclone] is born
as Solberg's initial wave on the polar front, develops into
Jack Bjerknes's ideal cyclone, and finally suffers the
Rer~eroni~n orcl,,sion death." It is noteworthy, however,
that many of the features of the life cycle of cyclones were
already contained in Jack's original paper, which he wrote
in the fall of 1918.
In 1920 Jack Bjerknes was appointed head of the Weather
Forecasting Office for western Norway. Here weather map
analysis and forecasting were based on the frontal cyclone
model. The frontal positions give information about winds,
temperature, clouds, and precipitation; moreover, the shape
of a frontal cyclone is indicative of its stage of development
and can thus give information about its future behavior.
The frontal cyclone model thus turned out to be an ex-
tremely useful too! in weather forecasting.
OCR for page 10
0
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
So far, the cyclone moclel was mainly based on observa-
tions from the ground; its vertical structure was mostly in-
ferrect from theory. In 1922 Jack Bjerknes went to Zurich in
SwitzerIanct as an invites! consultant to the Swiss Meteoro-
logical Institute. By means of ciata from mountain peak ob-
servatories in the Alps, he conic! verify the existence of
sloping frontal surfaces up to an altitude of 3,000 meters.
For the paper he wrote about this investigation, he was
awarder! the degree of cloctor of philosophy by the Univer-
sity of OsIo in 1924.
In 1928 Jack married Hecivig Borthen, daughter of a well-
known ophthalmologist in Bergen. After some years, Jack
and He~vig settled into a house in Hop, south of Bergen,
built on a lot bought from Hecivig's father.
. ~ . · . .
THE UPPER WAVE
In the 1920s further exploration of air flow at higher
elevations was hampered by lack of observations from these
levels. However, cluring three consecutive clays in Decem-
ber 1928 when two cyclones passed over Europe, P. Jaumotte,
director of the Royal Belgian Meteorological Institute,
launched thirty-one instrumented balloons at Uccle, Bel-
gium. Of these, twenty-f~ve were recovered. The recordings
were analyzed by Jack Bjerknes, and the results were given
in a naner that was one of his most brilliant. It contains
the upper-
tropospheric westerlies, which are connected with the cy-
clones at Tow levels. The wave trough was found to be lo-
1 ~ ~
probably the first clescrintion of the waves in
cased above the coIc! front at the ground, and the vorticity
connected with this trough was correctly ascribed to verti-
cal stretching as the warm air descends
cold front surface.
clown the sloping
This is the first attempt toward a dy-
namic treatment of the upper wave.
In 1931 Jack left the leadership of the Weather Forecast-
OCR for page 11
JACOB AALL BONNEVIE BJERKNES
11
ing Office in Bergen to Sverre Petterssen ant] took over a
professorship of meteorology that was established for him
at the Bergen Museum.
As racliosoncle ciata in the ~ 930s became sufficiently nu-
merous to make possible a.systematic diagnosis of the mo-
tions in the upper troposphere, Jack was quick to exploit
these new possibilities. In a number of papers, partly in
cooperation with the Finnish geophysicist Erik Palmen, he
constructed cross-sections through fronts en c! tropopause
en c! showed how the coIcI front surface of one cyclone turns
into the warm front of the next. In a paper from 1937 he
pointed to the meridional gradient of the Coriolis param-
eter as an important quantity in the dynamics of upper
waves. This work inspired CarI-Gustaf Rossby to derive his
celebratecl wave formula.
A close collaborator of iack's in the 1930s was Car! Lu~vig
Gociske, Vilhelm Bjerknes's Carnegie assistant who later suc-
ceeclecl Jack in the chair in Bergen. Godske ant! Jack wrote
an interesting paper together on instability of fronts; and
Godske wrote the greater part of an extensive volume titled
Dynamic Meteorology and Weather Forecasting, coauthored by
Gociske, Bergeron, Jack Bjerknes, and R. C. Bunc3gaarcI. The
book was planned by Vilhelm Bjerknes in the 1930s but was
delayed by WorIcl War TI and cti(1 not appear in print until
1959.
lack Bjerknes's work in Bergen aroused the attention of
his colleagues. He received visitors from many countries
and went himself on trips to SwitzerIanct, England, the Neth-
erIands, Germany, Canada, and the United States as an in-
vited guest lecturer.
.
WAR YEARS
In July 1939 Jack Bjerknes, with his family, went on what
was supposed to be an eight-month lecture tour to the United
OCR for page 12
2
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
States. But on September ~ of that year, WorIct War II be-
gan, and later came the German invasion of Norway. For
lack Bjerknes and his family, this had the consequence that
they stayed in America and became U.S. citizens.
The threatening international situation macle it impera-
tive for the Uniter] States to educate a consiclerable num-
ber of meteorologists for military operations. Jack was asked
to organize a training school for Air Force weather officers
at the University of California. His wife recalls that he chose
the Los Angeles campus for this undertaking in orcler to be
near the Scripps Oceanographic Institution in LaJolIa; he
was of the opinion that cooperation with oceanographers
was important. In 1940 he joined the faculty of the Univer-
sity of California at Los Angeles as professor of meteorol-
ogy en cl head of the Section of Meteorology in the Depart-
ment of Physics. He brought with him J0rgen Holmboe, a
Norwegian meteorologist from the Bergen Weather Service
who hacI spent three years in Rossby's department at MTT.
During the war, Jack visited England, Italy, Hawaii, and Guam
as a consultant to the U.S. Army Air Corps.
A NEW METEOROLOGY DEPARTMENT
In 1945 a new Department of Meteorology was establisher!
at the University of California at Los Angeles, with Jack
Bjerknes as chairman. The new department grew fast and
soon became one of the worId's reacting centers of teaching
and research in the atmospheric sciences.
During the war, Jack, in collaboration with Holmboe, at-
tempted to treat theoretically the problem of the growing
cyclone with its associated upper wave. One cannot say they
solved the problem, but they threw new light on it, and
their work inspirer! their first cloctoral stuclent, Jule Charney,
to come out with the first mathematical solution describing
growing waves on a baroclinic current.
OCR for page 13
JACOB AALL BONNEVIE BJERKNES
13
It had been known for many years that the atmospheric
westerlies in middle latitucles increased with height en c! usu-
ally reached a maximum near the tropopause. For instance,
a calculated distribution of the mean west wine! in the
meridional plane is given in Physikailische Hydrodynamik, the
volume publishecl by V. Bjerknes, J. Bjerknes, H. Solberg,
ant! T. Bergeron in 1933. The improved winct measurements
after the war revealer! that the upper westerlies the jet
stream are often much stronger than previously assumed.
How was this strong current circumventing the earth, one
in each hemisphere, maintained against frictional clissipa-
tion? The English mathematician ant! geophysicist HaroIcI
J
Jeffreys had aIreacly, in 1933, proposed an answer to this
pressing question by suggesting that angular momentum
could be transferred! from Tow to micicIle latitudes by atmo-
spheric waves and ecldies. Basecl on Jeffreys's theory, Jack
Bjerknes started a major research project on the general
circulation of the atmosphere. His principal co-worker was
Yale Mintz; but invites! scientists from many countries par-
ticipated. They collected! ciata from the entire northern hemi-
sphere ant! calculates! meridional fluxes of angular momen-
tum and energy en cl many other statistics. The results verifier!
TeffreYs's thesis and were in reasonable agreement with re-
sults from Victor Starr and his group at MIT, who ran a
similar project at the same time. Our quantitative knowI-
etlge of the general circulation was greatly advanced by these
two research projects.
AIR-SEA INTERACTION ON A GLOBAL SCALE
Toward the enc! of the 1950s, when Jack Bjerknes was
around sixty, he turned his mind to a new f~elc! of research
that engaged him for the rest of his life—the interaction of
atmosphere and sea.
Jack credits C. G. Rossby, H. U. Sverdrup, and Bj0rn
OCR for page 14
4
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
HelIancI-Hansen for giving him inspiration and encourage-
ment to take up this new field. These three scientists all
died in 1957, when lack was starting his oceanographic stud-
ies. HelIand-Hansen belonged to an oicler generation; he
had made pioneering studies of the Atlantic Ocean in co-
operation with Fridtjof Nansen before and cluring WorIcl
War T. Jack was his colleague in Bergen for twenty years
and was familiar with his and Nansen's work.
Jack first took up the study of the warming of the North
Atian tic Ocean at the beginning of the century and found
that it could be explained by an increased wind drag that
speecled up the Gulf Stream. The interannual variations of
the sea surface temperature in the North Atlantic were his
next study subject. He cliscoverec! that these temperature
variations are connected with the strength of the westerlies.
Years with particularly strong westerly wincis in micicIle lati-
tudes wouicl clisplay a typical pattern of sea surface tem-
perature anomalies, with unusually cold water south of Tce-
lancl ant! GreenIan(1 and warmer water in the Gulf Stream
outside the Grand Banks. In a series of papers he discussed
the physical processes involved and gave qualitative expla-
nations of the observed anomalies of the sea surface tem-
peratures.
Jack's studies of the Pacific Ocean are even more remark-
able. He began with an investigation of the El Nino phe-
nomenon. Once every two to five years the coo! nutrition-
rich waters off the coast of Peru are replaced in the Southern
Hemisphere summer by warmer sterile water, with a cata-
strophic result for Peruvian fishing and production of guano
fertilizer from sea birds. These episodes are known as E}
Nino (the Holy Child, since they usually set in at Christmas
time) .
Jack found that El Nino is not a local phenomenon con-
fined to the Peruvian coast but the manifestation of an
OCR for page 15
JACOB AALL BONNEVIE BJERKNES
15
oscillatory process that affects the atmosphere and the ocean
over the entire tropical Pacific. During the E! Nino years, a
huge area of the eastern ant! middle equatorial Pacific may
be as much as 2 K warmer than normal. To the atmosphere,
such a disturbed Pacific Ocean must represent a very strong
aciclitional source of heat and moisture. The immediate ef-
fect is increaser! rainfall locally in the region of warm sea
surface. But lack also looked for manifestations of a strength-
ened HacIley circulation, and he found an increased west
winc3 in the northern Pacific, with distant effects on the
weather in North America en cl possibly also in Europe. These
teleconnections over large distances recurred! when new El
Nino episodes occurred.
Jack also established a connection between the El Nino
phenomenon en c! the southern oscillation, an irregular pul-
sation of atmospheric pressure between the Pacific and the
Indian Oceans cTiscoverecl by Sir Gilbert Walker in the 1920s.
To account for variations in rainfall, Jack envisaged a verti-
cal air circulation along the equator in the Pacific area,
which he called the Walker circulation, since its strength
would vary with Walker's southern oscillation. As a result of
his investigations, we now have a coherent picture of these
large-scare processes in the equatorial Pacific.
Jack Bjerknes's research on air-sea interactions is particu-
larly important because these processes play an essential
role in the theory of climate. Today, when the earth's cTi-
mate is being threatened by human activities, research aim-
ing at predicting possible climate changes is carried on vig-
orously in many countries. Such research, which is so vitally
important to humankind, can build on Jack's results and
the wealth of icleas contained in his papers.
CONCLUSION
Jack Bjerknes was active as a scientist for more than fifty-
OCR for page 16
16
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
five years. He was a modest en cl kincI man, always generous
with his time to listen to the problems of students and col-
leagues ant! always comforting them with his wise course!
ant! guidance. But he never wasted his time. His waking
hours were clevotect to work ant! studies of his problems,
never in a great hurry but never stopping. He was very
persistent; when he took up a problem, he would not let go
of it until he hac! clone his utmost to have it clarified.
Through the years many friends and colleagues enjoyed
Jack and Hecivig's hospitality in their Santa Monica home.
They also kept a house outside Bergen and often spent
their holidays in Norway. Jack hell! contact with Norwegian
colleagues, many of whom were invites! to UCLA as visiting
· ~
scientists.
More than any other atmospheric scientist, Jack Bjerknes
managed to create order and system in a seemingly disor-
clerly atmosphere. It is most remarkable that after seventy-
five years his frontal cyclone mode! is still used as a princi-
pal too! in the worIcl's weather services. Nobocly knows how
many lives have been saved through the years as a result of
the improved methods of weather forecasting that Jack
Bjerknes instituted.
IN PREPARING THIS MEMOIR I received very useful information and
advice from Mrs. Hedvig Bjerknes and from Professors Morton G.
Wurtele and Akio Arakawa. I also used information extracted from
Robert Marc Friedman's book, Appropriating the Weather (Cornell
University Press, Ithaca, N.Y., 1989~. A very useful selection of lack
Bjerknes's papers, with a complete bibliography, was published by
M. G. Wurtele (Selected Papers of Jacob Call Bonnevie Bjerknes, Western
Periodicals Co., North Hollywood, Calif., 1975~.
OCR for page 17
JACOB AALL BONNEVIE BJERKNES
HONORS AND DISTINCTIONS
Honorary Fellow, Royal Meteorological Society, 1932
Symons Medal, Royal Meteorological Society, 1940
Bowie Medal, American Geophysical Union, 1945
Meritorious Civilian Service Medal, U.S. Air Force, 1946
Royal Norwegian Order of St. Olav, 1947
Vega Medal, Swedish Society of Geography, 1958
International Meteorological Organization Prize, World
Meteorological Organization, 1959
Carl-Gustaf Rossby Award, American Meteorological Society, 1960
Robert M. Losey Award, Institute of Aerospace Sciences, 1963
President, Meteorological Association, International Union of
Geodesy and Geophysics, 1948-51
National Medal of Science, 1966
Honorary Member and Fellow, American Meteorological Society,
1966
Honorary Doctor of Laws, University of California, 1967
Member, Royal Norwegian Academy of Sciences, Royal Swedish
17
Academy of Sciences, Danish Academy of Technical Sciences,
Academy of Sciences (India), American Academy of Arts and
Sciences, and National Academy of Sciences
OCR for page 18
8
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
1917
Uber die Fortbewegung der Konvergenz und Divergenzlinien. Meteorol.
Z. pp. 345-49.
1919
On the structure of moving cyclones. Geofys. Publ. I(2~.
1921
With H. Solberg. Meteorological conditions for the formation of
rain. Geofys. Publ. II(3~.
1923
With H. Solberg. Life cycle of cyclones and the polar front theory
of atmospheric circulation. Geofys. Publ. III(1~.
1924
Diagnostic and prognostic application of mountain observations.
Geofys. Publ. III (6~.
1930
Practical examples of polar front analysis over the British Isles in
1925-26. Geophysi ca I Memoirs N o . 50.
1932
Exploration de quelques perturbations atmospheriques a l' aide de
sondages rapproches dans le temps. Geofys. Publ. IX(91.
1935
La circulation atmospherique dans les latitudes soustropicales. Scienta
LVII(225~:114-23.
1936
With C. L. Godske. On the theory of cyclone formation at extra-
tropical fronts. Astrophys. Norv. I(6~:199-235.
OCR for page 19
JACOB AALL BONNEVIE BJERKNES
1937
19
With E. Palmen. Investigation of selected European cyclones by means
of serial ascents. Geofys. Publ. XII(2~.
Theorie derAussertropischen Zyklonenbildung. Meteorol. Z. 54~12~:462-
66.
1938
Saturated-adiabatic ascent of air through dry-adiabatically descend-
ing environment. Q. [. R. Meteorol. Soc. 64:325-30.
1944
WithJ. Holmboe. On the theory of cyclones.J. Meteorol. I(1~:1-22.
1948
Practical application of H. Jeffreys' theory of the general circula-
tion. In Resume des Memoires Reunion d 'Oslo, pp. 13-14.
1951
The maintenance of the zonal circulation of the atmosphere. In
Proces-Verbaux des Seances de ['Association de MeterologZe. Bruxelles.
1954
The difluent upper trough. Arch. Meteorol. Geophys. Bioklimatol. A
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Representative terms from entire chapter:
bonnevie bjerknes
