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OCR for page 325
EDWARD HOLLAND SPICER
November 29, ~ 906-April 5, ~ 983
BY JAMES E. OFFICER
THE ROBERT BARCLAY SPICER FAMILY of CheTtenham, PennsyI-
vania, had a double cause for celebration on Novem-
ber 29, 1906. Not only was it Thanksgiving Day, but it was
also the day Margaret Jones Spicer gave birth to her young-
est son, Edward HolIanc3. Her first-born chiTc3 hacl cried sev-
eral years earlier, but a second son, Bill, was on hand to
greet his new sibling. The elder Spicer was of Quaker per-
suasion, and in 1908 he took his family to Arclen, Delaware,
a single-tax community based on the principles of Henry
George.
The Spicers fitted nicely into the liberal intellectual at-
mosphere of Arden, which lay in a setting of fields and
woods along Naaman's Creek just north of Wilmington. Here,
Nec3 ant! Bill were exposed to stimulating discussions of
politics ant! economics. They also took part in the annual
Shakespearean plays that provicle(1 entertainment for both
local residents and summer visitors.
At the time the family mover! to Arclen, the elcler Spicer
was editor of a Quaker journal called The Friends Intelligencer.
His ultraliberal views soon cost him his job, anct he turner!
to truck farming, a vocational choice that introduced his
sons to the world of work. Both Nec! ant! Bill spent portions
325
OCR for page 326
326
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
of each clay hoeing and weeding the garclens, filling the
woocibox, carrying water from the town pump, and looking
after animals such as goats en c! rabbits.
Until he was thirteen, Ned obtained all his education in
Arden. The children went to school in each other's homes,
the mothers taking them for a month in turn. Later in life,
Ned stated that he could not remember when he learned
to read, but it was uncloubtedly at the knee of his mother,
who instiller! in him a love of books en c! writing. From his
father he gained a knowle(lge of philology en cl by the age
of twelve was copying words en cl texts of the Algonquin
Inclian language. On his own he sought en c! absorbed knowI-
ecige about the natural environment. Memorizing the sci-
entific names of plants and animals was a favorite pastime.
Necl's formal education began in 1919 when his parents
enrolled him in the Friends School in nearby Wilmington.
Traveling by train from his home in Arden, he studied there
for three years. In 1922 the family moved to Louisville,
Kentucky, where Necl's father began working with the Soci-
ety for the Prevention of Tuberculosis. Ned graduated from
Louisville Male High School in February 1924.
During the two years he livecl in Louisville, Ned indulgent
a long-helc] interest in sailing. He constructed a canoe, which
he outfitted with a sail, and cruiser! the waters of the Ohio
River. After graduating from high school, he left home and
enrolled at Commonwealth College, a new progressive school
at NewIlano, Louisiana, where he remained less than two
months. In April 1924 he en c! a friend! went to New OrIeans
to seek employment as merchant sailors. Ned found a job
as an ordinary seaman on a ship called the Aquarius, which
carried him to Germany. After short stops at the ports of
Bremerhaven, Stettin, ant! Hamburg, the Aquarius returned
to New OrIeans and Nec! went home to visit his parents.
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EDWARD HOLLAND SPICER
327
There he learned that his father was crying of cancer at the
age of fifty-f~ve.
Following his father's cleath, Ned returnee! to the
Wilmington area where he worked briefly, alongside his
mother, at the Greenwood Bookshop. Fascinated though
he was with books, Ned fount! he could not settle down; so
he heacled again to sea. Early in 1925 he sailed on a banana
boat to Puerto Barrios, Guatemala; then, after returning
from Central America, he joined the crew of a vessel haul-
ing ore on the Great Lakes. A seamen's strike enclecl his
career as a merchant sailor, and in the fall of 1925 Ned
enrollecl at the University of Delaware, planning to major
in chemistry.
A FIRST TRY AT COLLEGE
Quickly (lisappointecI with a required introductory course
in chemistry at Delaware, Spicer turned to literature and
drama. He became a member of the Footlights Club and
actecl in several plays. He also joined the staff of The Dela-
ware Review and became its assistant editor. During his sopho-
more year, he took his first course in economics and de-
cicled to transfer to Johns Hopkins University, where he
conic] obtain additional instruction in that subject.
At the time of Spicer's enrollment, Johns Hopkins was
experimenting with what its administrators called the "New
Plan" uncler which a student couJid take graduate courses
without first earning a baccalaureate degree. Ned chose
some of the more acivance(1 classes, including one for which
he wrote a paper titled "Theory of Hours and Production,"
which he react at a graduate seminar. He also helped to
fount] and server] as president of a student club callect "The
Radicals" whose members felt that socialism provider! a bet-
ter response than capitalism to the worict's economic prob-
lems.
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328
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
In 1928 Spicer learned that he had the symptoms of pul-
monary tuberculosis and entered a sanitarium where he
remained for most of the following year. Free from pre-
scribed assignments, he spent his time reading, assisting
with work in the laboratory, and pursuing a strong avocational
interest in astronomy.
Ned returned to Johns Hopkins in the fall of 1929 but
soon dropped out. Economics no longer held his interest;
he felt he had to get away from Baltimore and see more of
the world. With financial help from his mother, he pur-
chased a bus ticket to Phoenix. The decision to go to Ari-
~ ~ ~ . . ~ Hi.
zone would turn out to be one of the most important of his
life.
Greatly stimulated by his new surroundings, Ned resolved
to maintain himself and sought employment wherever he
could find it. He washed windows at a resort hotel in Phoe-
nix, picked oranges, and worked at an agricultural inspec-
tion station. He also spent many weekends exploring south-
western Arizona, where he found prehistoric ruins and traces
of precious minerals. Even a bout with smallpox could not
diminish his enthusiasm for the desert and mountains.
Spicer saved his money so that he could enroll at the
University of Arizona and take whatever classes he might
need to qualify him for a bachelor's degree. He hoped then
to pursue graduate work in either geology or archeology.
He was delayed a year in carrying through on these plans
because the advent of the Great Depression led to failure
of the bank in which he had deposited his funds. Fortu-
nately, he still had his job with the inspection service and
was able to replace the money he had lost.
ARCHEOLOGY TAKES OVER
In the fall of 1931 Spicer went to Tucson, where he shared
accommodations with several other students in similar eco-
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EDWARD HOLLAND SPICER
329
nomic circumstances and began attending the University of
Arizona. One course in a(lvanced economic theory proved
enough to earn him a B.A. in economics, as well as senior
honors. While completing his degree, he enrollee! in a class
about southwestern l[n(lians taught by Clara Lee Frapps (Tan-
ner). He also came to know Dean Byron Cummings, who
fount] him an eager volunteer for field! trips to nearby In-
dian ruins. Nec! would later comment that at this time he
developed an interest in archeology that was "unflagging."
in 1933 he completed work for his master's degree in that
subject with a thesis on Prescott black-on-gray pottery and
the American Inclian society that procluced it.
During the summer of 1932, when Spicer was working at
the Kinishba Indian Ruin with Cummings, he came to know
John H. Provinse, recently arrived in Arizona from the Uni-
versity of Chicago, where he was studying with A. R. Ra(lcliffe-
Browne and Robert Redfield. It was Provinse who first sparker!
Necl's interest in social anthropology.
After receiving his master's degree in the spring of 1933,
Ned headed for northern Arizona to take part in an arche-
ology project that resulted in the partial excavation of
Tuzigoot Ruin, now a national monument. Associated with
Spicer at Tuzigoot were Louis R. Caywood ant! Harry T.
Getty. Funding came from the Federal Emergency Relief
Administration- forerunner of the Civil Works Aciministra-
tion and the Works Progress Administration. One aim of
the project was to provide jobs for unemployed copper miners
~ ~ ~ . . ~
~ ,
and smelter workers In the area; en c] more than 100 men
with picks and shovels greeted the archeologists on their
first day at the site. After choosing several crews, they set to
work, and early in 1934 ten months after starting they
finished both the digging anct a report on what they hacl
accomplishe(l.
During the late spring and early summer of 1934
, Spicer
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330
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
did additional archeology work for the Museum of North-
ern Arizona. He had not to this point considered seeking a
higher degree. At the urging of John Provinse, however, he
agreed to visit the University of Chicago campus at the be-
ginning of the fall term to speak with the renowned anthro-
pologists whom Provinse had recommended so highly. Im-
pressed with Redfield and Radcliffe-Browne, Ned decided
to continue graduate studies leading to a doctorate in so-
cial anthropology. Fay-Cooper Cole, department head at
Chicago, suggested that Spicer apply for a full scholarship,
which he did and which had positive results.
STUDYING SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY AT CHICAGO
In return for his scholarship Spicer assumed responsibil-
ity for cataloging and taking care of the extensive office
library maintained by Redfield. Even with the scholarship,
he did not have all the money he needed to pay for his
room and food. Aware of this problem, one of his fellow
students, Rosamond P. Brown, proposed that she and her
roommate, along with Ned and another student, share sup-
per each evening at the apartment rented by the women.
This arrangement, plus many study hours spent together,
brought Ned and Rosamond into a relationship they would
share for the rest of Ned's life.
The long study hours and the cold Lake Michigan winter
took their toll on Ned, who, early in the spring, suffered a
hemorrhage that required hospitalization. Cole and other
members of the department, aware of Ned's precarious fi-
nancial situation, arranged for payment of his medical bills.
They also suggested to Rosamond that she share her class
notes with him so that he might obtain credit for certain of
the third-quarter courses that he needed for his degree
program. While in the hospital, Ned not only studied the
notes Roz provided him but also read extensively, being
OCR for page 331
EDWARD HOLLAND SPICER
331
particularly attracted to the writings of French sociologist
Emile Durkheim.
When he was finally able to leave the hospital, Spicer
returned to Arizona, where, thanks to further help from his
professors at Chicago, he obtained a temporary job at the
Arizona State Museum. In tune 1936 he marries! Rosamond
in a ceremony conducted by her father, a Swedenborgian
minister. They spent their honeymoon at the Yaqui village
of Pascua in northwest Tucson, which would be their resi-
dence for the next year and where they would concluct a
community study. They then returned to Chicago, en c! Ned
worked on his dissertation while Roz finisher] her master's
thesis, both based on the Pascua research.
Ned gained his first teaching experience while a faculty
member at Dillarc! University in New OrIeans, where the
Spicers lived from 1937 to 1939. During the summers, when
school was not in session, they participated in an archeol-
ogy project at Kincaid, TIlinois, sponsored by the University
of Chicago. Nec] was field! director in 1939.
Their affiliation with DilIar(1 University provicled the Spicers
an unusual opportunity to meet and clevelop friendships
with African-Americans. From these associations they ac-
quirect much knowledge about race relations, which Nect
later shared with his students at the University of Arizona
en c! which would be important to both Nect and Roz cluring
the many years they worked with the Tucson and Arizona
Councils for Civic Unity.
ARIZONA, WASHINGTON, AND ARIZONA AGAIN
The fall of 1939 founcl the Spicers back in Tucson, where
Ned hacl a two-year appointment as an instructor in the
University of Arizona Department of Anthropology. He was
replacing Harry T. Getty, who had gone to the University of
Chicago to complete work for his doctoral degree. While in
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332
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
Tucson cluring the remainder of 1939 and 1940, Ned con-
cluctecl acIditional research among the Tucson Yaquis and
finished a manuscript called "People of Pascua" to go along
with the book baser! on his dissertation. Roz was pregnant
cluring part of this perioc! and in 1940 gave birth to their
first child whom they named Robert Barclay but who soon
became "Barry" to one en c! all.
A Guggenheim Fellowship ma(le it possible for the Spicers
to spend the final months of 1941 and the early part of
1942 in southern Sonora, Mexico, studying Yaqui Tnclian
culture on its home grounds. Following America's entry
into the war, the Mexican authorities forced the Spicers to
leave, and they came back to Arizona earlier than they hac!
planned. Ned began work as a community analyst at the
Poston Relocation Center for iapanese-Americans, while Roz
dicl fieldwork on the Tohono O'Odham Inclian Reserva-
tion. In 1943 Nec] became head of the Community Analysis
Section of the War Relocation Authority (WRA), and the
Spicers moved to Washington, D.C., where they remained
until the WRA discontinuecl operations. Their second child.
Margaret Pencileton (Penny), was born in Washington in
1945.
Shortly after going to the east coast, Ned wrote in his
diary that he hac3 come to the conclusion that he wan ted to
spenct the remainder of his life in Arizona, which he cle-
scribed as "my lancI." In the fall of 1945 Emil W. Haury,
head of the Department of Anthropology at the University
of Arizona, invited him to rejoin the faculty there, and he
en cl Roz were clelighted to accept the offer.
Necl's responsibilities with the WRA enclecl on June 30,
1946, and the Spicers went back to Tucson. Sensing they
would be in Arizona for many years, they started building a
home near the ruins of alit Fort Lowell on the outskirts of
OCR for page 333
EDWARD HOLLAND SPICER
333
town and, except for brief intervals of research and travel,
remained in Tucson thereafter.
By the time the Spicers returned to Arizona in 1946, Ned
was already well known in anthropology circles. The Uni-
versity of Chicago had published his revised dissertation in
1940 under the title Pascua: A Yaqui Village in Arizona, and
the book received favorable notice from colleagues through-
out the country. He also contributed along with Fay-Coo-
per Cole, Fred Eggan, and Henry Hoijer to the preface
for Grenville Goodwin's classic work Social Organization of
the Western Apache, which became available in 1942. Addi-
tionally, he wrote or collaborated in the writing of several
articles on the relocation of Japanese-Americans that ap-
peared in social science journals, and he contributed to
The Governing of Men, a book written by Alexander H. Leighton
and published by the Princeton University Press in 1945.
From his base in Tucson, Spicer continued to reflect on
his experience with the WRA and to publish articles deal-
1
. ~ . . ~ .1 . ~ TO _ _1~~ __,__
ng with various aspects or that experience. me also -mu ll~U
to his research on Yaqui history and culture and wrote many
additional articles, books, and chapters of books concerned
with these Mexican Indians.
Serving with the WRA convinced Ned that anthropolo-
gists had much to contribute to decision making within
governmental agencies. It was this conviction that led him
to accept office in the Society for Applied Anthropology,
which he had helped to found. He became vice-president
of the organization in 1947, not long after he contributed
his first article to the society's journal. Thirty years later the
organization accorded him its highest honor the Bronislaw
Malinowski Award.
THE FRUITFUL FIFTIES
For Ned Spicer the 1950s proved to be one of the busiest
OCR for page 334
334
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
and most satisfying decacles of his life. Not only ctict he
carry forward his involvement with applied anthropology,
he also pursuer] an interest in culture change that in the
early 1960s yielclec! significant contributions to accultura-
tion theory. Aciclitionally, he completecI research for a ma-
jor book concerned with the impact of European civiliza-
tion on the Indian population of northwest Mexico and the
southwestern part of the United States. He also expanded
his professional relationships through service from 1951
through 1953 on the Board of Directors of the American
Anthropological Association.
At the beginning of the clecacle, Spicer accepted an invi-
tation from Alexancler Leighton to work with John I. Aciair
of Cornell University in organizing and conducting sum-
mer seminars for administrators of overseas agricultural and
social science programs, as well as Cornell graduate stu-
clents in anthropology. The seminars exposer! students to
the cultures of Indian and Hispanic communities in north-
ern Arizona and New Mexico. Funcling for the program
came from the Carnegie Corporation.
At Leighton's suggestion, Spicer ectitec3 a casebook for
use by faculty members and students of the seminar. The
Russell Sage Foundation sponsored publication of the
casebook under the title Human Problems in Technological
Change. It came out in 1952, the same year the last Spicer
child, Lawson Alan, was born. By the mid-1960s Human Pro h
lems would become a standarc! text for Peace Corps and
Vista volunteers, as well as others working in domestic and
international community development programs.
Although Spicer hacI been interested in culture history
and the processes of social anc! cultural change while doing
research in archeology, Human Problems was the first publi-
cation after his conversion to social anthropology wherein
he gave significant attention to such subjects. In 1941 in a
OCR for page 335
EDWARD HOLLAND SPICER
335
complimentary review of Pascua: A Yaqui Village in Arizona
prepared for the Amera can Anthropologist, Ralph L. Beals chided
Necl for not cloing more historical en c] comparative research
that might have strengthened the study and sparest the au-
thor certain errors. Whether Beals's criticism hac3 anything
to c30 with a shift in Spicer's orientation will never be known,
but after Nec3's return to academic life in 1946 his research
always included an important historical dimension.
Well before the beginning of World War TI, anthropolo-
gists hacl become interested in learning more about social
and cultural change. Ralph Linton's 1940 work titled Accul-
turation in Seven American Indian Tribes gave adcled stimulus
to this research trenct. Following a 1953 summer seminar
on acculturation, Spicer and several colleagues decided to
v
organize an acetone conference on this theme with the
aim of designing a research project to explore in greater
depth the theoretical en cl practical aspects of culture change.
The second acculturation seminar, sponsored] by the So-
cial Science Research Council, took place on the campus of
the University of New Mexico in the summer of 1956. Spicer
and five colleagues agreed on a format for a joint stucly
that wouIc! describe culture change in six Indian tribes,
irir~ntiEv nerinH.~ when particular change factors prevailed,
^~ J rim rim
and characterize the strategies employecl by the agents of
change as well as those used by tribes in responding to
change. From this collaboration came the book Perspectives
in American Indian Culture Change, published in 1961.
Spicer provided the introduction to Perspectives as well as
a section on Yaqui culture and a final chapter titled "Types
of Contact and Processes of Change." Harvard anthropolo-
gist Evon Z. Vogt—one of Spicer's associates in preparing
the book—commented! later that Necl made two important
contributions to acculturation theory in Perspectives and his
later writings. One was to sharpen the concepts of directed
OCR for page 342
342
BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS
1987
G. Kushner. Edward H. Spicer: teacher, scholar, gentle man. Hum.
Organiz. 46~2~.
H. Padfield. The problem of cultural dominance: Spicer and an-
thropology for the people without history. Hum. Organiz. 46~2~.
1988
R. B. Spicer. Preface. In People of Pascua, by Edward H. Spicer. Tuc-
son: University of Arizona Press.
K. M. Sands. Epilogue. In People of Pascua, by Edward H. Spicer.
Tucson: University of Arizona Press.
1990
W. Y. Adams. Edward Spicer, historian. [. Southwest. 32~1~.
i. E. Officer. Edward H. Spicer and the application of anthropol-
ogy. J. Southwest. 32~1~.
R. B. Spicer. A full life well lived: a brief account of the life of
Edward H. Spicer. [. Southwest. 32~1~.
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EDWARD HOLLAND SPICER
SELECTED BIBI:IOGRAPHY
(not including reviews)
1934
343
Some Pueblo I structures of the San Francisco Mountains, Arizona.
Museum Notes (Museum of Northern Arizona, Flagstaff) 7~5~:17-
20.
With L. R. Caywood. Tuzigoot, a prehistoric Pueblo of the Upper
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1935
With L. R. Caywood. Tuzigoot: The Excavation and Repair of a Ruin on
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1936
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1940
Pascua, A Yaqui Village in Arizona. University of Chicago Publica-
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1941
Foreword. In The Passion at Pascua, by Emily Brown. Tucson: Tuc-
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With F.-C. Cole, F. Eggan, and H. Hoijer. Preface. In Social Organi-
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1943
Linguistic aspects of Yaqui acculturation. Am. Anthropol. 45~3~:410-
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With the Bureau of Sociological Research, Colorado River War Re-
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Current problems of Japanese American adjustment. J. Soc. Issues
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1946
The use of social scientists by the War Relocation Authority. Appl.
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1947
Yaqui villages past and present. The Kiva 13~1~:2-12.
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1950
345
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1961
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347
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Representative terms from entire chapter:
holland spicer
