APPENDICES
A. MEMBERS OF THE TOGA PANEL
Richard T. Barber, 1987–90
Tim P. Barnett, 1984–86
Maurice Blackmon, 1987–90
Otis B. Brown, 1985–91
Antonio J. Busalacchi, 1989–96
Mark A. Cane, 1984–89
Robert E. Dickinson, 1994–96
Steven Esbensen, 1988–96
Rana A. Fine, 1990–94
David Halpern, 1990–96
D. Edmunds Harrison, 1988–90
Dennis L. Hartmann, 1990–96
Paul R. Julian, 1986–89
Eli J. Katz, 1984–86
Robert A. Knox, 1991–96
Ants Leetmaa, 1984–87, 1992–96
Roger Lukas, 1988–96
Pearn P. Niiler, 1987–90
S. George H. Philander, 1984–87
Eugene M. Rasmusson, 1984–86
Edward S. Sarachik, 1991–96, Chair 1992–96
Jagadish Shukla, 1984–92, Chair 1989–92
Joanne Simpson, 1991–94
Kevin E. Trenberth, 1984–87
John M. Wallace, 1985–90, Chair 1985–89
Ferris Webster, 1984–85, Chair 1984
Peter J. Webster, 1984–86
John A. Young, 1985–91
Stephen E. Zebiak, 1990–96
B.
TOGA PRODUCTS
TOGA CD-ROMs. The 1994 edition consisted of 1985–1990 TOGA data. It included: sea surface temperature, sub-surface thermal data, surface marine observations, TAO data, pseudo-stress fields, cloud data, precipitation data, sea levels, and associated ECMWF analyses. The 6-CD package and Users' Guide available from:
User Services Office, MS300/320
JPL PO.DAAC
Jet Propulsion Laboratory
4800 Oak Grove Drive
Pasadena, CA 91109.
Climate Diagnostics Bulletin. Published monthly since 1982. Contains: (1) monthly means and anomalies in the tropics of sea surface temperature, outgoing long-wave radiation, winds, pressure, susbsurface ocean thermal structure, and sea level; (2) Forecast Forum; and (3) monthly means and anomalies in the extratropics of sea-level pressure, height of the 500-mb surface, and indices of “teleconnections”. Available from:
Climate Prediction Center
Attn: Climate Diagnostics Bulletin
NOAA/NWS/NCEP
World Weather Building, Room 605
5200 Auth Road
Washington, DC 20233.
The bulletin is also available on the World Wide Web from site (http://nic.fb4.noaa.gov).
Experimental Long Lead Forecast Bulletin. Published quarterly since 1992. Contains: experimental forecasts of tropical sea surface temperature, Southern Oscillation Index, rainfall, Atlantic storm activity, U.S. surface conditions and precipitation, and South African rainfall. Available from:
Climate Prediction Center, W/NMC51
Attn: Experimental Long Lead Bulletin
NOAA/NWS/NCEP
World Weather Building
5200 Auth Road
Washington, DC 20233.
Monitor Climático. Published monthly since 1987 in Portugese. Contains: monthly precipitation in northeast Brazil, monthly position of the Atlantic Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone, monthly means and anomalies of tropical sea surface temperature, monthly means and anomalies of tropical sea-level pressure, monthly mean and anomalies of outgoing long-wave radiation, and monthly means and anomalies of winds at heights of both 850 mb and 200 mb. Available from:
Divisão de Tempo e Clima
Fundação Cearense de Meteorologia e Recursos Hídrocos—FUNCEME
Av. Bezerra de Menezes, No 1.900—São Gerardo
Caixa Postal D-3221
Fortaleza, BRAZIL.
World Wide Web Products. A number of products have become available on the World Wide Web. Uniform Resource Locators (URLs) and descriptions are listed below. Web sites are subject to frequent change.
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Climate Prediction Center of the National Centers for Environmental Prediction site (http://nic.fb4.noaa.gov) provides prediction products and data products relevant to ENSO and to its effects on U.S. climate.
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Lamont-Doherty Climate Group site (http://rainbow.ldgo.columbia.edu) provides data products, ENSO advisories, and forecasts of ENSO using the Zebiak-Cane model.
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NOAA/Pacific Marine Environment Laboratory (PMEL) site (http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/toga-tao/realtime.html) points to the latest data on surface and subsurface conditions in the tropical Pacific. It also provides tools for obtaining past TOGA TAO data. Also available from PMEL is a site (http://www.pmel.gov/toga-tao/el-nino/home.html) that gives a good introduction to ENSO and its effects. The site also points to ENSO prediction information.
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Global Change Master Directory site (http://gcmd.gsfc.nasa.gov) guides users to climate data, including satellite data.
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National Climatic Data Center site (http://www.ncdc.gov) contains guides to online data services and climatological products. It also points to the Climate Variations Bulletin, which documents monthly climate anomalies, mostly over the United States.
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Center for Ocean-Land-Atmosphere Studies site (http:/grads.iges.org/home.html) points to coupled-model forecasts of ENSO and other related sites.
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University of Hawaii School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology site (http://www.soest.hawaii.edu) provides data from the Hawaii Sea Level Data Center and points to other online data centers.
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NOAA Seasonal-to-Interannual site (http://www.noaa.gov/seasonal.html) gives NOAA's plans and rationale for predictions of seasonal-to-interannual climate variations.
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NOAA Office of Global Programs site (http://www.noaa.gov/ogpl) points to El Niño information and the status of the International Research Institute (for Climate Prediction).
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Florida State University site (http://coaps.fsu.edu) provides a guide to a number of meteorological and oceanographic servers.
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University of Washington site (http://www.atmos.washington.edu) (choose “Local Resources”) provides precipitation climatologies of the tropics, a T-POP reference list, and pointers to other meteorological servers.
C. ACRONYMS AND OTHER ABBREVIATIONS
ADCP
acoustic Doppler current profiler
ADEOS
Advanced Earth Observing Satellite (Japan)
AIREP
Aircraft En-Route Report
AMEX
Australian Monsoon Experiment
AOML
Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (NOAA)
ARGOS
ARGOS Data Collection and Platform Location System (provided by France)
ATLAS
Autonomous Temperature Line Acquisition System
ATM
Atmospheric Sciences Division (NSF)
AVHRR
Advanced Very-High Resolution Radiometer
BSN
Basic Synoptic Network (of the World Weather Watch)
C
carbon
C&GC
Climate and Global Change (NOAA)
CAC
Climate Analysis Center, now CPC (NOAA)
CCCO
Committee for Climate Change and the Ocean
CEPEX
Central Pacific Experiment
CLIVAR
Study of Climate Variability and Predictability (WCRP)
CO2
carbon dioxide
COARE
Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Response Experiment
CPC
Climate Prediction Center (NOAA)
CRC
Climate Research Committee (NRC)
CZCS
Coastal Zone Color Scanner
DMSP
Defense Meteorological Satellite Program
DOE
Department of Energy
ECMWF
European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasting
EMEX
Equatorial Monsoon Experiment
ENSO
El Niño and the Southern Oscillation
EOF
empirical orthogonal function
EPOCS
Equatorial Pacific Ocean Climate Studies
EqPac
Equatorial pacific Experiment
ERS
Earth Resources Satellite (ESA)
ESA
European Space Agency
EUC
Equatorial Undercurrent
FOCAL
Français Océan Climate Atlantique Equatorial (SEQUAL/FOCAL)
FGGE
First GARP Global Experiment
FUNCEME
Ceara Foundation for Meteorology and Hydrological Resources (Northeast Brazil)
ftp
file-transfer protocol
GARP
Global Atmospheric Research Program
GATE
GARP Atlantic Tropical Experiment
GCM
general-circulation model
GCOS
Global Climate Observing System
Geosat
Geodesy satellite (U.S. Navy)
GFDL
Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (NOAA)
GISS
Goddard Institute for Space Studies (NASA)
GOALS
Global Ocean-Atmosphere-Land System program
GOES
Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite
GOOS
Global Ocean Observing System
GPCP
Global precipitation Climatology Project
GTS
Global Telecommunication System
ICSU
International Council of Scientific Unions
IFA
Intensive Flux Array
INDEX
Indian Ocean Experiment
IOC
Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission
IOP
intensive observation period
IRICP
International Research Institute for Climate Prediction
ITPO
International TOGA Project Office
IUGG
International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics
ITCZ
Intertropical Convergence Zone
JGOFS
Joint Global Ocean Flux Study
JMA
Japan Meteorological Agency
JOC
Joint Organizing Committee (WCRP)
JPL
Jet Propulsion Laboratory
JSC
Joint Scientific Committee (WCRP)
LIA
Line Islands Array
MDCRS
Meteorological Data Collection and Reporting Systems
MONEG
Monsoon Experimentation Group
MTPE
Mission to Planet Earth (NASA)
NASA
National Aeronuatics and Space Administration
NCEP
National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NOAA)
NECC
North Equatorial Countercurrent
NMC
National Meteorological Center, now NCEP (NOAA)
NOAA
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
NORPAX
North Pacific Experiment
NOS
National Ocean Service
NRC
National Research Council
NROSS
Navy Remote Ocean Sensing System
NSCAT
NASA Scatterometer
NSF
National Science Foundation
OCE
Ocean Sciences Division (NSF)
OLR
outgoing long-wave radiation
OMB
Office of Management and the Budget
ONR
Office of Naval Research
OSSE
observing-system simulation experiment
pCO2
partial pressure of carbon dioxide
PEQUOD
Pacific Equatorial Ocean Dynamics Experiment
PMEL
Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory
ppmv
parts per million by volume
SEQUAL
Seasonal Equatorial Atlantic Experiment (SEQUAL/FOCAL)
SCPP
Seasonal-to-Interannual Climate Prediction Program (NOAA)
SIO
Scripps Institution of Oceanography
SMMR
Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer
SOI
Southern Oscillation Index
SSG
Scientific Steering Group
SSM/I
Special Sensor Microwave/Imager
Sv
sverdrup, 106m3/s
SWG
science working group
TAO
Tropical Atmosphere/Ocean
TCIPO
TOGA COARE International Project Office
TIROS
Television Infrared Observation Satellite
TIWE
Tropical Instability Wave Experiment
TOGA
Tropical Oceans and Global Atmosphere Program
TOPEX/Poseidon
Ocean Topography Experiment (Poseidon is the French component of the experiment)
T-POP
TOGA Program on Prediction
TSLC
TOGA Sea Level Center
U.N.
United Nations
UNCED
U.N. Conference on Environment and Development
UNESCO
U.N. Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization
USGCRP
U.S. Global Change Research Program
VACM
vector-averaging current meter
VMCM
vector-measuring current meter
VOS
volunteer observing ship
WEPOCS
Western Equatorial Pacific Ocean Circulation Study
WESTRAX
Western Tropical Atlantic Experiment
WOCE
World Ocean Circulation Experiment
WCRP
World Climate Research Programme
WMO
World Meteorological Organization
WWW
World Weather Watch (WMO)
XBT
expendable bathythermograph
XCTD
expendable conductivity-temperature-depth probe