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The Bering Sea Ecosystem (1996)

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REFERENCES 260 References ADF&G (Alaska Department of Fish and Game). 1993. Preliminary forecasts of catch and stock abundance for 1993 Alaska herring fisheries, F. Funk, ed. Regional Information Rep. No. 5J93-06. 92pp. Aebischer, N. J., J. C. Coulson, and J. M. Colebrook. 1990. Parallel long-term trends across four marine trophic levels weather. Nature 347:753–755. Agreement on Mutual Fisheries Relations, 31 May 1988, United States-Soviet Union. Ainley, D. G., A. R. DeGange, L. L. Jones, and R. J. Beach. 1981. Mortality of seabirds in high-seas salmon gillnets. Fish. Bull. 19:800–806. Ainley, D. G., R. P. Henderson, H. R. Huber, R. J. Boekelheide, S. G. Allen, and T. L. McElroy. 1985. Dynamics of white shark/pinniped interactions in the Gulf of the Farallones. Mem. South. Calif. Acad. of Sci. 9:109–122. Ainley, D. G., W. J. Sydeman, S. A. Hatch, and U. W. Wilson. 1994. Seabird population trends along the west coast of North America: Causes and extent of regional concordance. Stud. Avian Biol. 15:119–133. Alaska Geographic. 1976. Alaska's Volcanoes: Northern Link in the Ring of Fire. Alaska Geographic, vol. 4, number 1. Anchorage: Alaska Geographic Society. Alexeev, A. I. 1982. Russian Discovery of the Far East and Russian America. Moscow: Nauka. [In Russian]. Allen, P. M. 1985. Ecology, thermodynamics, and self-organization: Towards a new understanding of complexity. Can. Bull. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 213:3–26. Allen, T. F. H., and T. B. Starr. 1982. Hierarchy: Perspectives for Ecological Complexity. Chicago. University of Chicago Press. Allen, T. F. H., and T. W. Hoekstra. 1992. Towards a Unified Ecology. New York. Columbia University Press. 384 p. Alton, M. S., R. G. Bakkala, G. E. Walter, and P. T. Munro. 1988. Greenland Turbot (Reinhardtius hippoglossoides) of the Eastern Bering Sea and Aleutian Islands Region. U. S. Department Commerce, NOAA Tech. Rep. NMFS 71. Alverson, D. L. 1992. A review of commercial fisheries and the Steller sea lion (Eumetopias jubatus): The conflict arena. Rev. Aquat. Sci. 6:203–256. Alverson, D. L., M. H. Freeberg, S. A. Murawski, and J. G. Pope. 1994. A Global Assessment of Fisheries Bycatch and Discards. FAO Fish. Tech. Paper 339. 233 pp.

REFERENCES 261 AMAP. 1993. (Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Program) A report from the AMAP Task Force: Update on Issues of Concerns to the Arctic Environment, Including Recommendations for Action. pp. 1–56. American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Pacific Section, Los Angeles. Pp. F1–F28. Anderson, P. J. 1978. Growth and mortality estimates for a population of pink shrimp Pandalus borealis from the western Gulf of Alaska. Unpublished. Andriashev, A. P. 1954. Fishes of the Northern Seas of the USSR. Moscow: AN SSSR. [In Russian]. Andriyashev, A. 1935. Geographical distribution of marine commercial fishes of the Bering Sea and related issues. Issled. Morei SSSR. 22:135–145. [In Russian]. Anonymous. 1992. Report of the Study Group on Ecosystem Effects of Fishing Activities. International Council for the Exploration of the Sea. Unpub. document C. M. 1992, G:11, 144 pp. Anonymous. 1993. Is It Food? Addressing Marine Mammal and Seabird Declines, Workshop Summary. p. 41 in Distribution and Abundance Trends of Forage Fishes in the Bering Sea and Gulf of Alaska, L. W. Fritz, ed. University of Alaska Sea Grant Rep. 93–01. Fairbanks: University of Alaska. Apollonio, S. 1994. The use of ecosystem characteristics in fisheries management. Rev. Fish. Sci. 2(2):157–180. Apollonio, S. 1993. Fisheries ecosystem research program. Pp. 170–173 in The System in the Sea—Applying Ecosystem Principles to Marine Fisheries, D. D. Platt ed. Rockland, Maine: Island Institute. Armstrong, D. A., J. L. Armstrong, R. Palacios, G. Williams, G. C. Jensen, and W. Person. 1985. Early life history of juvenile blue king crab, Parlalithodes platypus, around the Pribilof Islands. Pp. 211–227 in Proceedings of the International Crab Symposium, Anchorage, Alaska. Arsen'ev, V. S. 1967. Currents and water masses of the Bering Sea Moscow: Izd. Nauka. [In Russian, English summary]. (Transl., 1968, NMFS, Northwest Fish. Center, Seattle, Wash.). 135 pp. Aruntunov, S., and D. Sergeev. 1975. Problems of the Ethnical History of A Beringia. Ekwen Tomb-stones. Moscow: Nauka. Ashmole, N. P. 1971. Sea bird ecology in the marine environment. Pp. 223–286 in Avian Biology, Vol.1, in D. S. Farner, and J. R. King eds. New York: Academic Press. At the Meeting Point of Chukotka and Alaska. 1983. Moscow: Nauka. Bailey, E. P., and J. L. Trapp. 1986. A Reconnaissance of Breeding Marine Birds and Mammals in the East-Central Aleutian Islands— Kasatochi to the Islands of Four Mountains—Summer 1982, with Notes on Other Species. Homer, Alaska: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Bailey, E. P. 1990. Fox Introductions on Aleutian Islands—History, Impacts on Avifauna, and Eradication. Homer, Alaksa: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.

REFERENCES 262 Bailey, E. P., and G. H. Davenport. 1972. Die-off of common murres on the Alaska Peninsula and Unimak Island. Condor 74:215–219. Bailey, E. P., and G. W. Kaiser. 1993. Impacts of introduced predators on nesting seabirds in the northeast Pacific. Pp. 218–226 in Status and Ecology of Temperate North Pacific Seabirds. K. Vermeer, K. T. Briggs, and D. Siegel-Causey eds. Ottawa: Canadian Wildlife Service. Bailey, K. M., and D. G. Ainley. 1982. The dynamics of California sea lion predation on Pacific hake. Fish. Res. 1:163–176. Bak, P., and K. Chen. 1991. Self-organized criticality. Sci. Am. Jan.:46–53. Baker, J. D., and C. W. Fowler. 1992. Pup weight and survival of northern fur seals Callorhinus ursinus. J. Zool. (Lond.) 227:231–238. Bakkala, R. G. 1981. Population characteristics and ecology of yellowfin sole. Pp. 553–574 in The Eastern Bering Sea Shelf: Oceanography and Resources, vol. 1, D. W. Hood, and J. A. Calder, eds. Seattle: University of Washington Press. Bakkala, R. G. 1993. Structure and historical changes in the groundfish complex of the eastern Bering Sea. U.S. Department of Commerce, NOAA Tech. Rep. NMFS 114. 91 Pp. Bakkala, R. G., and G. B. Smith. 1978. Demersal Fish Resources of the Eastern Bering Sea: Spring 1976. Progress Report. Seattle: NOAA, NMFS, MWAFC. 534 Pp. Balsiger, J. W. 1981. A review of pandalid shrimp fisheries in the Northern Hemisphere. In Proceedings of the International Pandalid Shrimp Symposium, February 13–15, 1979, Kodiak, Alaska , T. Frady ed. University of Alaska Sea Grant Rep. 81–3. Fairbanks: University of Alaska. Bang, I. 1991 Numerical Modeling Study of the Circulation in the Gulf of Alaska. Ph.D. thesis, University of Alaska, Fairbanks. 146 pp. Barr, L., and R. McBride. 1967. Surface-to-bottom pot fishing for pandalid shrimp. Spec. Sci. Rep. Fish. No. 560. Homer, Alaska: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Barrie, L. A., D. Gregor, B. Hargrave, R. Lake, D. Muir, R. Shearer, B. Tracey, and T. Bidleman. 1992. Arctic contaminants: sources, occurrence and pathways. Sci. Total Environ. 122:1–74. Bartholomew, G. A. 1970. A model for the evolution of pinniped polygyny. Evolution 24:546–559. Barton, L. H., and V. G. Wespestad. 1980. Distribution and stock assessment of Western Alaska herring. In Proceedings of the Alaska Herring Symposium, V. G. Wespestad, and B. R. Melteff eds. University of Alaska Sea Grant Rep. 80–4. 31 Pp. Barton, L. H., and V. G. Wespestad. 1991. Distribution, biology and stock assessment of western Alaska herring stocks. In Proceedings of the Alaska Herring Symposium. V. G. Wespestad, and B. R. Melteff eds. University of Alaska Sea Grant Rep. 80–4. Baskakov, V. 1993. Stock-holding—an important stage of transition to market relations. Rybn. Khoz. 3:8–12. [In Russian]. Baumgartner, T. R., A. Soutar, and V. Ferreira-Bartrina. 1992. Reconstruction of the history of Pacific sardine and northern anchovy populations over the past two millenia from sediments of the Santa Barbara basin, California. CalCOFI Rep. 33:24–40. Beamish, R. J. 1993. Climate and exceptional fish production off the west coast of North America. CJFAS 50:22070–2291.

REFERENCES 263 Beliaev, G. 1960. Quantitative distribution of benthic fauna in the north-western part of the Bering Sea. Trudy IO AN SSSR 34: 85–103. [In Russian]. Berg, L. 1956. Ancient Data on the Far North of Siberia. Selected writings. Moscow. Beringia Conservation Program: Progress Report. 1992. National Audubon Society, Alaska-Hawaii Regional Office. Berryman, A. A. 1993. Food web connectance and feedback dominance, or does everything really depend on everything else? Oikos 68 (1):183–185. Bertram, D. F. 1989. The status of ancient murrelets breeding on Langara Island, British Columbia, in 1989. Can. Wildl. Serv. Tech. Rep. Ser. No. 59. 67 pp. Best, P. B. 1993. Increase rates in severely depleted stocks of baleen whales. ICES J. of Mar. Sci. 50:169–186. Beverton, R. J. H., and S. J. Holt. 1957. On the Dynamics of Exploited Fish Populations. Fish. Invest. Serv. II. XIX, Her Majesty's Stationery Office, UK. Facsimile reprint 1993, Chapman and Hall, London. Distributed in the United States by the American Fisheries Society, Bethesda, MD. Bickham, J. W., J. C. Patton, and T. R. Loughlin. In press. High variability for control-region sequences in a marine mammal: implications for conservation and maternal phylogeny of Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus). Conserv. Biol. Bigg, M. A. 1985. Status of the Steller sea lion (Eumetopias jubatus ) and the California sea lion (Zalophus californianus) in British Columbia. Can. Spec. Pub. Fish. Aquat. Sci. No. 77. 20 pp. Biological Resources of the Pacific Ocean. 1986. Moscow: Nauka. [In Russian] Birman, I. B. 1985. Ocean Period of Life and Issues of Dynamics of the Far Eastern Salmon. Moscow: Agropromizdat. [In Russian]. Bjerknes, J., 1969. Atmospheric teleconnections from the equatorial Pacific. Mon. Weather Rev. 97: 162–172. Blau, S. F. 1986. Recent declines of red king crab (Paralithodes camtshatica) populations and reproductive conditions around the Kodiak Archipelago, Alaska. Pp. 360–369 in North Pacific Workshop on Stock Assessment and Management of Invertebrates, G. S. Jamieson, and N. Bourne, eds. Can. Spec. Publ. Fish. Aquat. Sci. No. 92. Bockstoce, J. R., and J. J. Burns. 1993. Commercial whaling in the North Pacific sector. Pp. 563–577 in The Bowhead Whale, J. J. Burns, J. J. Montague, and C. J. Cowles eds. Society for Marine Mammalogy Spec. Publ. No. 2. Bogdanov, N. A., and Yu. P. Neprochnov. 1984. Geology of the deep sea basins of the Bering Sea. Pp. 4–11. In Istoriya i proiskhozhdeniye okrainnykh i vnutrennykh morey (History and Origin of Marginal and Interior Seas). 27th International Geol. Cong. Symposium, S. 06.2.3: Reports, vol. 6, Pt. 2). Moscow: Nauka Press. Bogdanovich, K. 1901. Essays of the Chukotka Peninsula. Sankt-Petersburg. Bogoraz-Tan, 1934. V. Chukchis, vol. 1, pp. 106–112. Leningrad. Bogoslovskaya, L., L. Votrogov, and I. Krupnik. 1984. Greenland whale in Chukotka waters. History and current status of population. in Marine Mammals. Moscow: VNIRO. Boness, D. J., W. D. Bowen, and O. T. Oftedal. 1994. Evidence of a maternal foraging cycle resembling that of otariid seals in a small phocid, the harbor seal. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 34:95–104.

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The Bering Sea, which lies between the United States and Russia, is one of the most productive ecosystems in the world and has prolific fishing grounds. Yet there have been significant unexplained population fluctuations in marine mammals and birds in the region. The book examines the Bering Sea ecosystem's dynamics and the relationship between man and the ecosystem, in order to identify potential reasons for the population fluctuations as well as identify ways the Sea's living resources can be better managed by government.

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