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Ecologically Based Pest Management: New Solutions for a New Century
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Ecologically Based Pest Management: New Solutions for a New Century
Index
A
Adaptation, 75
Agency for International Development, 93
Agribusiness, 61-62
Agrobacterium radiobacter, 107
Aldrin, 23
Alligator weed, 13, 37
Antibiotics, 57, 78
Apples, 24
Aquatic weeds, 13, 36-37
Arthropod management
appetite suppression, 34
behavioral strategies, 77
biological-control organisms for, 46
chemical signaling strategies, 77-78
in cotton production, 30-31
cultural techniques for, 17-21
exotic pests, 32
genetic engineering strategies, 79-81
growth of chemical insecticide use, 23, 24
historical biological strategies, 12-13
host-range predictions, 102
host selection/specificity dynamics, 81
insecticide selectivity, 48
in IPM, 25-26
nontarget effects, 103
pest resistance problems, 26-28
problems created by pesticide use, 29
use of disease pathogens for, 79
Arthropods, as biological-control organisms
aquatic weed management, 37
characteristics, 46
Australian ladybird beetle, 13
B
Bacillus thuringiensis, 47, 64, 76, 78-79, 98-99, 103, 113
Baculoviruses, 79
Banana plants, 17
Benomyl, 29
Biodiversity, 82-84
Biological-control organisms
aquatic weed management, 36-37
in citrus farming, 50-51
for managing plant viruses, 34
cover crop design, 45
cultural practices to encourage, 20-21
current registration, 96
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definition, 46
early farm practices, 12-17
EBPM principles, 46-47
ecosystem interaction, 43-44, 76-82
environmental persistence, 110-111
experimental demonstrations, 18-19
in IPM, 25-26
microbial, 84-85, 103
molecular mechanisms, 76
natural reservoirs, 82-83
nontarget effects, 74, 100-105
objectives, 46
pathogenic potential, 105-108
regulatory environment, 112-114
research needs, 5, 76-82
risk assessment, 8-9, 97, 100, 105, 108-109
scale of use, 110
self-perpetuation of, 110-111
for soybean cyst nematode, 33
specificity, 81
success rate, 70
supply system, 55, 85-86
use of disease pathogens as, 79
Biological-control products
definition, 47
potential risks, 98-100
predator-prey population dynamics, 102-103
small-market support, 64, 97-98
specificity, 47, 71
Black scale, 65
Boll weevil, 30-31
Botrytis rot of cyclamen, 29
Broad-spectrum pesticides, 1, 26
naturally occurring, 47
obstacles to continued use, 26-40
use in cotton farming, 30-31
Brown soft scale, 29
C
California red scale, 18, 50, 65
Cancer, 40-41
Certification, 64
Chemical signaling, 77-78
Chestnut blight, 17, 80
Chlordane, 23, 38
Citrus farming
biological pest control, 50-51
early biological control mechanisms, 12, 13
pest-management cooperatives, 63, 65
pesticide-associated problems, 29
pesticide use, 24
Citrus red mite, 18, 29
Citrus rust mite, 50
Collego®, 104, 106
Commercial development
biological management of diseases, 17
genetically engineered plants, 23
growth of chemical pesticide industry, 23-25
health risks for workers, 98
pesticide industry trends, 28-29
regulatory obstacles, 48, 112-115
small-market products, 64, 97-98
Communication among organisms, 77-78
Consultants, 7-8, 10, 62
Corn
growth of pesticide use, 24
hybridization, 21
leaf blight, 21
Cost-benefit analysis
data base for, 90-91
feasibility of EBPM, 49-56
measuring direct and indirect effects in, 89-90
role of, 89
Cotton, 24
arthropod management strategies, 30-31
pesticide use trends, 24
Cottony cushion scale, 13, 18, 29, 51
Cover crops, 20, 45
Crop rotation, 18-19, 20
for soybean cyst nematode management, 33
Cropping patterns
for managing plant viruses, 34
historical applications for biological control, 17-21
landscape ecology, 74-75
predictive models for, 86-87
row crop pests, 35
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use of cover crops, 45
wheat monoculture for disease control, 22
Crown gall, 17, 107
Cultural approaches, 2, 17
Cryphonectria parasitica, 79, 80
Cyst nematode, 18-19, 33
D
DDT, 23, 26, 28, 29, 30, 38, 39
Dibromochloropropane, 23, 33
Dichloropropenes, 23
Dieldrin, 23
Disease management
biological-control organisms for, 46-47, 51
development of resistant cultivars for, 82
early biological strategies, 17
fungicide use as obstacle to, 29
genetic diversity of crop species and, 21
genetic engineering for, 22-23
host selection dynamics, 81
limitations of chemical strategies, 34-35
plant resistnace for, 47-49
resistance in pathogens, 28
soil-borne diseases, 32-34
take-all disease in wheat, 22
through monoculture planting, 22
use of disease pathogens for, 79
Durability
EBPM objectives, 3, 4, 42, 43, 115
monitoring for pest resistance, 64-68
of plant-host resistance, 87-88
E
EBPM. See Ecologically based pest management
Ecologically based pest management (EBPM)
biodiversity and, 82-84
continuum of tactics, 108
economic feasibility, 49-56, 90
environmental risks, 100
integrated pest management and, 3, 10, 86, 94
knowledge base, 3, 43, 69, 70-71
leadership, 93-94
objectives, 3-4, 42-44, 115
principles, 2-3, 10, 44-46
research needs, 4-8
use of biological-control organisms, 46-47
use of resistant plants, 47-49
use of synthetic chemicals, 47
See also Implementation of EBPM
Economic feasibility of EBPM, 49-56
Ecosystem functioning
cover crop planning and, 45
feedback, 43
gene transfers between microorganisms, 105-108
integration of EBPM, 43-46
landscape ecology, 74-75
managed systems and, 72-76, 86-87
microbial communities, 72, 73, 84-85, 103
potential risks of EBPM, 100
predator-prey population dynamics, 72-76, 102-103
research needs, 5, 6-7
stability, 72
Education and training
for EBPM implementation, 7-8
introducing new technologies/practices, 60-62
pest-management consultants, 62
role of the university, 62-63
Environmental Protection Agency, 93, 96, 98, 109
creation of, 38-39
recommendations for, 10, 114
regulation of biological-control organisms, 110, 112, 113
regulatory suspension of chemical pesticides, 38-39
Ethylene dibromide, 23, 33
Eurasian water milfoil, 13
Exotic species, 32
as biological-control organisms, 101
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federal regulations for managing, 112-113
weeds, 35
Extension system, 7-8, 60-61, 93
F
Farming practice
accessibility of research, 85
chemical runoff, 39-40
cultural techniques, historical development of, 17-21
early biological management strategies, 12-17
groundwater contamination, 40
grower cooperatives, 63-64, 65
information flow, 58-59
operational models, 60
pest management knowledge needs, 59-60
risk behavior, 54-55
whole-farm system, 44
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act, 37, 38, 112-113
Federal Plant Pest Act, 112-113
Fire blight, 57
Food and Drug Administration, 112
Food contamination
by biological-control organisms, 98-99
pesticide tolerances, 26
Forest management, 17
Frost damage, 57, 73
Fungicides, biological, for aquatic weed management, 37
Fungicides, chemical
disease problems created by, 29
historical development, 23
limitations of, 32-34
pest resistance to, 28
Fusarium wilt, 17, 32
G
Gene transfer in nature, 105-108
Genetic engineering
to affect host selection/specificity, 81
for appetite suppression in pests, 35
of arthropod predators, 79-81
commercial development, 23
concerns about, 74
durability of resistance genes, 87-88
expression of coat protein genes, 22-23
hybrid plant breeding, 21
for plant resistance, 49, 82
potential human health risks, 99-100
risk assessment in, 97
toxin-encoding, risks of, 103
transgenic plant breeding, 21-22
Genetic uniformity, 21
Geographic information systems, 7, 75
Grass carp, 36
Grazing land, 35
Green manure, 20, 73
Groundwater contamination, 40
Grower cooperatives, 63-64, 65
H
Herbicides, biological
for aquatic weed management, 36-37
obstacles to development, 37
for weed management, 104
Herbicides, chemical
for aquatic weed control, 36
historical development, 23, 24
plant resistance to, 28
runoff problems, 39-40
Historical developments
arthropod management, biological strategies for, 12-13
boll weevil control strategies, 30-31
chemical pesticides, 23-25, 69
cultural practices for biological control, 17-21
disease management, biological strategies for, 17
genetically engineered plants, 22-23
origins of weeds, 106
plant breeding, 21
public concerns about chemical pesticides, 37-40
weed management, biological strategies for, 13
Human health
acute effects of pesticide exposure, 40
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chronic effects of pesticide exposure, 40-41
genetic engineering, potential risks in, 99-100
potential effects of biological-control products, 98-100
potential effects of resistant cultivars, 99
risk assessment of biological controls, 97, 111-112
scale of use of biological-control organisms and, 110
use of chemical pesticides and, 26, 37-40
Hybridization, 21
gene transfer between crops and weeds, 105-108
weed-eating fish, 36
Hydrilla, 13, 36
I
Implementation of EBPM
certification, 64
collective action for, 63
corporate-level, 66-67
demonstration projects, 60-61
economic considerations, 49-56
grower cooperatives in, 63-64, 65
impact of new technologies, 89, 108-109
information transfer, 7-8, 56-63
initial targets, 56
ongoing monitoring activities, 64-68
oversight activities, 8-10
planning for, 41
requirements for success, 10
research funding for, 94-95
research needs, 7, 69-71, 84-86, 88
risk aversion and, 54-56
small-market support for, 64, 97-98
socioeconomic issues, 89-91
supply of resources for, 85-86
Indole acetic acid, 23
Information management
for cost-benefit analysis, 90-91
EBPM guidelines, 114-115
for implementation of EBPM, 7-8, 58-63
knowledge base for risk assessment, 108-109
participants in, 58-59, 63
patterns of information flow, 58-60
private sector role, 61-62
Insecticides, chemical
historical development, 24
regulatory suspension, 38
selectivity, 48
Integrated pest management (IPM)
corporate application, 66-67
EBPM and, 3, 10, 86, 94
implementation, 25
information flow, 56-58
interdisciplinary relations in, 92
objectives, 3
theoretical basis, 25
Intercropping, 20
IPM. See Integrated pest management
IR-4 Program, 98
J
Japanese beetle, 29
Johnsongrass, 106
K
Klamath weed, 13
L
Laboratory testing, 102, 103
Landscape ecology, 74-75
Leadership issues, 93-94
Livestock management, 35
M
Malathion, 28, 30-31
Manure, 18-19
Methyl bromide, 23, 35
Monitoring pest behavior
to evaluate economic feasibility of EBPM, 52-53
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grower-friendly systems, 85
interactions among organisms, 76-82
landscape studies, 74-75
pathogen host range, 101-102
for pest management strategies, 77
population dynamics, 73-74, 75-76, 102-103
research needs, 6-7
signaling mechanisms, 77-78
for signs of resistance, 64-68
Monoculture planting, 22
N
National Environmental Protection Act, 113
National Institutes of Health, 93
National Science Foundation, 93
O
Operational models
farm practice, 60
pathogen in microcosm, 102
P
Parathion, 29
Paris green, 12
Pesticides, biological
historical use of, 12-13
risk assessment, 97
Pesticides, chemical
chronic exposure, 40-41
in cotton production, 30-31
in EBPM, 47
groundwater contamination, 40
historical development, 11, 23-25, 69
human health concerns, 37-41
in IPM, 25
limitations of, 29-37
problems associated with, 1, 11-12, 26-29, 100
regulatory suspension, 38-39
research and development trends, 28-29
risk assessment, 97
for row crop application, 35
selectivity, 48
usage trends, 24-25
Pheromones, 78
Phlebia gigantea, 17
Phyllosphere, 72-73
Plant breeding, 21-23
implementation of EBPM, 54
for plant resistance, 49
for viral resistance, 34-35
Population dynamics, 73-74, 75-76, 102-103
Potatoes, 24
Primicarb, 48
Professional societies, 93
Profitability
cost of exotic pest invasions, 32
cost of pesticide resistance, 27-28
cost of plant virus damage, 34
cost of soil-borne diseases, 32, 33
EBPM objectives, 3, 4, 42, 43
economic feasibility of EBPM, 49-52, 90
market factors, 53-54
pest-control factors, 52-53
risk factors, 54-56
Propham, 23
Public intervention/oversight
aquatic weed control, 36
coordination of government groups, 93-94, 113-114
current limitations, 112-114
development of new biological products, 64
EBPM, 8-10
guidelines for, 10, 114-115
human health concerns, 37-41, 98-100
for information transfer, 7-8, 62
introduction of new products, 108-109
knowledge base for, 9, 108-109
microbial herbicides, 37
need for, 8, 96
opportunities for improving, 113-115
pesticide tolerances in foodstuffs, 26
priority areas, 109-111
private economic interest and, 55
regulatory obstacles to pesticide development, 48
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regulatory suspension of chemical pesticides, 38-39
risk assessment, 8-9, 96-97
Pyrethroids, 24
Pyrethrum, 47
R
Rangelands, 35
Remote sensing technology, 75
Research
accessibility to grower, 85
demonstration projects, 60-61
for EBPM implementation, 7, 69-71, 88
for EBPM success, 4-8
on ecology of managed systems, 72-76
on ecosystem interactions, 5, 91
federal efforts, 93-94
funding patterns, 92
health risks for researchers, 98
on impact of new technologies, 89
infrastructure for, 94
institutional approaches for cooperation, 91
interactions among organisms, 76-82
methodological enhancements, 6-7, 84-86
microbial communities, 84-85, 95, 103
microcosm studies, 102
multidisciplinary, 6, 91-94
natural defense systems, 78-79
natural resource inventory and maintenance, 82-83
new chemical pesticides, 28-29, 35
operational models for growers, 60
organic pesticides, 4
plant resistance, 49
predictive models for cropping systems, 86-87
priority areas, 6, 71
recommendations, 4
resources for, 94-95
on risk attitudes, 91
on socioeconomic issues, 89-91
taxonomic, 83-84
Resistance in pests
to chemical pesticides, 1
cost of, 27-28
cotton boll weevil experience, 30-31
monitoring for, 64-68
as objection to broad-spectrum pesticides, 26-28
planning for, 28
research needs, 75
to viruses, 34-35
Resistant cultivars
durability of, 87-88
in EBPM, 4, 47-49
expression of resistance, 104-105
genetic engineering for, 22-23
herbicide-resistant biotypes, 28
mechanisms, 82
plant breeding for, 21
potential harmful effects, 99, 103-105
regulatory environment, 114
soybean cyst nematode, 33
Rhizosphere, 72-73
Rice, 24, 106
Risk assessment
activities in, 111-112
criteria, 96-97
current federal efforts, 112-114
in EBPM implementation, 8-9
economic considerations, 54-56
environmental effects, 100
for genetic science, 97
human health considerations, 98-100
individual attitudes, 91
knowledge base for, 9, 108-109
pathogen host-range, 101-102
pathogenic potential of biological-control organisms, 105-108
persistence of control organisms, 110-111
priority areas, 109-111
public role in, 96
in research and production environments, 98
resistant cultivars, potential harmful effects of, 99, 103-105
risk management and, 111-112
scale of use issues, 110
standards for, 114-115
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Rotenone, 47
Rust diseases, 47-48
S
Safety, as EBPM objective, 3-4, 42
Silent Spring, 37-38
Soil studies
cover crop effects, 45
microbial communities, 72
pest population dynamics, 72-73
soil-borne diseases, 32-34, 81
Sorghum, 106
Soybeans, 24, 33
T
Take-all disease, 22
Taxonomic research, 83-84
Technology development, regulatory review, 9
Tetraethylpyrophosphate, 23
Tobacco, 12
Tobacco mosaic virus, 22
Toxaphene, 23
Toxic Substances Control Act, 113
Transgenic animals/plants, 21-22
U
Uncertainty, 54-55
U.S. Department of Agriculture, 93, 94, 109, 112
recommendations for, 10, 114
U.S. Department of Energy, 93
U.S. Department of the Interior, 93
V
Viruses, plant, 34-35
as biological-control products, 79
W
Water hyacinth, 13, 36
Weed management
aquatic weeds, 13, 36-37
bioherbicide, 104
biological-control strategies, 51
cultural practices for, 20
early biological strategies, 13
herbicide-resistant biotypes, 28
landscape ecology for, 74-75
persistence of control organisms, 111
in rangelands, 35
sources of weeds, 106
use of disease pathogens for, 79
weed composition shifting and, 19
Wheat, 22, 25, 32
White amur, 36
Whole-farming systems
EBPM in, 44
pest management in, 1-2
Z
Zineb, 23
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Recent Publications of the Board on Agriculture
Policy and Resources
Colleges of Agriculture at the Land Grant Universities: A Profile (1995), 146 pp, ISBN 0-309-05295-5
Investing in the National Research Initiative: An Update of the Competitive Grants Program in the U.S. Department of Agriculture (1994), 66 pp, ISBN 0-309-05235-1
Rangeland Health: New Methods to Classify, Inventory, and Monitor Rangelands (1994), 180 pp., ISBN 0-309-04879-6
Soil and Water Quality: An Agenda for Agriculture (1993), 516 pp., ISBN 0-309-04933-4
Managing Global Genetic Resources: Agricultural Crop Issues and Policies (1993), 450 pp., ISBN 0-309-04430-8
Pesticides in the Diets of Infants and Children (1993), 408 pp., ISBN 0-309-04875-3
Managing Global Genetic Resources: Livestock (1993), 294 pp., ISBN 0-309-04394-8
Sustainable Agriculture and the Environment in the Humid Tropics (1993), 720 pp., ISBN 0-309-04749-8
Agriculture and the Undergraduate: Proceedings (1992), 296 pp., ISBN 0-309-04682-3
Water Transfers in the West: Efficiency, Equity, and the Environment (1992), 320 pp., ISBN 0-309-04528-2
Managing Global Genetic Resources: Forest Trees (1991), 244 pp., ISBN 0-309-04034-5
Managing Global Genetic Resources: The U.S. National Plant Germplasm System (1991), 198 pp., ISBN 0-309-04390-5
Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education in the Field: A Proceedings (1991), 448 pp., ISBN 0-309-04578-9
Toward Sustainability: A Plan for Collaborative Research on Agriculture and Natural Resource Management (1991), 164 pp., ISBN 0-309-04540-1
Investing in Research: A Proposal to Strengthen the Agricultural, Food, and Environmental System (1989), 156 pp., ISBN 0-309-04127-9
Alternative Agriculture (1989), 464 pp., ISBN 0-309-03985-1
Understanding Agriculture: New Directions for Education (1988), 80 pp., ISBN 0-309-03936-3
Designing Foods: Animal Product Options in the Marketplace (1988), 394 pp., ISBN 0-309-03798-0; ISBN 0-309-03795-6 (pbk)
Agricultural Biotechnology: Strategies for National Competitiveness (1987), 224 pp., ISBN 0-309-03745-X
Regulating Pesticides in Food: The Delaney Paradox (1987), 288 pp., ISBN 0-309-03746-8
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Ecologically Based Pest Management: New Solutions for a New Century
Pesticide Resistance: Strategies and Tactics for Management (1986), 480 pp., ISBN 0-309-03627-5 Pesticides and Groundwater Quality: Issues and Problems in Four States (1986), 136 pp., ISBN 0-309-03676-3
Soil Conservation: Assessing the National Resources Inventory, Volume 1 (1986), 134 pp., ISBN 0-309-03649-9; Volume 2 (1986), 314 pp., ISBN 0-309-03675-5
New Directions for Biosciences Research in Agriculture: High-Reward Opportunities (1985), 122 pp., ISBN 0-309-03542-2
Genetic Engineering of Plants: Agricultural Research Opportunities and Policy Concerns (1984), 96 pp., ISBN 0-309-03434-5
Nutrient Requirements of Domestic Animals Series and Related Titles
Nutrient Requirements of Laboratory Animals, Fourth Rev. Ed. (1995), 176 pp., ISBN 0-309-05126-6
Metabolic Modifiers: Effects on the Nutrient Requirements of Food-Producing Animals (1994), 81 pp., ISBN 04997-0
Nutrient Requirements of Poultry, Ninth Revised Edition (1994), 156 pp., ISBN 0-309-04892-3
Nutrient Requirements of Fish (1993), 108 pp., ISBN 0-309-04891-5
Nutrient Requirements of Horses, Fifth Revised Edition (1989), 128 pp., ISBN 0-309-03989-4; diskette included
Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle, Sixth Revised Edition, Update 1989 (1989), 168 pp., ISBN 0-309-03826-X; diskette included
Nutrient Requirements of Swine, Ninth Revised Edition (1988), 96 pp., ISBN 0-309-03779-4
Vitamin Tolerance of Animals (1987), 105 pp., ISBN 0-309-03728-X
Predicting Feed Intake of Food-Producing Animals (1986), 95 pp., ISBN 0-309-03695-X
Nutrient Requirements of Cats, Revised Edition (1986), 87 pp., ISBN 0-309-03682-8
Nutrient Requirements of Dogs, Revised Edition (1985), 79 pp., ISBN 0-309-03496-5
Nutrient Requirements of Sheep, Sixth Revised Edition (1985), 106 pp., ISBN 0-309-03596-1
Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle, Sixth Revised Edition (1984), 90 pp., ISBN 0-309-03447-7
Further information, additional titles (prior to 1984), and prices are available from the National Academy Press, 2101 Constitution Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20418, 202-334-3313 (information only); 800-624-6242 (orders only); 202-334-2451 (fax).
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