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APPENDIX C
Biographical Sketches
HARVEY V. FINEBERG (chair) is dean of the Harvard School of Public
Health. He has served on the Public Health Council of Massachusetts, as
chair of the Health Care Technology Study Section of the National Center
for Health Services Research, as president of the Society for Medical Deci-
sion Making, as a consultant to the World Health Organization, and as
member or chair of a number of Institute of Medicine panels dealing with
topics of health policy. His research has focused on health policy, includ-
ing the process of policy development and implementation, assessment of
medical technology, and dissemination of medical innovations. He is
coauthor of Clinical Decision Analysis (with Milton C. Weinstein and oth-
ers) and The Epidemic That Never Was (with Richard E. Neustadt), an analy-
sis of the controversial federal immunization program against swine flu
in 1976. In 1988 he received the Joseph W. Mountin Prize from the Cen-
ters for Disease Control and the Wade Hampton Frost Prize from the
Epidemiology Section of the American Public Health Association. He
received A.B., M.P.P, M.D., and Ph.D. degrees from Harvard University.
JOHN AHEARNE is director of the Sigma Xi Center, The Scientific Re-
search Society, and lecturer in public policy at Duke University. He has
served in government as Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense, Deputy
Assistant Secretary of Energy, Chairman of the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory
Commission, and in advisory positions to the U.S. Departments of Energy
and Defense and the U.S. General Accounting Office. He has also served
as vice president of Resources for the Future and as chair and member of
207
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208 UNDERSTANDING RISK: INFORMING DECISIONS IN A DEMOCRATIC SOCIETY
several National Research Council committees and panels. He is a mem-
ber of the National Academy of Engineering and a fellows of the American
Physical Society. He received a B.S. in engineering physics, an M.S. from
Cornell University, and M.A. and Ph.D. degrees in physics from Princeton
University.
THOMAS A. BURKE is an associate professor of Health Policy and Man-
agement and codirector of the Risk Sciences and Public Policy Institute at
the School of Hygiene and Public Health of the Johns Hopkins University.
His research interests include environmental epidemiology, the evalua-
tion of population exposures to environmental pollutants, assessment of
environmental risks) and the application of epidemiology and health risk
assessment to public policy. Prior to his appointment at Johns Hopkins,
he was Deputy Commissioner of Health for the state of New Jersey. He
has served as a member of the Council of the Society for Risk Analysis, an
adviser to the Office of Technology Assessment on risk assessment of
chemical carcinogens and managing nuclear materials, and a member of
the National Research Council Committee on Remediation of Buried and
Tank Wastes. He received a B.S. degree from Saint Peter's College, an
M.P.H. from the University of Texas, and a Ph.D. in epidemiology from
the University of Pennsylvania.
CARON CHESS is director of the Center for Environmental Communica-
tion at Rutgers University. Her research interests include methods to
evaluate public participation in environmental policy decisions and ex-
ploration of the internal organizational factors that influence risk commu-
nication and public participation efforts. She has coauthored a variety of
handbooks and related materials for government agencies, including Im-
proving Dialogue with Communities: A Short Guidefor Government Risk Com-
munication, which is widely used in the United States and has been trans-
lated into two languages for use abroad. Before moving to academia, she
coordinated programs for government and nonprofit organizations, in-
cluding playing a central role in the campaign for the country's first right-
to-know law. She received an M.S. degree in environmental communica-
tions from the University of Michigan.
BRENDA S. DAVIS is vice president, government operations, and a mem-
ber of the Management Board of Johnson & Johnson Health Care Systems,
Inc. In that position she is responsible for government sales, state govern-
ment affairs, reimbursement services, and pharmaceutical rebate man-
agement for the domestic health care businesses. Previously, she was a
visiting fellow at Princeton University, served in the cabinet of Governor
Thomas H. Kean of New Jersey, and was a senior staff member of the
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APPENDIX C
209
Committee on the Budget of the U.S. Senate. She received a Ph.D. degree
in ecology from the University of California at Berkeley.
PETER L. DEFUR is an affiliate associate professor in the Center for Envi-
ronmental Studies at Virginia Commonwealth University and an adjunct
senior scientist with the Environmental Defense Fund in Washington,
D.C. Previously, he held faculty positions at Southeastern Louisiana Uni-
versity and George Mason University in Virginia. His interests and re-
search have covered adaptations of aquatic animals, especially in coastal
waters; the application of scientific information and process to environ-
mental policy and regulation; and, most recently, approaches to ecologi-
cal risk assessment and chemical threats to human and environmental
health, especially from chemicals that interfere with hormonal systems in
wildlife and humans. He is on the editorial board of the fournaZ of Experi-
mental Zoology, cochair of the steering committee of the Science and Envi-
ronmental Health Network, and a board member of the Coalition to Re-
store Coastal Louisiana. He received a Ph.D. degree in biology from the
University of Calgary.
JEFFREY HARRIS is a primary-care internist at Massachusetts General
Hospital and a professor of economics at the Massachusetts Institute of
Technology. He was a member of the first Institute of Medicine commit-
tee on AIDS, the Committee on National Strategy Toward AIDS. He has
served on the Institute of Medicine's committee on strategies to reduce
low birthweight and on the National Research Council's committee on
diesel emissions. He has advised numerous public and private agencies
on issues of risk management, health economics, and public policy and
testified before the House Committee on Ways and Means and the Massa-
chusetts legislature. He wrote the seminal chapter in the 1989 Surgeon
General's Report, which estimated that smoking caused nearly 400,000
deaths annually, and he is the author of Deadly Choices: Coping with Health
Risks in Everyday Life. He received an A.B. degree from Harvard Univer-
sity and M.D. and Ph.D. degrees from the University of Pennsylvania.
MARK A. HARWELL is director of the Center for Marine and Environ-
mental Analyses, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science,
University of Miami. Previously, he was associate director of the Cornell
University Ecosystems Research Center. He is an ecosystems ecologist,
specializing in ecosystem modeling and developing methods for ecologi-
cal risk assessment and ecosystem management and applying ecological
principles to real-world environmental problems. Dr. Harwell has di-
rected major national and international research programs on high-level
nuclear waste disposal, global environmental consequences of nuclear
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210 UNDERSTANDING RISK: INFORMING DECISIONS IN A DEMO CRITIC SOCIETY
war, ecological and agricultural consequences of global climate change,
methodologies for ecological risk assessment and environmental deci-
sion-making and human/environmental issues of ecosystem management
and ecological sustainability. He is a member of the Science Advisory
Board of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and chair of the Hu-
man-Dominated Systems Directorate of the U.S. Man and the Biosphere
Program (US MAB). He received a Ph.D. degree in ecosystems ecology
from Emory University.
SHEILA JASANOFF is professor of science policy and law and chair of
the Department of Science and Technology Studies at Cornell University.
Her research explores the relationship between science, politics, and the
legal system, with specific attention to risk management, environmental
regulation, and comparative and national science and technology policy.
She has held visiting appointments at Yale University, Harvard Univer-
sity, Wolfson College (Oxford), and Boston University School of Law.
She is a recipient of the distinguished achievement award of the Society
for Risk Analysis and an editorial adviser to Social Studies of Science, Sci-
ence, Technology, and Human Values, Science and Engineering Ethics, and
Environmental Science ~ Technology. She received a Ph.D. degree from
Harvard University and a [.D. degree from Harvard Law School.
NAMES C. LAMB INl is vice president, scientific and technical services, at
the environmental consulting firm of lellinek, Schwartz & Connally, Inc.
He advises clients on scientific issues and regulatory and science policies,
specializing in general toxicology, carcinogenesis, reproductive and de-
velopmental toxicology, risk assessment, and regulatory policy. Previ-
ously, he was Special Assistant to the Assistant Administrator for Pesti-
cides and Toxic Substances at the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
and head of the fertility and reproduction group of EPA's National Toxi-
cology Program. He is a lawyer and a board-certified toxicologist and
past president of the American Board of Toxicology. He received a Ph.D.
degree in pathology from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
and a [.D. degree from the North Carolina Central University School of
Law.
D. WARNER NORTH is a senior vice president of Decision Focus Incor-
porated, a consulting firm in Mountain View, California, specializing in
management science and quantitative risk analysis, and consulting pro-
fessor in the Department of Engineering-Economic Systems at Stanford
University. He has carried out applications of decision analysis and risk
on management of toxic substances in the environment, quarantine policy
for the exploration of Mars, wildland fire protection, weather modifica
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APPENDIX C
211
lion, nuclear waste disposal, and environmental impacts from energy
technologies. He serves as a member and consultant to committees of the
EPA Science Advisory Board, and has served as a presidentially appointed
member of the Nuclear Waste Technical Review Board, and as a member
of the Scientific Advisory Panel on toxic substances under Proposition 65
for the governor of California. He is a past president of the Society for
Risk Analysis. He has been a committee member for many previous
National Research Council reports dealing with risk, is currently a mem-
ber of the Board on Radioactive Waste Management, and serves as chair
of the Transportation Research Board's review of federal estimates of the
relationship of vehicle weight to fatality and injury risk. He received
M.S. degrees in physics and mathematics and a Ph.D. degree in opera-
tions research from Stanford University.
KRISTIN SHRADER-FRECHETTE is distinguished research professor at
the University of South Florida in the Program in Environmental Sciences
and Policy and in the Department of Philosophy. She previously
held professorships at the University of Florida and the University of
California and has held postdoctoral fellowships from the National Sci-
ence Foundation in ecology, economics, and hydrogeology. She special-
izes in analysis of ecological methods, environmental ethics and policy,
and quantitative risk assessment, including ecological risk assessment.
She is a member of the National Research Council Board on Environmen-
tal Studies and Toxicology and president-elect of the Risk Assessment
and Policy Association. Author of many articles in biology, risk assess-
ment, and philosophy journals, her three most recent books are Method in
Ecology, Burying Uncertainty: Risk and the Case Against Geological Disposal of
Nuclear Waste and Ethics of Scientific Research. Shrader-Frechette is also
associate editor of BioScience and editor-in-chief of the Oxford University
Press Series "Environmental Ethics and Science Policy." She received un-
dergraduate degrees in mathematics and physics and a Ph.D. degree in
philosophy of science from Notre Dame.
PAUL SLONIIC is president of Decision Research and a professor of psy-
chology at the University of Oregon. He studies human judgment, deci-
sion making, and risk analysis. He and his colleagues worldwide have
developed methods to describe risk perceptions and measure their effects
on individuals, industry, and society. They created a taxonomic system
that enables one to understand and predict perceived risk, attitudes to-
ward regulation, and impacts resulting from accidents or failures. He
publishes extensively and serves as a consultant to many companies and
government agencies. He is past president of the Society for Risk Analy-
sis and in 1991 received its Distinguished Contribution Award. He also
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212 UNDERSTANDING RISK: INFORMING DECISIONS IN A DEMOCRATIC SOCIETY
serves on the Board of Directors for the National Council on Radiation
Protection and Measurements. In 1993 he received the Distinguished
Scientific Contribution Award from the American Psychological Associa-
tion, and in 1995 he received the Outstanding Contribution to Science
Award from the Oregon Academy of Science. He received a B.A. degree
from Stanford University and M.A. and Ph.D. degrees from the Univer-
sity of Michigan.
MITCHELL l. SMALL is a professor of civil and environmental engineer-
ing and of engineering and public policy at Carnegie Mellon University;
he serves as associate department head for graduate education in engi-
neering and public policy. His research interests include mathematical
modeling of environmental quality and exposure, statistical analysis of
monitoring data, and methods for uncertainty and decision analysis. He
has served as a member of the Science Advisory Board of the U. S. Envi-
ronmental Protection Agency. He is currently an associate editor for
policy analysis for Environmental Science & Technology. He received a
Ph.D. degree in environmental and water resources engineering from the
University of Michigan.
PAUL C. STERN is study director of the Committee on Risk Characteriza-
tion at the National Research Council, where he also serves as study
director for the Committee on the Human Dimensions of Global Change
and the Committee on International Conflict Resolution. He is also a
research professor of sociology at George Mason University. He previ-
ously staffed several National Research Council committees, including
the one that produced Improving Risk Communication. His major research
interest is in the human dimensions of environmental problems. He is
coauthor of a textbook, Environmental Problems and Human Behavior (with
Gerald T. Gardner) and has published on behavioral aspects of residential
energy conservation, attitudes and values as they affect environmentally
significant behavior, the psychological dimensions of global environmen-
tal change, social science research methods, international conflict, and
nationalism. He holds a B.A. degree from Amherst College and M.A. and
Ph.D. degrees in psychology from Clark University.
ELAINE VAUGHAN is associate professor of psychology in the School of
Social Ecology at the University of California, Irvine. Previously, she
served as a research psychologist in the Division of Adolescent Medicine
at the University of California, San Francisco. Her research focuses on
interactions among cognitive, sociocultural, economic, and environmen-
tal factors that affect the risk judgments and behaviors of individuals and
implications of group differences in responses for social policies. She has
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APPENDIX C
213
received an award for excellence in interdisciplinary research from the
School of Social Ecology and has served as a committee member for
California's Comparative Risk Project (1992-1994~. She received a Ph.D.
decree in social psychology from Stanford Universitv.
NAMES D. WILSON is senior fellow and leader of the risk analysis pro-
gram in the Center for Risk Management at Resources for the Future.
Previously, he had a long career with the Monsanto Company in research,
research management, and health and environmental policy. His research
has focused on structure-activity relationships, including environmental
chemistry broadly, dioxin and related chemicals, the relationship of
chemical structure to physical and physiological properties, the use of
science in decision making, and the influence of organizational structure
on decision making. He was president of the Society for Risk Analysis in
1993 and was named a fellow of the Society in that year. He received a
Ph.D. decree in organic chemistry from the Universitv of Washington.
tJ V J J
LAUREN ZEISE is chief of reproductive and cancer hazard assessment at
the California Environmental Protection Agency. She has also worked at
the California Department of Health Services and the California Public
Health Foundation. Her research has focused on cancer risk assessment,
particularly models of exposure. She received a B.S. degree from Loyola
University and S.M. and Ph.D. degrees from Harvard University.
Representative terms from entire chapter:
ecological risk
