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Understanding Risk: Informing Decisions in a Democratic Society (1996)
Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education (CBASSE)

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References Albert, R. 1994 Carcinogen risk assessment in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Criti- cal Reviews in Toxicology 24(1):75-85. Anderson, E. 1988 Values, risks, and market norms. Philosophy and Public Affairs 17:54-65. Anderson, R. 1986 Public participation in hazardous waste facility location decisions. Journal of Plan- r~ing Literature 1(2):145-161. Armour, A. 1995 The citizens' jury model of public participation: A critical examination. Pp. 175- 187 in O. Renn, T. Webler, and P. Wiedemann, eds., Fairness and Competence in Citizen Participation: Evaluating Models for Environmental Discourse. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers. Arnstein, S. 1969 A ladder of citizen participation. Journal of the American Institute of Planners 35:216- 224. Arrow, K.J., M.L. Cropper, G.C. Eads, R.W. Hahn, L.B. Lave, R.G. Noll, P.R. Portney, M. Russell, R. Schmalensee, V.K. Smith, and R.N. Stavins 1996 Benefit-Cost Analysis in Environmental, Health, and Safety Regulation: A Statement of Principles. Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute, The Annapolis Cen- ter, and Resources for the Future. A.T. Kearney, Incorporated 1993 WTI Phase II Risk Assessment Project Plan. EPA ID Number OHD980613541. Prepared for U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Region 5, Chicago, Illinois. Bannerman, D.G. 1987 Testimony, National Electrical Manufacturers Association, before the House Com- mittee on Energy and Commerce, Subcommittee on Transportation, Tourism, and Hazardous Materials. December 9. 217

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218 UNDERSTANDING RISK: INFORMING DECISIONS INA DEMOCRATIC SOCIETY Barber, B. 1984 Strong Democracy: Participatony Politics for a New Age. Berkeley: University of California Press. Bartell, S.M., R.H. Garner, and R.V. O'Neill 1992 Ecological Risk Estimation. Boca Raton, Fla.: Lewis Publishers. Baughman, M. 1995 Mediation. Pp. 253-260 in O. Renn, T. Webler, and P. Wiedemann, eds., Fairness and Competence in Citizen Participation: Evaluating Models for Environmental Dis- course. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers. Beach, L.R. 1990 Image Theory: Decision Making in Personal and Organizational Contexts. New York: Wiley. Beck, M.B. 1987 Water quality modeling: A review of the analysis of uncertainty. Water Resources Research 23:1393-1442. Bella, D.A. 1987 Engineering and erosion of trust. Journal of Professional Issues in Engineering 113:117-129. gingham, G. 1986 Resolving Environmental Disputes: A Decade of Experience. Washington, D.C.: World Wildlife Fund. Blush, S., and T. Heitman 1995 Train Wreck Along the River of Money. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources. Bohnenblust, H., and T. Schneider 1984 Risk Appraisal: Can It Be Improved by Formal Models? Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Society for Risk Analysis, Knoxville, Tenn. Bostrom, A., B. Fischhoff, and M.G. Morgan 1992 Characterizing mental models of hazardous processes: A methodology and an application to radon. Journal of Social Issues 48(4):85-100. Bottcher, A.B., and F.T. Izuno, eds. 1994 Everglades Agricultural Area (EAA). Water, Soil, Crop, and Environmental Manage- ment. Gainesville: University Press of Florida. Bradbury, J.A. 1989 The policy implications of differing concepts of risk. Science, Technology, ~ Hu- man Values 14:380-399. Brody, J.G., and R.A. Rosen 1994 Apples and oranges: Using multi-attribute analysis in a collaborative process to address value conflicts in electric facility siting. NRRI Quarterly Bulletin (Na- tional Regulatory Research Institute) 15(4):629-643. Brown, J. 1989 Environmental Threats: Social Science Approaches to Public Risk Perception. London, U.K.: Belhaven. Brown, P. 1990 Popular epidemiology: Community response to toxic-waste-induced disease. Pp. 77-85 in P. Conrad and R. Kern, eds., The Sociology of Health and Illness in Critical Perspective. New York: St. Martin's Press. Browner, C.M. 1995 Policy for Risk Characterization at the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

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REFERENCES Brunner, R.D. 1991 Global climate change: Defining the policy problem. Policy Sciences 24:291-311. Bullard, R. 1990 Dumping in Dixie: Race, Class and Environmental Quality. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press. Bullard, R., and B. Wright 1989 Toxic waste and the African-American community. Urban League Review 13:67- 75. 1992 Confronting Environmental Racism: Voicesfrom the Grassroots. Boston, Mass.: South End Press. 219 Burke, T. 1995 Back to the future: Rediscovering the role of public health in environmental deci- sion making. In C.R. Cowthern, ea., Handbook for Environmental Risk Decision Making: Values, Perceptions, and Ethics. Boca Raton, Fla.: Lewis Publishers. Burke, T.A., N.L. Tran, J.S. Roemer, and C.J. Henry, eds. 1993 Regulating Risk: The Science and Politics of Risk. Washington, D.C.: International Life Sciences Institute. California Department of Food and Agriculture 1994 The Exotic Fruit Fly Eradication Program Using Aerial Application of Malathion and Bait. Final Programmatic Environmental Impact Report. State Clearing- house Number 91043018. April. California Environmental Protection Agency 1992 Toward the 21st Century: Planning for the Protection of California's Environ- ment. The Comparative Risk Project Workplan. Sacramento: California Environ- mental Protection Agency. 1994 Toward the 21st Century: Planning for the Protection of California's Environ- ment. California Comparative Risk Project Final Report. Sacramento: California Environmental Protection Agency. Carey, J.R. 1991 Establishment of the Mediterranean fruit fly in California. Science 253:1369-1373. 1994 The Mediterranean fruit fly invasion of Southern California. Pp. 71-91 in J.G. Morse, R.L. Metcalf, J.R. Carey, R.V. Dowell, eds., Proceedings: The MedfZy In Cali fornia: Def~ning Critical Research, 9-11 November. Riverside: University of Califor nia Center for Exotic Pest Research. Chaloner, K. 1996 The elicitation of prior distributions. Pp. 141-156 in D. Berry and D. Stangl, eds., Bayesian Biostatistics. New York: Marcel Dekker. Checkoway, B. 1981 The politics of public hearings. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science 17(4):566- 581. Chess, C. 1989 Drafting Water Quality Regulations: A Case Study in Public Participation. New Brunswick, N.J.: Center for Environmental Communication, Rutgers University. Chess, C., and B.J. Hance 1994 Communicating with the Public: Ten Questions EnvironmentaZ Managers Should Ask. New Brunswick, N.J.: Center for Environmental Communication, Rutgers Uni- versity. Chess, C., and K. Salomone 1992 Rhetoric and reality: Risk communication in government agencies. JournaZ of En- vironmental Education 23:28-33.

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220 UNDERSTANDING RISK: INFORMING DECISIONS IN A DEMOCRATIC SOCIETY Chess, C., K. Salomone, and B.J. Hance 1995 Improving risk communication in government: Research priorities. Risk Analysis 15(1):127-135. Chess C., K. Salomone, B.J. Hance, and A. Saville 1995 Results of a national symposium on risk communication: Next steps for govern- ment agencies. Risk Analysis 15(2):115-125. Chess, C., M. Tamuz, and M. Greenberg 1995 Organizational learning about environmental risk communication: The case of Rohm and Haas' Bristol plant. Society and Natural Resources 8:57-66. Clapp, R., P. deFur, E. Silbergeld, and P. Washburn 1995 Clarke, L. 1988 Politics and bias in risk assessment. The Social Science Journal 15:155-165. 1993 The disqualification heuristic: When do organizations misperceive risk? Research in Social Problems and Public Policy 5:289-312. Clarke, L., and J.F. Short, Jr. 1993 Social organization and risk: Some current controversies. Annual Review of Sociol- ogy, 19:375-399 EPA on the right track. Environmental Science ~ Technology 29(1):29-30. Claus, F. 1995 The Varresbecker Bach participatory process: The model of citizen initiatives. Pp. 193-206 in O. Renn, T. Webler and P. Wiedemann, eds., Fair and Competent Citizen Participation: Evaluating New Modelsfor Environmental Discourse. Dordrecht, Neth- erlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers. Clifford, F. 1994 Cal/EPA's newest hazard: Risks to peace of mind. Los Angeles Times, June 11. Clemen, R.T. 1990 Making Hard Decisions: An Introduction to Decision Analysis. Belmont, Calif.: Duxbury Press. Cohen, J. 1994 Toxic dispute costs Stanford $1 million. Science 266:213. Cohen, S.M., and L.B. Ellwein 1995a A biological theory for carcinogenesis. In S. Olin, W. Farland, C. Park, L. Rhomberg, R. Scheuplein, T. Starr, and J. Wilson, eds., Low-Dose Extrapolation of Cancer Risks: Issues and Perspectives. Washington, D.C.: ILSI Press. 1995b Cell proliferation in carcinogenesis. Science 249:1007-1011. Cohrssen, J., and V.T. Covello 1989 Risk Analysis: A Guide to Principles and Methods for Analyzing Health and Environ- mental Risks. Springfield, Va.: National Technical Information Service. Cole, G.A., and S.B. Whithey 1981 Perspective on risk perception. Risk Analysis 1:143-163. Commission for Racial Justice 1987 Toxic Wastes and Race in the United States: A National Report on the Racial and Socio- economic Characteristics of Communities with Hazardous Waste Sites. New York: Public Data Access. Committee on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy 1992 Policy Implications of Greenhouse Warming. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. Cormick, G. 1987 The myth, the reality, and the future environmental mediations. In R. Lake, ea., Resolving Locational Conflict. New Jersey: Center for Urban Policy Research, Rutgers University.

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REFERENCES 221 Cox, D.C., and P. Baybutt 1981 Methods for uncertainty analysis: A comparative study. Risk Analysis 1:251-258. Creighton, J. 1980 Public Involvement Manual: Involving the Public in Water and Power Resources Deci- sions. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. Creighton, J., and J. Delli Priscolli 1983 Public Involvement Techniques. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Cropper, M.L., S.K. Aydede, and P.R. Portney 1994 Preferences for life saving programs: How the public discounts time and age. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty 8:243-246. Cropper, M.L., and W.E. Oates 1992 Environmental economics: A survey. Journal of Economic Literature 30:675-740. Crosby, N. 1995 Citizen juries: One solution for difficult environmental problems. Pp. 157-174 in O. Renn, T. Webler, and P. Wiedemann, eds., Fairness and Competence in Citizen Participation: Evaluating Models for Environmental Discourse. Dordrecht, Nether- lands: Kluwer Academic Publications. Crosby, N., J. Kelly, and P. Schaeffer 1986 Citizen panels: A new approach to citizen participation. Public Administration Review 46:170. Crouch, E., and R. Wilson 1982 Risk/Benefit Analysis. Cambridge, Mass.: Ballinger Publishing Company. Crowfoot, J.E., and J.M. Wollendeck 1990 Environmental Disputes: Community Involvement in Conflict Resolution. Washing- ton, D.C.: Island Press. Dake, K. 1991 Orienting dispositions in the perception of risk: An analysis of contemporary world views and cultural biases. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 22:61-82. Dakins, M.E., J.E. Toll, and M.J. Small 1994 Risk-based environmental remediation: Decision framework and role of uncer- tainty. Environmental Toxicology ~ Chemistry 13(12):1907-1915. Davis, S.M., and J.C. Ogden 1994 Everglades: The Ecosystem and Its Restoration. Defray Beach, Fla.: St. Lucie Press. Dean, W., and P. Thompson. 1995 The Varieties of Risk (ERC 95-3). Eco-llesearch Chair, Environmental Risk Man- agement. Calgary: University of Alberta. Dickey, J.M. 1980 Beliefs about beliefs: A theory of stochastic assessments of subjective probabili- ties. In D.J.L.M. Bernardo, M.H. DeGroot, and A. Smith, eds. Case Studies in Bayesian Biostatistics. Valencia, Spain: University Press. Dienel, P. 1989 Contributing to social decision methodology: Citizen reports on technological projects. Pp. 133-152 in C. Vlek and G. Cvetkovich, eds., Social Decision Methodol- ogyfor Technological Projects. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Press. Dienel, P., and O. Renn 1995 A gate to fractal mediation. Pp 118-124 in O. Renn, T. Webler, and P. Wiedemann, eds., Fairness and Competence in Citizen Participation: Evaluating Models for Environ mental Discourse. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers. Dietz, T. 1987 Theory and method in social impact assessment. Sociological Inguiry 57(Winter): 54-69.

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UNDERSTANDING RISK: INFORMING DECISIONS IN A DEMOCRATIC SOCIETY 1994 What should we do? Human ecology and collective decision making. Human Ecology Review 1 (Summer/Autumn):301-309. Dietz, T., and R. Rycroft 1987 The Risk Professionals. New York: Russell Sage Foundation. Dietz, T., P.C. Stern, and R. Rycroft 1989 Definitions of conflict and the legitimation of resources: The case of environmen- tal risk. Sociological Forum 4:47-70. Doniger, D. 1986 Negotiated rulemaking at EPA: The examples of wood stove emissions and truck engine emissions. In Standing Committee on Environmental Law, ea., The Pri- vafe Assumption of Previously Public Responsibilities: The Expanding Role of Private Institutions in Public Environmental Decisionmaking. Washington, D.C.: American Bar Association. Douglas, M.S. 1947 The Everglades: River of Grass. Miami, Fla.: Banyan Books. Douglas, M., and A. Wildavsky 1982 Risk and Culture. Berkeley: University of California Press. Dryzek, J., and S. Hunter 1987 Environmental mediation for international problems. International Studies QuaY teYly 31:87-102. Dwyer, J. 1990 The pathology of symbolic legislation. Ecology Law Quarterly 17:233-316. Edwards, W., and J.R. Newman 1982 MuZtiattribute Evaluation. Paper No. 26. New York: Sage. Edwards, W., and D. von Winterfeldt 1987 Public values in risk debates. Risk Analysis 7:141-158. Ehrmann, J., and B. Stinson 1994 Human health impact assessment: The link with alternative dispute resolution. Environmental Impact Assessment Review 14:517-526. Ell, K.O., and R.H. Nishimoto 1989 Coping resources in adaptation to cancer: Socioeconomic and racial differences. Social Service Review 63:443-446. Elliot, M. 1984 Improving community acceptance of hazardous waste facilities through altema- tive systems for mitigating and managing risk. Hazardous Waste 1:397-410. Ellis, R.D. 1993 Quantifying distributive justice: An approach to environmental and risk-related Public colicv. Policu Sciences 26:99-103. rat rem-; -----I English, M.R. 1992 Siting Low-LeveZ Radioactive Waste Disposal Facilities: The Public Policy Dilemma. New York: Quorum. English, M.R., A.K. Gibson, D.L. Feldman, and B.E. Tonn 1993 Stakeholder Involvement: Open Processes for Reaching Decisions about the Future Uses of Contaminated Sites. Final Report. Knoxville: Waste Management Research and Education Institute, University of Tennessee. Environ Dioxin Risk Characterization Expert Panel 1995 EPA assessment not justified. Environmental Science ~ Technology 29(1):31-32. Evans, N., and C. Hope 1984 Nuclear Power: Futures, Costs, and Benefits. Cambridge, England: Cambridge Uni- versity Press.

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Representative terms from entire chapter:

risk communication