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APPENDS:
Proposal for a
CCMS Pilot Study
on the Conservation/
Restoration of Monuments
The term "monument" as used in this document includes all struc-
tures together with their settings and pertinent fixtures and con-
tents that are of value from the historical, artistic, architectural, sci-
entific, or ethnological point of view. This definition includes works
of monumental sculpture and painting, elements or structures of an
archeological nature, inscriptions, cave dwellings, and combinations
of such features.
I. INTRODUCTION
Historic and artistic monuments represent the single most visible as-
pect of our history and culture. These monuments, mostly of stone
construction, are universally threatened by the effects of pollution,
urbanization, and public access, as well as by weathering cycles and
other natural phenomena. Though there is national and international
activity in the preservation of individual monuments, there is obvious
need for increased cooperation among all those concerned with the
development and implementation of national preservation plans.
II. ROLE OF CCMS
CCMS countries have a great concentration of stone monuments of
varying degrees of antiquity, from the caves of Lascaux to the great
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Appendix
monuments of ancient Greece and Rome, medieval cathedrals, ren-
aissance architecture, and ultimately buildings of our century. Mary
of these threatened monuments have been treated in various CCMS
countries under conditions of limited control. With its ability to fa-
cilitate international collaboration, CCMS COW]] serve as a mechanism
for developing uniform methods of reporting, for coordinating national
research efforts, and for developing recommendations for treatment of
monuments. These efforts would lead to the establishment of a general
approach and would not be concerned with their application to specific
monuments.
III. OVERALL PURPOSE
A. To enhance participating nations' abilities to minimize adverse
environmental effects on monuments.
B. To develop options for governmental action to enhance conser-
vation/restoration programs.
C. To serve as a mode! for international cooperation in the pres-
ervation of cultural property.
IV. STATE OF THE WORK
There are conservation and restoration projects under way at the local
and national level in practically every Coventry. Private institutions and
museums are also involved in this type of work. Excluding the prob-
lems posed by purposeful human actions such as demolition, land
development, and vandalism, monuments of value are most often dam-
aged or lost due to the effects of air pollution, undermining and sub-
sidence, and excessive vibration. In many cases, actions to restore or
clean monuments have proved to have deleterious side effects.
After conducting the research necessary to diagnose the causes of
deterioration, the techniques of conservation/restoration include:
A. In situ protection This covers methods that attempt to protect
the monument in place. This is attempted through surface treatments
or enclosures that seek to protect the monument from pollution or
other hawk agents.
B. Reduction or elimination of causes of damage In some situa-
tions it may be possible to take such measures as reducing sulfur
emissions or rerouting heavy traffic, rather than deal only with the
resulting damage.
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Appendix
343
C. Relocation 1h some cases it may be necessary to remove the
monument or certain elements of the structure from the original lo-
cation to a site where they can be protected.
D. Periodic restoration Where other methods cannot be applied, it
may be necessary to accept darnage and to deal with it by periodically
restoring the monument.
V. PROVISIONAL STUDY OBJECTIVES
oafs.
The priorities in this list will be set at the experts' meeting:
A. To survey the state of the art of conservation/restoration meth-
B. To identify and develop uniform methods for-evaluating treat-
ments for such doings as appearance, effectiveness, stability, reversi-
bility, safety to associated building components, safety to workers, and
economic feasibility.
C. To develop methods for the measurement of rates of deterioration
and to determine mechanisms of deterioration leading to an under-
standing of the physical, chemical, and biological processes involved.
D. To develop recommendations for the maintenance of monu-
ments. Within the context of the overall treatment these maintenance
procedures could include repainting, cleaning, protection against bi-
ological attack, and isolation from groundwater.
E. If appropriate, the participating countries may undertake the study
in depth of archetypal monuments as demonstration projects.
VI. WORK PLAN
The above activities fall into two types of study: research and docu-
mentation. The documentation projects should be completed by the
end of the three-year period for the pilot study. The research initiatives
should continue under the sponsorship of the individual participating
nations. The uniform methods of reporting and cooperation developed
in the course of the project may assure the successful coordination of
these long-term projects.
A. Analysis and Recommendations for Action Under this task, lead
countries would analyze the information collected as a result of the
conferences. Recommendations would be prepared, presumably in-
cluding guidelines for national programs in conservation/restoration.
Possible demonstrations would be identified. Long-term projects such
as the following would be initiated:
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Appendix
1. The design of suitable air pollution monitoring equipment and
networks.
2. The design of a series of test walls in representative locations.
These test walls composed of various treated and untreated stones
would be exposed to typical environments:
a. to develop criteria for monitoring deterioration of the test wads;
b. to correlate the physical and chemical changes with air pol-
lution data;
c. to correlate data from such in situ testing with laboratory data.
B. Documentation Under this task a set of meetings would be con-
vened to develop:
1. A census of treated monuments to permit an objective evaluation
of empirical once scientifically controlled treatments.
2. An archive of literature on treatments and materials used in treat-
ments.
3. The exchange of information on continuing research and treat-
ment projects.
rials.
4. Uniform methods of reporting treatment procedures and mate-
5. Methods of regular reporting of the microclimates for individual
monuments.
6. Models of monument microclimates.
7. Uniform methods for reporting the conditions of monuments by
using techniques such as measured drawings, photogrammetry, and
holography.
VII. RESOURCE ORGANIZATIONS
In carrying out the study, experts will work with data and material
available from appropriate national organizations, both public and pri-
vate, as well as such international organizations as:
A. International Council of Monuments and Sites (1COMOS}
B. International Council of Museums ([COM~
C. International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and Res-
toration of Cultural Property, Rome ~ICCROM)
D. United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organiza-
tion (UNESCO)
E. Reunion Intemationale des Laboratoires d'Essais et de Recherche
sur les Materiaux et les Constructions (RILEM)
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Appendix
F. International Engineering and Geological Societies.
G. Comite de la Pierre (ICOM, ICOMOS, ICCROM, THEME
345
VIII. PARTICIPATION BY NON-NATO NATIONS
In view of the universality of the problem to be dealt with in this
study, appropriate non-NATO nations would be invited to participate,
provided permission were granted by way of the usual procedure.
IX. PROTECT AS MODEL
Many problems in the preservation of our cultural heritage would
benefit greatly from the CCMS approach to international cooperation.
The successful implementation of the Pilot Study on the Conservation/
Restoration of Monuments could serve as a model for similar projects
dealing with such problems as:
A. The preservation, in situ, of stained glass.
B. The improvement of museum and historical site security.
C. The protection of archeological sites.
D. The development of standards for the museum environment.
E. The development of standards for the protection of works of art
in exchange programs.
F. The preservation of library and archival materials.
G. The preservation of ethnographic materials.
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Representative terms from entire chapter:
international cooperation
