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Conservation
of His~nc
Stone Buildings
and Monuments
Report of the
Committee on Conservation of Historic
Stone Buildings and Monuments
National Materials Advisory Board
Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems
National Research Council
NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS
Washington, D.C. 1982
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NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of
the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National
Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The
members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences
and with regard for appropriate balance.
This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors according to procedures
approved by a Report Review Committee consisting of members of the National Academy of
Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine.
The National Research Council was established by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916
to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy's purposes of
furthering knowledge and of advising the federal government. The Council operates in accordance
with general policies determined by the Academy under the authority of its congressional charter
of 1863, which established the Academy as a private, nonprofit, self-governing membership
corporation. The Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Acad-
emy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in the conduct of their services to
the government, the public, and the scientific and eng~neenng communities. It is administered
jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. The National Academy of Engineering
and the Institute of Medicine were established in 1964 and 1970, respectively, under the charter
of the National Academy of Sciences.
The Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems concerns itself with the development
and application of the engineering disciplines to technological and industrial systems, and their
relationship to societal problems of both national and international significance.
The National Materials Advisory Board is a unit of the Commission on Engineenng and Technical
Systems of the National Research Council. Organized in 1951 as the Metallurgical Advisory
Board, through a series of changes and expansion of scope, it became the National Materials
Advisory Board in 1969. Its general purpose is the advancement of materials science and engi-
neering in the national interest. It fulfills that purpose by providing advice and assistance to
government agencies and private organizations on matters of materials science and technology
affecting the national interest, by focusing attention on the materials aspects of national problems
and opportunities, and by making appropriate recommendations for the solution of such problems
and the exploitation of the opportunities.
This study by the National Matenals Advisory Board was conducted under Contract No. NSF
PFR8015683 with the National Science Foundation. This contract was jointly funded by the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, General Services Administration, the National Science Foun-
dation, and the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation. This is National Matenals Advisory Board pub-
lication NMAB 397.
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 82-082101
international Standard Book Number 0-309-03275-X (paperbound)
0-309-03288-1 (hardbound)
Available from
NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS
2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W.
Washington, D.C. 20418
Printed in the United States of America
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NATIONAL MATERIALS
ADVISORY BOARD
COMMITTEE ON CONSERVATION OF HISTORIC STONE
BUILDINGS AND MONUMENTS
Chapman
NORBERT S. BAER, Conservation Center of the Institute of Fine
Arts, New York University, New York City, New York
Members
RICHARD CALDWELL, Mobil Research and Development
Corporation, Field Research Laboratory, Dallas, Texas
JAMES COLVILLE, Department of Civil Engineering, University of
Maryland, College Park, Maryland
NORMAN HERA, Department of Geology,
Athens, Georgia
RUSSELL V. KEUNE, National Trust for Historic Preservation
Washington, D.C.
JOHN A. MANSON, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania
W. BROWN MORTON Ill, Historic Preservation Cons~tant,
Leesburg, Virginia
LEE H. NELSON, Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service,
U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington, D.C.
J. WALTER ROTH, General Services A - inistration, Washington,
D.C.
University of Georgia,
· ·—
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Technical Adviser
NEAL FITZSIMONS, Engineering Counsel, Kensington, Maryland
Liaison Representatives
HUGH C. MILLER, National Park Service, Washington, D.C.
ROBERT E. PHILLEO, Engineering Division, U.S. Icy Corps of
Engineers, Washington, D.C.
RICHARD A. LIVINGSTON, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Washington, D.C.
GEOFFREY J. C. FROHNSDORFF, National Bureau of Standards,
Washington, D.C.
FREDERICK KRIMGOLD, National Science Fomentation,
Washington, D.C.
LAWRENCE E. NIEMEYER, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Research Tnangle Park, North Carolina
NMAB Staff
STANLEY M. BARKIN, Staff Officer
1V
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NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL
COMMISSION ON ENGINEERING AND TECHNICAL
SYSTEMS
NATIONAL MATERIALS ADVISORY BOARD
Chairman
DONALD J. McPHERSON, Kaiser Aluminum & Chemical,
Oakland, Califomia
Past Chairman
WILLIAM D. MANLY, Ford Motor Company, Dearbom, Michigan
Members
ARDEN L. BEMENT, JR., TRW, Inc., Cleveland, Ohio
H. KENT BOWEN, Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
Cam bridge, Massachusetts
WILLIAM J. BURLANT, The Kendall Company, Lexington,
Massachusetts
JAMES C. BURROS, Charles River Associates, Boston,
Massachusetts
RAYMOND F. DECKER, DECO Limited, New York, New York
BRIAN R. T. FROST, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne,
Illinois
SERGE GRATCH, Ford Motor Company, Dearborn, Michigan
NICK HOLONYAK, JR., University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois
SHELDON E. ISAKOFF, E. I. du Pont de Nemours ~ Company,
Inc., Wilmington, Delaware
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FRANK E. JAUMOT, JR., General Motors Corporation, Kokomo,
~ Indiana
PAUL J. JORGENSEN, Stanford Research Institute, MenIo Park,
California
ALAN LAWLEY, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
RAYMOND F. MIKESELL, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon
DAVID OKRENT, University of California, Los Angeles, California
R. BYRON PIPES, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware
BRIAN M. RUSHTON, Air Products & Chemicals, Inc., Allentown,
Pennsylvania
JOHN J. SCHANZ, JR., Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.
DOROTHY M. SIMON, AVCO Corporation, Greenwich, Connecticut
MICHAEL TENENBAUM, Flossmoor, Illinois
WILLIAM A. VOGELY, Pennsylvania State University, University
Park, Pennsylvania
ROBERT P. WEl, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania
ALBERT R. C. WESTWOOD, Martin Marietta Corporation,
Baltimore, Maryland
NMAB Staff
K. M. ZWILSKY, Executive Director
R. V. HEMM, Executive Secretary
V1
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Preface
The work represented by this document grew out of a meeting of
specialists concerned with the preservation of stone monuments held
at the U.S. National Air and Space Museum in Washington, D.C., on
September 28, 1978. The meeting was initiated by the Environmental
Protection Agency {EPA) as the primary U.S. agency participating in
the North Atlantic Treaty Organization's Committee on the Chal-
lenges of Modem Society {NATiCCMS); it was organized by the Smith-
sonian Institution. The CCMS coordinator had proposed a pilot study,
"The hnpact of Pollution on Cultural Artifacts." However, the con-
sensus of those assembled was that it would be both timely and es-
sential to limit the study to the preservation of stone, because problems
with deterioration of stone were a growing concern in virtually all
NATO nations.
At the NATiCCMS plenary session in May 1979, the pilot study was
approved under the title "The Conservation/Restoration of Monu-
ments." Greece was named pilot nation and France, the United States,
and the Federal Republic of Germany the copilot nations. A copy of
the proposal is included in this document.
The U.S. steering committee for the study proposed various research
activities as part of this country's role. Some of these activities gained
support from government agencies. For example, the Heritage Con-
servation and Recreation Service (U.S. Department of the Interior)
undertook to develop a Census of Treated Monuments; EPA, the Gen-
eral Services Administration, and the National Park Service (also a
· ~
V11
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· - ~
V111
PREFACE
unit of Interior) cooperated in a monitoring project at the Bowling
Green Customs House in New York City; and the National Aeronau-
tics and Space Administration studied applications of nondestructive
analysis to the preservation of stone.
. .. .. ... . . ..
l
Among the activities proposed by the steering committee was a
conference designed to achieve three goals: to summarize the state of
research on stone conservation, to define research needs and priorities,
and to interest scientists from many disciplines in the problems at
hardy. An approach to the National Science Foundation led to the
suggestion that the National Academy of Sciences would~ be an ideal
setting for such a meeting. A series of preliminary meetings was fol-
lowed~ by formation of the Cornrnittee on Conservation of Historic
Stone Buildings and Monuments of the Academy's National Materials
Advisory Board (N~.
The committee organized a conference of scientists, preservation
architects, engineers, and architectural historians interested in the
problems of historic masonry structures. The conference was held
February 2=, 1981, at the Academy's headquarters in Washington.
This document contains the Proceedings of that conference and the
committee's final report.
To provide a common background for the participants, the com-
mittee commissioned a series of papers designed to review the state
of research in relevant disciplines. The coverage achieved by these
papers is broad, but it is not comprehensive. Seismic effects, vibration
analysis, removal of graffiti, surface chemistry, modeling of microcli-
mates of builclings, and moisture in buildings are among the topics
that were either omitted or given limited attention. In some areas
surface chemistry, microclimate modeling, and the effects of mois-
ture—substitution or shifts of emphasis by the authors narrowed the
anticipated coverage. Other subjects seismic effects, adobe, and mud
brick were considered too complex to be accommodated readily in
the format of the conference. Nevertheless, these assembled papers
give the scientist a basic introduction to the many facets of historic
preservation. Similarly, the scientific reviews give the preservation
architect a general introduction to the relevant scientific and engi-
. . .
neerlIlg C lSClp. .lneS.
At the conference the attendees participated in five discussion groups
led by members of the cornrn~ttee. These frank discussions provided
important supplemental material for the committee as it developed
its final report.
The committee has supplemented the proceedings—the edited pa-
pers and the committee report with certain other materials. These
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PREFACE
1X
include bibliographies for those papers where references and reading
lists were unavailable and a revised version of Bemard Feilden's pre-
viously published paper, "The Principles of Conservation." The com-
mittee's report reviews the state of research in the United States and
proposes a national research effort.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Many contributed to the work of the committee and the success of
the conference. The enthusiastic support of Dr. Philip Handler, then
President of the National Academy of Sciences, was crucial. He par-
ticipated in the inception of the conference and made possible the
consideration of what in many ways was a nontraditional project for
the Academy. Mrs. Lee Kimche, as Director of the Institute of Museum
Services, U.S. Department of Education, first suggested that a confer-
ence be held. Moreover, she played a vital role in bringing together
and keeping together the several government agencies that sponsored
the work of the cornrnittee. The 20 authors who contributed manu-
scripts in a timely manner under serious constraints on time provided
the basic resource for the formulation of the final report.
Financial support for the conference organized by the committee
was provided by the General Services Administration, the National
Science Foundation, the Environmental Protection Agency, and the
Andrew W. Mellon Foundation. The Institute of Museum Services,
U.S. Department of Education, initiated planning of the conference
and provided coordination of financial support. The British Council
defrayed the travel expenses of conference speakers from the United
Kingdom. The committee wishes to express its gratitude for these
. .
contra Buttons.
The committee takes particular pleasure in acknowledging the splendid
support of the NMAB staff, especially the project scientist, Dr. Stanley
M. Barkin. His enthusiasm and hardworking stewardship provided the
continuity essential to the work of the committee.
Norbert S. Baer
Chairman
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