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The following HTML text is provided to enhance online readability. Many aspects of typography translate only awkwardly to HTML. Please use the page image as the authoritative form to ensure accuracy. Alaska meteorological network, 88, 89 temperatures, 81, 82, 84, 88, 89, 475, 476 Albedo, planetary, See also Atmospheric albedo 94; Ice-albedo feedback; Surface albedo Alerce trees (Fitzroya cupressoides), 494 Aleutian Low System, 134, 137, 139, 146, 475, 476, 478, 479, 480, 481 Algal blooms, 568-569 Allerød-Bølling interstadial complex, 552 Along-Track Scanning Radiometer, 508 Analysis of Rapid and Recent Climate Change (ARRCC), 196, 198, 431 Antarctic Bottom Water, 366, 384, 385, 388, 396, 537 Antarctic Circumpolar Current, 119, 140, 351, 371, 388, 395, 397, 401-402, 403, 406, 527, 528 Antarctic Intermediate Water, 385, 537 Antarctica meteorological network, 201 Anthropogenic changes to climate distinguishing between natural changes and, 7, 562, 567 and precipitation changes, 15 Arabian Sea, 53 Arctic climate cycle, 121, 129, 130, 237, 254-257, 261 fresh-water transport from, 313, 379-380 sea-level pressure, 260 temperatures, 219 Arctic Climate Change Program (ACCP), 423-425 Arctic Climate System (ACSYS), 55 Arctic Institute, 252 Arctic Intermediate Water, 263, 309, 316, 383 Arctic Ocean air temperature, 436 circulation, 289 runoff into, 129, 254-255, 257, 258-259, 262, 312, 314 salinity, 322 snow, 62 temperatures, 31 tracer studies, 286 Arctic Red River (city), 257 Assessment of climate change. See also Climate-signal detection; Instrumental record; Models/modeling measures of change, 6 observational data plus models, 601-602 statistical characterizations, 7 Atbara, 35 Atlantic Climate Change Program, 239, 421, 423-425 Atlantic Deep Western Boundary Current, 236, 239, 283-285, 289, 424 Atlantic Ocean. See also North Atlantic Ocean deep water, 303 eastern subtropical, 130 overturning, 532 surface properties, 21 temperature, 246, 260, 386, 509-510 water-mass distribution, 385 water properties, 21 wind stress, 386 Atlantic Voluntary Observing Ships Special Observing Project, 424 Atmospheric (cloud) albedo, 93, 94, 165 Atmospheric circulation. See also Coupled atmospheric-oceanic circulation systems; Winds; specific features anticyclones, 90, 116-118, 128, 132, 255, 475 biennial-scale fluctuations, 128 century-scale variations, 117-118 data sources, 112, 113, 117-118 decadal-scale fluctuations, 13, 116-117, 128, 189 double jet structure, 119 eddy vorticity fluxes, 478 equivalent-barotropic vertical structure, 112, 113, 116, 118 glacial-to-interglacial transition, 552, 553 and heat-flux anomalies, 119, 128, 136-139, 147-148 inherent variability in, 188-190 interannual variations, 111-116 mechanisms, 115-116 momentum flux, 115 and North Atlantic climate, 124-128, 424 North Pacific climate, 21, 347, 472-474, 476-477 Northern Hemisphere, 121 and oceanic circulation, 399 phase lags, 114 pressure and, 112, 116-117, 118, 128 proxy data on, 112, 117-118, 119 and salinity, 294 and sea surface temperature, 124-128, 261, 327, 414, 424 Southern Hemisphere, 111-119 storm tracks, 115-116, 118, 119, 137, 473, 478 temperature and, 116, 117-118, 261 transient eddy activity, 115-116 upper-air data, 112-116 Walker circulation, 41, 356, 499 wave trains, 114-115, 116, 118 zonally symmetric modes, 113-114, 115-116, 118, 165 Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project, 399, 400 Atmospheric models/modeling. See also Coupled general-circulation models; General-circulation models baroclinic flow, 166 cloud component, 430 constraints on, 426-427 detection of forced climate signals, 175-181 deterministic, 171-172 greenhouse effect, 169-174 natural climate variability, 169-174 one-dimensional, 165 paleoclimatic data interpretation, 167-174 primitive-equation, 399, 426-427 sensitivity, 601 tritium fluxes, 277 U.K. Meteorological Office Unified Model, 250 zero-dimensional, 164-165 Atmospheric temperature. See Air temperature Australia
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