Secular Variability of the ENSO Cycle
Eugene M. Rasmusson, Xueliang Wang, and Chester F. Ropelewski

458

Commentary
by Yochanan Kushnir

470

Discussion

470

Decadal Climate Variations in the Pacific
Kevin E. Trenberth and James W. Hurrell

472

Commentary
by Yochanan Kushnir

481

Discussion

482

Coupled Systems Reference List

483

Chapter 5.
Proxy Indicators of Climate

489

An Essay
by Soroosh Sorooshian and Douglas G. Martinson

490

Monitoring the Tropical Ocean and Atmosphere Using Chemical Records from Long-Lived Corals
Julia E. Cole, Richard G. Fairbanks, and Glen T. Shen

495

Commentary
by Clara Deser

504

Discussion

505

Natural Variability of Tropical Climates on 10- to 100-Year Time Scales: Limnological and Paleolimnological Evidence
F. Alayne Street-Perrott

506

Decade-to-Century-Scale Variability of Regional and Hemispheric-Scale Temperatures
Philip D. Jones and Keith R. Briffa

512

Commentary
by Thomas R. Karl

520

Discussion

521

Interdecadal Temperature Oscillations in the Southern Hemisphere: Evidence from Tasmanian Tree Rings Since 300 B.C.
Edward R. Cook, Brendan M. Buckley, and Rosanne D. D'Arrigo

523

Commentary
by William E. Reifsnyder

531

Discussion

532

Variability of Atlantic Circulation on Sub-Millennial Time Scales
Scott J. Lehman

533

Commentary
by Julia E. Cole

542

Discussion

542

Ice Cores as Archives of Decade-to-Century-Scale Climate Variability
Pieter M. Grootes

544

Discussion

554

Temporal Change in Marine Ecosystems
John A. McGowan

555

Commentary
by Robert R. Dickson

568

Discussion

571