The following HTML text is provided to enhance online
readability. Many aspects of typography translate only awkwardly to HTML.
Please use the page image
as the authoritative form to ensure accuracy.
Freshwater Ecosystems: Revitalizing Educational Programs in Limnology
Below are the first 10 and last 10 pages of uncorrected machine-read text (when available) of this chapter, followed by the top 30 algorithmically extracted key phrases from the chapter as a whole. Intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text on the opening pages of each chapter.
Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.
Do not use for reproduction, copying, pasting, or reading; exclusively for search engines.
OCR for page 355
Freshwater Ecosystems: Revitalizing Educational Programs in Limnology
Index
A
Academics, see Education;
Universities
Acid rain and acidification, 19, 88, 90-93, 97, 273
assessment of damage from, 4, 20
neutralization, 90, 91, 206, 282
organic sources, 208, 209-210, 211-212
paleolimnological analysis, 40, 92, 306
research studies, 43, 91-93, 188, 195, 206, 208, 209, 211-212, 276 -277, 280
Adaptive management, 255
Agriculture and farmlands, 73, 249, 297
runoff, 11, 78, 87, 238, 249, 250, 297
wetlands impacts, 71, 238, 250
Air pollution, 4, 90, 93-97, 273
Alewife, 98, 100, 101, 102
Algal blooms, see Cultural eutrophication
Alkalinity, 91, 270-271
research studies, 43
Aluminum, 208
American Fisheries Society, 59
American Institute of Hydrology, 170-171
American Society of Limnology and Oceanography (ASLO), 29, 31, 54, 56, 59, 205, 213, 230, 345
Andrews, H. J., Experimental Forest (HJAEF), 147, 149, 163, 284-285
Anions, 270
Apalachicola-Chattachoochee-Flint River Basin, 295
Applied research, 175, 176, 247-255
Arizona State University, 124, 145, 146, 330
Artificial channels, 195
Artificial ponds, 186
Atchafalaya Delta, 67
Atmospheric transport and deposition, 17, 19, 90, 93-94, 98, 273
B
Bachelor's degree, see Undergraduate education
Bacteria, 268, 270
Baseline data collection, 21, 37, 237
Basic research, 7, 66, 175-176, 257-277
Beavers, 208
Bennett Dam, 67, 68
Benthic organisms, 48, 194, 267-268, 304, 306
Bioaccumulation, of toxins, 3-4, 14, 19, 68, 87-88, 94-97, 208
Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), 78-79, 80
Biodiversity, 210-211, 251-252, 268-270, 293, 304-311
Biogeochemistry, 192, 219, 223
Biological integrity, 289, 290-291, 296-315
Biological sciences, 4, 11, 48, 58-69, 193-194, 222, 224, 226
Biological status and changes, 47, 97-104, 296-298
assessment and monitoring, 289-296, 298-317
exotic species introduction, 97-103
experimental lake studies, 35-36, 37
extinction of species, 103-104
functional attributes, 311-315
metrics and indices, 307-311
nonequilibrium processes, 302-303
seasonal variations, 302
structural attributes, 304-311
time and spatial scales in, 298-302
Biomanipulation, 87, 192
Bioremediation, 210
Birds, accumulation of toxins in, 3, 96-97
Birge, Edward A., 28, 29-30, 184-185, 281-282
OCR for page 356
Freshwater Ecosystems: Revitalizing Educational Programs in Limnology
Blue Plains sewage plant, 14
Boating, 15, 249
Bogs, see Wetlands
Boundary Waters Canoe Area, 19
Bureau of Land Management, 173, 292, 296
Bythotrephes cederstroemi, 100-101
C
Calcium carbonate, 37, 90
Canada
collaborative research programs, 163-165
Experimental Lakes Area (ELA), 76, 83, 91, 148, 163-165, 188-189, 254, 281
fish contamination, 94, 97
Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science, 55, 205
Carbon and carbon dioxide (CO2), 74
as cause of eutrophication, 83-84, 86
cycling of, 68, 70, 188-189, 197, 237
Careers, see Employment opportunities
Cations, 270-271
Center for Great Lakes Studies, 147-148
Certification, professional, 7-8, 170-172, 176
CFSTR (continuous-flow, stirred-tank reactor), 190
Chemical budgets, 207
Chemical changes and regulation, 77-97, 210-211, 270-274
and acid rain, 88, 90-93
and air pollution, 90, 93-97
anions and cations, 270-271
and climate change, 273-274
detrital organic material, 272-273
experimental lake studies, 35
long-range transport and deposition, 19, 273
stream studies, 46, 48
trace metals, 93-97, 208, 271-272
and waste discharges, 78-88
Chemistry, 44, 192
Classification of inland waters, 258-260
lakes, 31, 185
rivers and streams, 48, 194
Clean Water Act, 1, 2, 4, 10, 13, 292, 294-295, 296
Lake Erie recovery under, 16-17
and point-source discharges, 15, 80-81
Potomac River improvements under, 14
state water quality assessments, 248-249, 250, 294
wetlands provisions, 10, 72, 240
Climate change, 74-77, 273-274, 298
research, 3, 209
wetlands impacts, 76-77, 209, 211, 242
see also Greenhouse gases
Coarse-filter approach, 251-252
Coarse particulate organic matter, 272
Columbia River Basin, 17, 293, 296, 301
Committee on Aquaculture, 31
Conservancies, 155-156
Continuing education, 8, 168-169
Cooperative and collaborative programs
among professional societies, 173-174, 176, 213
student internships, 6-7, 165-167
see also Interdisciplinary programs
Copper, 269-270, 306
Coweeta Experimental Forest, 149, 284
Cultural eutrophication, 20, 81-87, 297
carbon-phosphorus controversy, 83-84, 86, 189
control and prevention, 3, 83-84, 85, 87
research programs, 36-37, 43, 81-84, 87, 188, 206, 281
role of phosphorus in, 16, 83-84, 86, 103, 189, 190, 281
Curriculum, 134-147, 223-231
doctoral programs, 144-145, 229-230
laboratory and field methods, 139-142
master of science programs, 7, 142-144, 229-230
postdoctoral programs, 145-147
reforms, 127-128, 213
synthesis courses, 137, 139
undergraduate programs, 134-142, 227, 228
for wetlands study, 234-243
see also Introductory courses
Cycling of elements
carbon, 68, 70, 188-189, 197, 237
greenhouse gases, 51, 71, 74, 197
nutrients, 49, 192, 196, 204, 211, 301, 313
D
Dams and reservoirs, 3, 17, 46, 66-70, 297
Daphnia, 100
Dartmouth University, 124, 141, 162
DDT, 87, 93, 209, 237, 273
Degree programs, see Doctoral (Ph.D.) programs;
Graduate education;
Master of science programs;
Undergraduate education
OCR for page 357
Freshwater Ecosystems: Revitalizing Educational Programs in Limnology
Diel cycles, 264
Dioxins, 87, 93, 273
Dissolved organic carbon, 272-273
Doctoral (Ph.D.) programs, 144-145, 160, 229-230
Drinking water, 13, 14-15
Ducks, 209
E
Ecological energetics, 194-195
Ecological health, 291
Ecological Society of America (ESA), 54, 59, 171, 230, 345
Ecology of Running Waters, The, 48, 49, 194
Ecosystem Center, Woods Hole Marine Biological Laboratory, 159, 283
Ecosystems, 258-261
biodiversity of, 210-211, 251-252, 268-270, 293, 304-311
energy flows, 192-193, 194-195
human impacts, 65, 274-276
lakes as integrated, 25, 27, 183-185
linkages among diverse, 195, 203-213, 219, 266-267
management, 219, 220, 291-292.
species relationships within, 104, 267-269
studies of diverse, 203-214
sustainability, 291-292
Edmondson, W. T., 58, 83, 84, 140, 141, 283-284
Education, 118-119, 151-153, 218-232
continuing and professional, 8, 168-169
current status of, 4-5, 56, 119-127, 223-224
departmental fragmentation, 4-5, 56, 58-61, 119, 124, 126-127, 221, 222-223
field research sites role in, 147-151
interecosystem studies, 213-214
of the public, 6, 8, 152, 174-175, 225, 253
recruitment programs, 232
of resource managers, 6-7, 152, 154, 220-221, 253
student interest in limnology, 5, 55, 121, 328, 330-343
see also Curriculum;
Faculty;
Graduate education;
Undergraduate education;
Universities
Electric power generation, 297. See also Hydroelectric facilities
Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), 166
Elodea canadensis, 102-103
Embodied energy (emergy), 35
Employment opportunities, 155-160
in academia, 155, 159-160
in government, 157-158, 172-173
placement programs, 232
preparation for, 137, 143, 144, 170-172
in private sector, 155-157
in research centers, 144, 158-159
Endangered Species Act (ESA), 291, 293, 296
Energy flows, 35, 192-193, 194-195
Engineering, 44, 222-223
Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP), 294
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 43, 57-58, 173, 212, 248, 249, 293-295
Europe, institutes of limnology in, 31, 128-130, 222, 227
Eutrophication, see Cultural eutrophication
Exotic species, 4, 19, 97-103, 104, 240
Experimental lakes, 35-37, 185-189, 282-283
Canada program, 76, 83, 91, 148, 163-165, 188-189, 254, 281
Experimental Lakes Area (ELA), Canada, 76, 83, 91, 148, 163-165, 188-189, 254, 281
Extinction of species, 17, 103-104, 240
prevention, 4, 293
F
Faculty
adjunct appointments to government agencies, 167, 176
departmental affiliations, 4-5, 44, 45, 119, 131-134, 329
doctoral candidates on, 145
employment opportunities, 155, 159-160
government scientists and managers as, 8, 161
publication activity, 346
strengths and dispersal, 58-59, 328-343
Farms, see Agriculture and farmlands
Federal government
job classification, 8, 172-173, 176
legislative and policy actions, 291-293
monitoring and assessment programs, 293-295
postdoctoral programs, 146-147, 152
OCR for page 358
Freshwater Ecosystems: Revitalizing Educational Programs in Limnology
regional school support, 231
research programs, 7, 43, 57, 222
research scientists in, 144, 158
student internships, 6-7, 152, 166-167
zebra mussel research, 99-100
see also Environmental Protection Agency;
Forest Service;
National Research Council;
National Science Foundation;
Office of Personnel Management;
Tennessee Valley Authority;
U.S. Geological Survey
Field camps, 7, 141-142, 152
Field research
in continuing education programs, 168-169
education in methods, 139-142
in graduate education, 143-144, 150
support, 5, 151, 152
in undergraduate education, 7, 121, 123, 149, 150, 227
see also Research Centers
Fine-filter approach, 251-252
Fine particulate organic matter, 272
Fish and fisheries, 19, 296, 297
accumulation of toxins in, 3-4, 14, 19, 68, 88, 94-96, 97, 208
acidification effects on, 90-91
dam impacts, 17, 67
research, 59, 188, 191, 304-305, 306-307
restrictions, 13-14, 94-95, 96, 248-249
stocking of exotic species, 19, 98-99, 101-102
Flood-pulse model, 50, 196
Florida Everglades, 18, 96
Florida panthers, 96
Fluid mechanics, 192, 264-265
Food chains and webs, 43, 191-192, 208, 211, 219, 224, 283
and eutrophication, 85, 87
and exotic species, 101-102
Forbes, Stephen Alfred, 24, 25, 27, 183
Forel, Francois Alphonse, 25, 26, 184
Forestry and timber harvest, 73-74, 280, 297
Forest Service, 162, 163, 173, 280, 292, 296
Fossil fuels, 88, 90, 93
Fossil studies, 37, 40, 41, 189, 190, 206, 236-237, 262
Fragmentation of studies, 205, 221, 222
within schools, 4-5, 56, 58-61, 119, 124, 126-127, 221, 222-223
Freshwater Imperative, 56
Freshwater Institute, 163
Frey, D. G., 58
G
Generalists, 205, 213
Genetic variation
within ecosystems, 210-211, 251-252, 268-270, 293, 304-311
within species, 269-270, 314-315
Geomorphology, 46, 193, 194
Global warming, see Climate change;
Greenhouse gases
Goldman, Charles, 89
Government agencies
collaboration with universities, 161-165, 167, 176
employment opportunities, 157-158, 172-173
publication activity of limnologists in, 346
research scientists in, 144
see also Federal government;
names of individual agencies;
State government
Graduate education, 55, 123-124, 126, 136, 137, 152-153, 160, 218, 224
curriculum, 7, 227, 229-230
field studies, 143-144, 150
see also Doctoral programs;
Master of science programs
Great Lakes
atmospheric deposition, 93-94, 96-97
exotic species in, 4, 19, 98-102
research programs, 46, 59, 148
role of limnology in management of, 105
and zebra mussel, 4, 19, 98, 99-100
Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement, 16, 105
Great Plains, 209, 231
Greenhouse gases, 74-75
from flooded areas, 68, 70
wetlands role in cycling, 51, 71, 74, 197
H
Hasler, Arthur D., 29, 36, 186, 282
History of limnology, 24-51, 183-185, 219
Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest (HBEF), 149, 162-163, 195, 206, 280
Hutchinson, G. Evelyn, 31, 33, 58, 91, 186
Hydraulic properties, dam and dam releases impacts on, 67, 68
Hydroelectric facilities, 67, 297
environmental managers, 155, 156
Hydrology, 8, 193, 231
Hynes, H. B. Noel, 48, 49, 194
OCR for page 359
Freshwater Ecosystems: Revitalizing Educational Programs in Limnology
I
Impoundments, see Dams and reservoirs
Indiana University, 58, 222
Indicator species, 48, 194, 306
Indigenous peoples, 67, 68, 97
Industrial discharges, 10, 11, 15, 78, 297
toxic releases, 87
Institute of Ecosystem Studies, 159, 175
Interdisciplinary programs, 28, 29-30, 44, 57, 253-255
and interecosystem studies, 203-214
linkages among major fields, 44, 206-207
in universities, 6, 119, 121, 128, 131-134, 151, 213-214, 221, 225-227
Interecosystem studies, 203-214
Intergovernmental Personnel Act, 167
Intergovernmental Task Force on Monitoring Water Quality, 294
Internal alkalinity generation, 91
International Association for Great Lakes Research (IAGLR), 54, 59, 345
International Association for Theoretical and Applied Limnology,
see Societas Internationalis Limnologiae (SIL)
International Biological Program, 50
Introductory courses, 6, 135-136, 138-139, 152
offerings at universities, 55, 328, 330-343
Iron, 208, 271, 276-277
Isle Royale, 93-94
Ivanov, Konstantin E., 52
J
Journal of Great Lakes Research, 55, 59
Journal of the North American Benthological Society, 55, 205, 346
Journals, 54, 55, 59, 60, 173, 205
home institutions of authors publishing in, 346
Juday, Chancey, 28-30, 45, 184-185, 281-282
K
Kent State University, 131, 132, 134, 175
Kentucky Division of Water, 253
L
Laboratory studies, 5, 7, 121, 123, 144, 149, 150, 152, 227
Lake and Reservoir Management, 55
Lake Erie, eutrophication recovery, 16-17
Lake George, New York, eutrophication problems, 82
Lake Laberge, Yukon Territories, 94
Lake Mendota, Wisconsin, 76, 87, 89, 282
Lakes, 24-25, 183
acid neutralization, 90, 91, 206, 282
as chemical reactors, 190
classification of, 31, 185
and climate change, 76, 209
as components of watersheds, 190-191
experimental, 185-189, 282-283
as microcosms, 25, 27, 31, 183-185
paleolimnological studies, 189-190
paradigms for study of, 25-46, 183-193
water quality problems, 2, 13, 15, 250
see also under names of individual lakes
Lake Superior, 93
Lake Tahoe, California, 89
Lake Washington, Washington State
eutrophication recovery, 83, 84-85, 283-284
research center, 283-284
Land-Margin Ecosystems programs, 283
Landscape management, 252-253, 299-300
Land use patterns and changes, 3, 73, 274
Legislation, 291-293
sulfur emission controls, 92-93
see also Clean Water Act;
Endangered Species Act;
National Environmental Protection Act;
Water Quality Act
(Le) Leman: Monographic Limnologique, 25, 26, 184
Limnoenclosures, 37, 188
Limnological Society of America, 31
Limnology, definition of, 1, 11, 12, 181-182
Limnology and Oceanography, 31, 55, 56, 205, 346
Lindeman, Raymond L., 34
Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) program, 149, 150, 212, 254, 280, 282, 283
M
Macroscopic scales, hydrologic processes, 264-265
Mammals, 211
accumulation of toxins in, 88, 96
Management, see Water resources management
OCR for page 360
Freshwater Ecosystems: Revitalizing Educational Programs in Limnology
Manufacturing, see Industrial discharges
Maryland, student internships, 165-166
Maryland International Institute for Ecological Economics, 158
Master of science (M.S.) programs, 7, 55, 136, 142-144, 152-153, 160, 229-230
field studies, 143-144
Mathematical modeling, 44
Mayflies, 268
Mead Corporation, 169
Mentoring programs, 145, 146
Mercury levels, 93, 94-97, 208, 237-238, 250, 273
dam and reservoir impacts on, 68, 69
Mesocosms, 37, 188
Methane (CH4), 68, 70, 74
Methylmercury, 97, 208, 238
Michigan Department of Natural Resources (DNR), 157, 166
Microbial loop, 267
Midwest Benthological Society, 54
Mining, 276-277, 297
Minneapolis, Minnesota, 79
Minnesota, fish mercury levels and advisories, 94-96
Mississippi River, 79
Monitoring and assessment programs, 19-20, 248-249, 255
biological status, 289-296, 298-317
citizen-based, 175, 250
federal, 293-295
Municipal waste discharges, 15, 78, 80-81
diversion to wetlands, 51, 72, 198
toxic releases, 87
N
National Academy of Sciences, 225
National Biological Service (NBS), 173, 293, 295, 296
National Environmental Protection Act (NEPA), 291, 292-293, 295, 296
National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permits, 80
National Research Council (NRC), 146-147, 152
National Science Foundation (NSF), 7, 43, 57-58, 149, 150, 161, 162, 163, 212, 213, 222, 231, 280, 283
National Water Quality Assessment Program (NAWQA), 158, 173, 293-294, 295-296
Native American tribal governments, 158, 166
Naumann, Einar, 31, 32
New York City, drinking water filtration, 14-15
Nitrogen, 84, 85, 89, 90, 93, 210, 237, 238, 271, 273, 281
Nonequilibrium processes, 302-303
North American Benthological Society (NABS), 54, 155, 205, 230, 345
journal, 55, 205, 346
North American Lake Management Society (NALMS), 54, 59, 171-172, 230-231, 250, 345
Northern pike, 208
Nutrient concentrations, 20, 191, 250, 271
cycling and spiraling, 49, 192, 196, 204, 211, 301, 313
dam and reservoir impacts on, 46, 67
see also Cultural eutrophication;
Nitrogen;
Phosphorus
O
Odum, Eugene, 35
Odum, Howard Thomas (H. T., Tom), 34-35
Office of Personnel Management (OPM), 172-173
Oil pollution, 210
Ontario Ministry of the Environment and Energy, 163
Organic matter, 20, 192, 210, 224, 313
as acidification source, 208, 209-210, 211-212
in sediment record, 37, 189
Organochlorine compounds, 87-88, 93, 94, 96-97, 209, 237, 250, 273
Otters, 96
Oxygen concentrations,
and biochemical demand, 78-79, 80
dam and reservoir impacts on, 67
waste discharge impacts on, 20, 78-81
Ozone, 273
P
Paleolimnology, 37-42, 261-262
acidification studies, 40, 92, 306
eutrophication studies, 206
OCR for page 361
Freshwater Ecosystems: Revitalizing Educational Programs in Limnology
sediment studies, 21, 37-38, 40-42, 189-190, 262
wetlands in, 197, 236-237
Patch dynamics, 49-50, 196, 300
Patrick, Ruth, 47
PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls), 87, 93, 237, 250, 273
Peace-Athabasca Delta, 67, 68
Pearsall, William Harold, 53
Peatlands, 207, 208, 209-210, 211-212, 235, 237, 238, 239, 240, 242, 258
Pesticides, 87, 88, 93, 250, 273
Phelps, E. B., 78, 80
Phosphorus, 271
in Lake Erie, 16-17
role in eutrophication, 16, 83-84, 86, 103, 189, 190, 281
Photosynthesis, 263, 264, 312
Physical characteristics and changes, 66-77
and climate change, 74-77
dams and impoundments, 66-70
experimental lake studies, 35
wetlands impacts, 70-73
Physical sciences, 11, 44
Phytoplankton, 263, 269-270
Placement programs, 232
Plankton, 87, 100-101, 263, 268, 269-270, 306
Plants and vegetation, 73-74, 211, 236, 237, 240
exotics, 19, 97-98, 102-103
fossil studies, 37, 40, 41, 190
Plug-flow reactors, 194
Point sources, see Industrial discharges;
Municipal waste discharges;
Waste discharges
Pollen, 40, 41, 190
Pollution, see Air pollution;
Organochlorine compounds;
Toxic pollutants;
Trace metals;
Water quality and pollution
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), 93, 273
Postdoctoral programs, 145-147, 152, 159
Potomac River, 14
Prairie potholes, 209
Predator and prey interactions, 191-192, 219, 224, 267-268
Principal components analysis (PCA), 309-311
Private sector
employment opportunities, 155-157
publication activity of limnologists in, 346
student internships, 6-7, 152
Professional societies, 54, 56, 59, 60, 153, 205, 212-213, 230-231,
certification programs, 7-8, 170-172, 176
composition of membership, 345
cooperation among, 173-174, 176, 213
see also under names of individual societies
Publications, 55-56, 212. See also Journals Textbooks
Public outreach and education, 6, 8, 152, 169, 174-175, 225, 232, 253
monitoring and assessment programs, 175, 250
Purple loosestrife, 211, 240
R
Radioisotope dating methods, 41, 189-190, 206
Radiotracer experiments, 186, 187
Rainbow smelt, 102
Reactor concepts, 190
Recreational uses, 13, 15, 249
Recruitment and placement programs, 232
Red Lake Peatland, Minnesota, 39-40
Regional aquatic science schools, 6, 128-131, 151, 218, 225-227, 231
Regional scales, 31, 211, 265-267
Research
on acid rain and acidification, 43, 91-93, 188, 195, 206, 208, 209, 211-212, 276-277, 280
applied aquatic ecosystems science, 175, 176, 247-255
basic, 7, 66, 175-176, 257-277
on ecosystem linkages, 195, 203-213, 219
employment preparation, 144-145
federal programs, 7, 43, 57, 222
funding and support, 56-58
role in educational programs, 221-223, 225, 229, 230, 231
university-government collaboration, 161-165, 167, 176
Research centers, 30, 161-165, 279-285
employment opportunities, 144, 158-159
Research Experience for Undergraduates (REU) program, 150, 159
Reservoirs, see Dams and reservoirs
Restoration programs, 18, 21, 241
OCR for page 362
Freshwater Ecosystems: Revitalizing Educational Programs in Limnology
Review boards and panels, 7, 205
River Continuum Concept (RCC), 48-50, 195-196, 284, 300
Rivers and streams, 182
classification of, 48, 194
experimental studies, 195
paradigms for study of, 46, 48-50, 193-196
textbook coverage of, 121, 124
water quality problems, 2, 13, 15, 249, 297
Runoff
agricultural, 11, 78, 87, 238, 249, 250, 297
diversion to wetlands, 51, 72, 198, 239
and eutrophication, 17
of toxic pollutants, 87-88
urban, 11, 15, 17, 78, 297
S
St. Paul, Minnesota, 79
Salmon, 101-102
Saprobien system, 48, 194
Sault Ste. Marie Tribe of Chippewa Indians, 158, 166
Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, 159
Sea Grant program, 46, 99-100
Sea lamprey, 98, 101
Seasonal variations, 262-263, 277, 302
oxygen depletion, 206
in sediment record, 189
Sediments and suspended solids
dam and dam releases impacts on, 67, 70
paleolimnological studies of, 21, 37-38, 40-42, 189-190, 262
Sewage discharges, 10, 78, 297
impacts on oxygen levels, 78-81
Shagawa Lake, Minnesota, 39
Siskiwit Lake, 93-94
Societas Internationalis Limnologiae (SIL), 31, 54
Society of Wetland Scientists (SWS), 54-55, 171, 205, 213, 345
Sociology, 274
South Florida Water Management District, 166
Spatial heterogeneity, 265-266
Spatial scales, 211, 265-267, 298-302
Species
biodiversity, 210-211, 251-252, 268-270, 293, 304-311
genetic variation within, 269-270, 314-315
niches in ecosystems, 267-269
in wetlands, 236
State government
employment opportunities, 157-158
federal mandates, 248-249, 250, 294, 295
student internships, 6-7, 152, 165-166
zebra mussel research, 99-100
Stone flies, 268
Streams, see Rivers and streams
Stress-response experiments, 35, 186
Student internships, 6-7, 152, 165-167, 176
Sulfur, 88, 90, 92-93, 210, 237, 268, 273, 281
Suspended solids, see Sediments and suspended solids
Swimming, 13, 15, 249
Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, 129, 130, 133-134
Synergistic interactions, 97, 273, 298
Synthesis courses, 137, 139
T
Teaching, see Education;
Faculty
Temperature, 67, 70, 302. See also Climate change
Tennessee Valley Authority, 158
Textbooks, 55, 121, 124, 206
Thienemann, August, 31, 32, 45
Timber, see Forestry and timber harvest
Time scales, 211-212, 298-302
diel cycles, 264
historical, 261-262
seasonal variations, 262-263, 302
see also Paleolimnology
Total Ecosystem Management Strategies (TEMS) program, 169
Toxaphene, 87, 95, 209, 237
Toxic pollutants, 271, 305-306
algal sources, 270
bioaccumulation, 3-4, 14, 19, 68, 87-88, 94-97, 208
Trace metals, 93-97, 208, 250, 271-272
Tracer additions, 35
Trent University, 121, 123, 140
Trophic dynamics, 31, 34, 185, 191, 192-193, 267
tropical studies, 45-46, 285
Trout Lake Limnological Station, 28, 147, 163, 175, 254, 281-282
OCR for page 363
Freshwater Ecosystems: Revitalizing Educational Programs in Limnology
U
Undergraduate education, 5, 7, 119-122, 159, 170, 218
laboratory and field studies, 7, 121, 123, 149, 150, 227
Unionid mussels, 295
Universities
access to field stations, 328-343
administrative reforms, 5-6, 127-138, 153, 218, 225-232
collaborative programs, 160-169, 176
degrees awarded, 328, 330-343
interdisciplinary programs, 6, 119, 121, 128, 131-134, 151, 213-214, 221, 225-227
publication activity of limnologists in, 346
regional aquatic science schools, 6, 128-131, 151, 218, 225-227, 231
see also Education;
Faculty;
under names of individual institutions
University of Alabama, 123-124, 134, 330
University of Colorado, Boulder, 121, 122, 332
University of Georgia, 158-159, 333
University of Minnesota, 119, 124, 131, 147, 175, 336
University of Notre Dame, 147, 158, 283
University of Washington, 58, 126, 141, 163, 222, 284
University of Wisconsin-Madison, 28-29, 36, 121, 123, 125, 134, 147, 161, 163, 166, 168, 175, 254, 281-283, 342
University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 148
University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point, 120
Uppsala University, Sweden, 129
Urban development, 73, 297
wetlands impacts, 71
Urban runoff, 11, 15, 17, 78, 297
diversion to wetlands, 51, 72, 198, 239
toxic releases, 87
U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), 158, 163, 167, 173, 293-294
Utah State University, 131, 133, 213, 341
V
Vallentyne, Jack, 105
Vollenweider, Richard, 105, 190
W
Waste discharges, 10, 19-20, 78-88, 274
sources, 2-3, 11, 15, 17, 19-20, 78
to wetlands, 51, 72, 198, 207-208, 238, 239, 277
see also Industrial discharges;
Municipal waste discharges;
Runoff
Water and Watersheds research initiative, 57-58
Water budgets, 191, 208
Water Quality Act, 290
Water quality and pollution, 2-4, 10-11, 13-15
assessment of, 19-20, 248-249
chemical parameters of, 270-274
paleolimnological studies, 41-42
recreational impacts, 13, 15, 249
see also Toxic pollutants;
Waste discharges
Water resources management, 220-221
education in, 6-7, 152, 154, 220-221, 253
employment opportunities, 154-158
monitoring strategies, 255
professional development in, 169-175, 230
research needs, 191, 251-255, 274
role of limnology in, 2-4, 104-106, 221
see also Dams and reservoirs
Water Resources Research Institutes (WRRI), 167
Watersheds, 50
management, 3, 155-156, 191, 252
Wayne State University, 141-142
Wetlands, 182, 207-212, 234-237
climate change impacts, 76-77, 209, 211, 242
dam impacts, 67
destruction of, 17, 70-73, 239-240, 250-251
drainage and dredging, 11, 50-51, 71-72, 198, 238
ecological functions, 51, 70-71, 237-238
human valuation of, 51, 70, 197-198, 238-239
management of, 3, 20, 241
''no-net-loss" policy, 72, 241
paradigms for study of, 50-51, 196-198
restoration and construction of, 72, 240-241
species extinction, 104, 240
textbook coverage of, 121, 124
as waste treatment systems, 51, 72, 198, 207-208, 238, 239, 277
Wetlands (journal), 55, 205
White Mountain National Forest, 162
OCR for page 364
Freshwater Ecosystems: Revitalizing Educational Programs in Limnology
Winter, 262-263, 277
Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources (DNR), 89, 157-158, 161, 163, 166, 168, 175
Woods Hole Marine Biological Laboratory, 159, 283
Workshops and symposia, 168, 212-213
Y
Yale University, 33, 58, 222, 343
Z
Zebra mussels, 4, 19, 98-100
Zoology, 224
Zooplankton, 87, 100-101
Items in cart [0]
