Fl, value

100^a

100,000^a

0.08887^b

0.0005^b

F2, persons affected

750,000,000^c

750,000,000^c

1

1

F3, frequency or intensity

O.1^d

0.001^d

3^e

3^e

F4, duration

0.01^f

0.01^f

1

1

F5, contribution to total effect

6 x 10^-13g

6 x 10^-13g

1

1

ELI contribution

0.000045

0.00045

0.266202

0.0015

^a Fl values for the first two unit effects reflect the assessment that the value of "moderate nuisance" is 10² ELU/person-year and that of "painful morbidity and/or severe suffering" is 10⁵ ELU/person-year.

^b Because CO has impacts similar to those of CO₂ and ethylene, the ELIs for these two species are given in the last two columns of the F1 row. By definition, the ELI already aggregates the impact over all pertinent safeguard subjects.

^c The F2 value is the scope of the effect; in this case, an estimated one-third of the global urban population (~2,280 million) is exposed to excessive CO concentrations 1 percent of the time.

^d The F3 values represent World Health Organization estimates that 10 and 0.1 percent of those exposed to concentrations of CO above recommended levels are affected at the nuisance or morbidity level, respectively.

^e The magnitude of the impact of CO is estimated at three times the impact of CO₂ and ethylene, so the F3 term is 3. Other terms are set to 1, because these other effects have already been captured in the ELIs of the equivalent chemicals

^f The F4 values represent estimates that critical levels of exposure to CO are experienced 1 percent of the time.

^g The F5 values represent the incremental effect of 1 kg of CO released. Because global human- caused releases of CO are estimated at 1,600 million metric tons/yr, the incremental impact of 1 kg released is 6.25 x 10^-13.

SOURCE: Steen and Ryding (1992).