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PAPERBACK price:$137.00 add to cart Rights & Permissions Free PDF Access Sign in to download PDF book and chapters Free Resources Display this book on your site! Related Titles Improving the Quality of Long-Term Care The Future of Nursing: Leading Change, Advancing Health Other Related Titles Nursing Staff in Hospitals and Nursing Homes: Is It Adequate? (1996) Institute of Medicine (IOM) Citation Manager Export the bibliographic data for this book in your chosen format Web Search Builder Use this book's key terms to search within this book, across our collection, or across the Web. Skim This Chapter Skim this chapter and use this chapter's key terms to search within this book. Reference Finder Paste in your own text to find books that relate to your topic. Citation Manager . "2 Statistical Resources." Nursing Staff in Hospitals and Nursing Homes: Is It Adequate?. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 1996. Please select a format: Page 277   E-mail Share on facebook Facebook Share on delicious Delicious Share on stumbleupon Stumble Share on twitter Twitter More Sharing ServicesMore The following HTML text is provided to enhance online readability. Many aspects of typography translate only awkwardly to HTML. Please use the page image as the authoritative form to ensure accuracy. 2 Statistical Resources Contents TABLE 2.1   Utilization of Community Hospitals by Geographic Division for Selected Years, United States, 1983–1993     TABLE 2.2   Use of Inpatient Services in Community Hospitals by Persons 65 Years of Age and Over (Medicare population) by Geographic Division for Selected Years, United States, 1983–1993     TABLE 2.3   Number of Inpatient Beds in Community Hospitals by Geographic Division for Selected Years, United States, 1983–1993     TABLE 2.4   Number of Acute Care Beds and Intensive Care Unit Beds as a Percent of Total Beds by Geographic Division for Selected Years, United States, 1983–1993     TABLE 2.5   Number of Community Hospitals Offering Selected Services by Geographic Division for Selected Years, United States, 1983–1993     TABLE 2.6   Number of Community Hospitals Contracting with HMOs and PPOs by Geographic Division for Selected Years, United States, 1983–1993     TABLE 2.7   Percent Change in Selected Hospital Performance Indicators, United States, 1993–1995     Page 277 Front Matter (R1-R16) Summary (1-18) 1 Introduction (19-30) 2 Implications of Population Change (31-41) 3 Evolving Health Care Scene (42-67) 4 Nursing Personnel in a Time of Change (68-91) 5 Staffing and Quality of Care in Hospitals (92-127) 6 Staffing and Quality of Care in Nursing Homes (128-168) 7 Staffing and Work-Related Injuries and Stress (169-188) 8 Epilogue (189-192) Appendixes (193-194) Appendix A: Presentations Made to the Committee (195-196) Appendix B: Liaison Panel (197-198) Appendix C: Separate Statement and Responses (199-204) Appendix D: Acronyms (205-208) References (209-229) Biographical Sketches of Committee Members (230-238) Part II: Resources for the Study (239-240) 1 Study Activities (241-276) 2 Statistical Resources (277-305) 3 Commissioned Papers (306-307) Quality of Care, Organizational Variables, and Nurse Staffing (308-332) Professional Nursing Education - Today and Tomorrow (333-360) Nursing Staff and Quality of Care in Nursing Homes (361-425) Quality of Care and Nursing Staff in Nursing Homes (426-452) Nursing Facility Quality, Staffing, and Economic Issues (453-502) Nursing Injury, Stress, and Nursing Care (503-532) Index (533-542)

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--> 2 Statistical Resources Contents TABLE 2.1   Utilization of Community Hospitals by Geographic Division for Selected Years, United States, 1983–1993     TABLE 2.2   Use of Inpatient Services in Community Hospitals by Persons 65 Years of Age and Over (Medicare population) by Geographic Division for Selected Years, United States, 1983–1993     TABLE 2.3   Number of Inpatient Beds in Community Hospitals by Geographic Division for Selected Years, United States, 1983–1993     TABLE 2.4   Number of Acute Care Beds and Intensive Care Unit Beds as a Percent of Total Beds by Geographic Division for Selected Years, United States, 1983–1993     TABLE 2.5   Number of Community Hospitals Offering Selected Services by Geographic Division for Selected Years, United States, 1983–1993     TABLE 2.6   Number of Community Hospitals Contracting with HMOs and PPOs by Geographic Division for Selected Years, United States, 1983–1993     TABLE 2.7   Percent Change in Selected Hospital Performance Indicators, United States, 1993–1995    

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--> TABLE 2.8   Number of Registered Nurses as a Percent of Total Nursing Personnel by Geographic Division for Selected Years, United States, 1983–1993     TABLE 2.9   Number of Full-Time Equivalent (FTE) Personnel in Community Hospitals by Geographic Division for Selected Years, United States, 1983–1993     TABLE 2.10   Number of Registered Nurses per 1,000 Admissions by Geographic Division for Selected Years, United States, 1983–1993     TABLE 2.11   Number of Registered Nurse Full-Time Equivalents (FTE) per 100 Adjusted Average Daily Census by Geographic Division for Selected Years, United States, 1983–1993     TABLE 2.12   Number of Registered Nurse (RN) Basic Education Programs, Enrollments, and Graduations and Percent Change, United States, 1983–1993     TABLE 2.13   Percent Distribution of Registered Nurse (RN) Basic Education Programs, Enrollments, and Graduations, United States, 1983–1993     TABLE 2.14   Number of Licensed Practical Nurse (LPN) Education Programs, Enrollments, and Graduations and Percent Change, United States, 1983–1993     TABLE 2.15   Employment in Selected Health Occupations, United States, 1983–1993    

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--> TABLE 2.1 Utilization of Community Hospitals by Geographic Division for Selected Years, United States, 1983–1993   Year Average Annual Percent Change   1983 1984 1987 1990 1991 1992 1993 1983–1984 1984–1987 1987–1990 1992–1993 1990–1993 1983–1993   Number Total hospitals U.S. total 5,783 5,759 5,611 5,384 5,342 5,292 5,261 -0.4 -0.9 -1.4 -0.6 -0.8 -0.9 Metropolitan 3,070 3,063 3,012 2,924 2,921 3,007 3,012 -0.2 -0.6 -1.0 0.2 1.0 -0.2 Nonmetropolitan 2,713 2,696 2,599 2,460 2,421 2,285 2,249 -0.6 -1.2 -1.8 -1.6 -2.9 -1.7 Geographic divisions New England 251 249 243 229 228 230 227 -0.8 -0.8 -2.0 -1.3 -0.3 -1.0 Middle Atlantic 608 603 586 568 563 560 561 -0.8 -0.9 -1.0 0.2 -0.4 -0.8 South Atlantic 820 823 827 803 801 790 790 0.4 0.2 -1.0 0.0 -0.5 -0.4 E. North Central 900 888 852 818 819 813 809 -1.3 -1.4 -1.3 -0.5 -0.4 -1.0 E. South Central 488 491 481 464 461 454 449 0.6 -0.7 -1.2 -1.1 -1.1 -0.8 W. North Central 796 792 767 742 726 722 714 -0.5 -1.1 -1.1 -1.1 -1.3 -1.0 W. South Central 845 842 810 765 758 746 743 -0.4 -1.3 -1.9 -0.4 -1.0 -1.2 Mountain 371 371 373 355 353 352 350 0.0 0.2 -1.6 -0.6 -0.5 -0.6 Pacific 704 700 672 640 633 625 618 -0.6 -1.4 -1.6 -1.1 -1.1 -1.2   Number (in millions) Total admissions U.S. total 36.152 35.155 31.601 31.181 31.064 31.034 30.748 -2.8 -3.5 -0.4 -0.9 -0.5 -1.5 Metropolitan 28.284 27.706 25.601 25.490 25.508 25.885 25.751 -2.0 -2.6 -0.1 -0.5 0.3 -0.9 Nonmetropolitan 7.868 7.449 6.000 5.691 5.556 5.149 4.997 -5.3 -7.0 -1.7 -3.0 -4.1 -3.6

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-->   Year Average Annual Percent Change   1983 1984 1987 1990 1991 1992 1993 1983–1984 1984–1987 1987–1990 1992–1993 1990–1993 1983–1993   Number (in millions) Geographic divisions New England 1.793 1.772 1.615 1.621 1.625 1.638 1.603 -1.2 -3.0 0.1 -2.1 -0.4 -1.1 Middle Atlantic 5.728 5.710 5.363 5.249 5.282 5.316 5.294 -0.3 -2.1 -0.7 -0.4 0.3 -0.8 South Atlantic 6.042 5.919 5.456 5.512 5.452 5.489 5.503 -2.0 -2.7 0.3 0.3 -0.0 -0.9 E. North Central 6.695 6.450 5.640 5.404 5.363 5.295 5.222 -3.7 -4.4 -1.4 -1.4 -1.1 -2.2 E. South Central 2.852 2.738 2.377 2.323 2.286 2.272 2.256 -4.0 -4.6 -0.8 -0.7 -1.0 -2.1 W. North Central 3.006 2.808 2.398 2.335 2.309 2.268 2.200 -6.6 -5.1 -0.9 -3.0 -1.9 -2.7 W. South Central 4.247 4.088 3.382 3.322 3.299 3.298 3.267 -3.7 -6.1 -0.6 -0.9 -0.6 -2.3 Mountain 1.604 1.546 1.434 1.426 1.451 1.444 1.431 -3.6 -2.5 -0.2 -0.9 0.1 -1.1 Pacific 4.184 4.125 3.935 3.990 3.998 4.014 3.974 -1.4 -1.6 0.5 -1.0 -0.1 -0.5   Number of days (in millions) Total inpatient days U.S. total 273.2 256.6 227.0 226.0 222.9 221.0 215.9 -6.1 -4.0 -0.1 -2.3 -1.5 -2.1 Metropolitan 216.6 205.0 183.3 182.6 180.0 180.7 176.5 -5.4 -3.7 -0.1 -2.3 -1.1 -1.9 Nonmetropolitan 56.6 51.6 43.7 43.4 42.9 40.3 39.3 -8.8 -5.4 -0.2 -2.5 -3.1 -3.1 Geographic divisions New England 14.6 14.1 12.2 12.0 11.7 11.5 11.2 -3.4 -4.7 -0.5 -2.6 -2.2 -2.3 Middle Atlantic 50.9 49.9 44.5 45.8 45.5 46.4 46.3 -2.0 -3.7 1.0 -0.2 0.4 -0.9 South Atlantic 45.1 42.0 38.6 38.8 38.6 38.5 37.7 -6.9 -2.8 0.2 -2.1 -0.9 -1.6 E. North Central 52.7 48.3 40.2 38.6 37.7 36.5 35.3 -8.3 -5.9 -1.3 -3.3 -2.8 -3.3 E. South Central 20.3 18.6 16.2 16.2 15.9 15.9 15.5 -8.4 -4.5 0.0 -2.5 -1.4 -2.4 W. North Central 24.8 22.5 20.0 19.6 19.3 19.0 18.2 -9.3 -3.9 -0.7 -4.2 -2.4 -2.7

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--> W. South Central 27.7 25.6 21.4 21.5 21.1 20.9 20.4 -7.6 -5.8 0.2 -2.4 -1.7 -2.6 Mountain 10.7 10.0 9.2 9.3 9.2 9.0 8.9 -6.5 -2.7 0.4 -1.1 -1.4 -1.7 Pacific 26.5 25.6 24.8 24.2 23.8 23.4 22.5 -3.4 -1.1 -0.8 -3.8 -2.3 -1.5   Number of days Average length of stay U.S. total 7.55 7.29 7.18 7.24 7.17 7.13 7.03 -3.4 -0.5 0.3 -1.4 -1.0 -0.7 Metropolitan 7.65 7.40 7.16 7.16 7.06 6.98 6.84 -3.3 -1.1 0.0 -1.9 -1.5 -1.1 Nonmetropolitan 7.16 6.97 7.28 7.61 7.66 7.90 7.86 -2.7 1.5 1.5 -0.5 1.1 1.0 Geographic divisions New England 8.11 7.83 7.63 7.50 7.31 7.19 7.00 -3.4 -0.9 -0.5 -2.6 -2.2 -1.4 Middle Atlantic 8.93 8.75 8.24 8.81 8.58 8.75 8.74 -2.0 -2.0 2.2 -0.2 -0.3 -0.2 South Atlantic 7.52 7.12 7.02 7.05 7.02 7.00 6.85 -5.3 -0.5 0.2 -2.1 -0.9 -0.9 E. North Central 7.87 7.55 7.18 7.15 6.98 6.89 6.79 -4.1 -1.7 -0.1 -1.4 -1.7 -1.4 E. South Central 7.00 6.89 6.75 7.04 6.91 6.91 6.74 -1.6 -0.7 1.4 -2.5 -1.4 -0.4 W. North Central 8.27 8.04 8.33 8.52 8.39 8.26 8.27 -2.8 1.2 0.7 0.1 -1.0 0.0 W. South Central 6.60 6.24 6.29 6.52 6.39 6.33 6.18 -5.3 0.3 1.2 -2.4 -1.7 -0.6 Mountain 6.69 6.67 6.57 6.64 6.13 6.43 6.36 -0.3 -0.5 0.4 -1.1 -1.4 -0.5 Pacific 6.31 6.24 6.36 6.05 5.95 5.85 5.63 -1.0 0.6 -1.6 -3.8 -2.3 -1.1   SOURCE: American Hospital Association, Annual Surveys, 1983–1993, special tabulations.

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--> TABLE 2.2 Use of Inpatient Services in Community Hospitals by Persons 65 Years of Age and Over (Medicare Population) by Geographic Division for Selected Years, United States, 1983–1993   Year Average Annual Percent Change   1983 1984 1987 1990 1991 1992 1993 1983–1984 1984–1987 1987–1990 1992–1993 1990–1993 1983–1993   Number (in millions) Discharges U.S. total 11.562 11.462 10.295 10.693 10.776 11.127 11.354 -0.9 -3.5 1.3 2.0 2.1 -0.2 Metropolitan 8.673 8.680 8.022 8.382 8.505 8.931 9.152 0.0 -2.6 1.5 2.5 3.1 0.6 Nonmetropolitan 2.889 2.782 2.273 2.311 2.271 2.196 2.202 -3.7 -6.5 0.6 0.3 -1.6 -2.4 Geographic divisions New England 0.613 0.625 0.544 0.568 0.598 0.616 0.634 2.0 -4.5 1.4 2.9 3.9 0.3 Middle Atlantic 1.811 1.855 1.777 1.819 1.852 1.905 1.950 2.4 -1.4 0.8 2.4 2.4 0.8 South Atlantic 2.008 1.975 1.800 1.879 1.899 2.011 2.083 -1.6 -3.0 1.4 3.6 3.6 0.4 E. North Central 2.056 2.059 1.831 1.873 1.908 1.950 1.984 0.1 -3.8 0.8 1.7 2.0 -0.4 E. South Central 0.940 0.908 0.827 0.859 0.850 0.861 0.882 -3.4 -3.1 1.3 2.4 0.9 -0.6 W. North Central 1.070 1.015 0.837 0.880 0.897 0.913 0.906 -5.1 -6.2 1.7 -0.8 1.0 -1.5 W. South Central 1.288 1.247 1.043 1.134 1.114 1.161 1.178 -3.2 -5.8 2.8 1.5 1.3 -0.9 Mountain 0.465 0.462 0.428 0.458 0.449 0.463 0.476 -0.6 -2.5 2.3 2.8 1.3 0.2 Pacific 1.312 1.314 1.206 1.225 1.209 1.247 1.261 0.2 -2.8 0.5 1.1 1.0 -0.4   Number of days (in millions) Inpatient Days U.S. total 115.1 106.7 92.1 97.2 96.7 97.1 95.7 -7.3 -4.8 1.8 -1.4 -0.5 -1.7 Metropolitan 90.2 84.7 74.8 79.1 79.0 80.2 79.3 -6.1 -4.1 1.9 -1.1 0.0 -1.2 Nonmetropolitan 24.9 22.0 17.3 18.1 17.7 16.9 16.4 -11.6 -7.7 1.5 -3.0 -3.1 -3.4

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--> Geographic divisions New England 6.7 6.6 5.6 5.8 5.7 5.8 5.6 -1.5 -5.3 1.2 -3.4 -1.1 -1.6 Middle Atlantic 22.2 21.9 19.4 20.7 20.5 20.9 21.1 -1.4 -4.0 2.2 1.0 0.6 -0.5 South Atlantic 19.3 17.6 16.0 17.0 16.9 17.3 17.0 -8.8 -3.1 2.0 -1.7 0.0 -1.2 E. North Central 21.7 19.8 16.3 16.7 16.5 16.4 16.1 -8.8 -6.3 0.8 -1.8 -1.2 -2.6 E. South Central 8.6 7.8 6.8 7.3 7.3 7.3 7.2 -9.3 -4.5 2.4 -1.4 -0.5 -1.6 W. North Central 10.4 8.9 7.2 7.7 7.6 7.7 7.4 -14.4 -6.8 2.3 -3.9 -1.3 -2.9 W. South Central 11.1 10.1 8.4 9.4 9.4 9.5 9.4 -9.0 -6.0 3.8 -1.1 0.0 -1.5 Mountain 4.0 3.7 3.2 3.4 3.4 3.3 3.3 -7.5 -4.7 2.0 0.0 -1.0 -1.8 Pacific 11.1 10.3 9.3 9.2 9.1 9.0 8.6 -7.2 -3.3 -0.4 -4.4 -2.2 -2.3   Number of days Average length of stay U.S. total 10.0 9.3 8.9 9.1 9.0 8.7 8.4 -6.5 -1.3 0.5 -3.4 -2.4 -1.5 Metropolitan 10.4 9.8 9.3 9.4 9.3 9.0 8.7 -6.2 -1.5 0.4 -3.5 -2.7 -1.7 Nonmetropolitan 8.6 7.9 7.6 7.8 7.8 7.7 7.4 -8.2 -1.3 1.0 -3.2 -1.6 -1.4 Geographic divisions New England 10.9 10.6 10.3 10.2 9.5 9.4 8.8 -3.4 -0.8 -0.3 -6.2 -4.5 -1.9 Middle Atlantic 12.3 11.8 10.9 11.4 11.1 11.0 10.8 -3.7 -2.6 1.4 -1.4 -1.6 -1.2 South Atlantic 9.6 8.9 8.9 9.0 8.9 8.6 8.2 -7.3 -0.0 0.6 -5.1 -3.3 -1.5 E. North Central 10.6 9.6 8.9 8.9 8.6 8.4 8.1 -8.9 -2.5 0.0 -3.5 -3.0 -2.3 E. South Central 9.1 8.6 8.2 8.5 8.6 8.5 8.2 -6.1 -1.4 1.1 -3.7 -1.3 -1.1 W. North Central 9.7 8.8 8.6 8.8 8.5 8.4 8.2 -9.8 -0.6 0.6 -3.2 -2.2 -1.6 W. South Central 8.6 8.1 8.1 8.3 8.4 8.2 8.0 -6.0 -0.2 1.0 -2.5 -1.2 -0.7 Mountain 8.6 8.0 7.5 7.4 7.6 7.1 6.9 -6.9 -2.3 -0.2 -2.7 -2.2 -1.9 Pacific 8.5 7.8 7.7 7.5 7.5 7.2 6.8 -7.3 -0.5 -0.9 -5.5 -3.1 -1.9   SOURCE: American Hospital Association, Annual Surveys, 1983–1993, special tabulations.

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--> TABLE 2.3 Number of Inpatient Beds in Community Hospitals by Geographic Divisions for Selected Years, United States, 1983–1993   Year Average Annual Percent Change   1983 1984 1987 1990 1991 1992 1993 1983–1984 1984–1987 1987–1990 1992–1993 1990–1993 1983–1993 Total beds U.S. total 1,020,378 1,012,611 954,977 928,055 923,861 921,294 916,227 -0.8 -1.9 -0.9 -0.5 -0.4 -1.0 Metropolitan 785,066 781,024 738,552 721,743 719,284 728,809 726,704 -0.5 -1.8 -0.8 -0.3 0.2 -0.7 Nonmetropolitan 235,312 231,587 216,425 206,312 204,577 192,485 189,523 -1.6 -2.2 -1.6 -1.5 -2.7 -1.9 Geographic divisions New England 50,794 50,894 46,262 44,214 44,023 43,691 43,053 0.2 -3.1 -1.5 -1.5 -0.9 -1.5 Middle Atlantic 167,614 167,985 156,580 156,218 156,087 159,556 161,790 0.2 -2.3 -0.1 1.4 1.2 -0.3 South Atlantic 165,966 165,374 158,885 158,207 158,744 158,938 159,083 -0.4 -1.3 -0.1 0.1 0.2 -0.4 E. North Central 196,612 191,647 174,812 163,178 160,914 158,588 155,083 -2.5 -3.0 -2.3 -2.2 -1.7 -2.1 E. South Central 75,475 75,053 73,123 71,036 71,140 70,291 69,776 -0.6 -0.9 -1.0 -0.7 -0.6 -0.8 W. North Central 100,267 96,289 90,632 86,810 85,936 85,364 83,671 -4.0 -2.0 -1.4 -2.0 -1.2 -1.7 W. South Central 111,264 112,185 104,719 101,550 101,352 100,406 100,277 0.8 -2.3 -1.0 -0.1 -0.4 -1.0 Mountain 43,587 43,986 42,856 42,254 41,883 41,487 42,130 0.9 -0.9 -0.5 1.5 -0.1 -0.3 Pacific 108,799 109,198 107,108 104,588 103,782 102,973 101,364 0.4 -0.6 -0.8 -1.6 -1.0 -0.7   SOURCE: American Hospital Association, Annual Surveys 1983–1993, special tabulations.

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--> TABLE 2.4 Number of Acute Care Beds and Intensive Care Unit Beds as a Percent of Total Beds by Geographic Division for Selected Years, United States, 1983–1993   Year Hospital Beds 1983 1984 1987 1990 1991 1992 1993   Number Total hospital beds 1,020,378 1,012,611 954,977 928,055 923,861 921,294 916,227   Percent of Total Beds Acute care beds U.S. total 81.6 80.4 78.7 69.2 67.4 66.3 64.3 Metropolitan 82.9 81.5 79.9 69.7 67.8 66.8 64.7 Nonmetropolitan 77.2 76.8 74.6 67.6 66.1 64.6 62.5 Geographic divisions New England 87.6 87.1 87.0 78.6 75.4 74.1 72.6 Middle Atlantic 82.7 81.2 81.6 72.5 71.4 70.0 66.4 South Atlantic 81.6 81.9 79.0 72.6 70.5 68.6 68.8 E. North Central 84.6 83.4 81.1 69.0 67.3 66.4 64.8 E. South Central 82.4 82.4 82.0 69.8 68.7 66.4 62.8 W. North Central 75.5 74.3 73.1 61.8 59.8 59.9 57.7 W. South Central 81.6 79.7 78.8 71.1 69.9 69.2 67.5 Mountain 89.5 74.4 73.2 63.5 59.5 59.6 55.5 Pacific 78.7 75.3 71.1 62.0 59.5 59.0 56.5

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-->   Year Hospital Beds 1983 1984 1987 1990 1991 1992 1993   Percent of Total Beds Intensive care beds U.S. total 7.5 7.8 9.0 9.9 10.3 10.7 10.8 Metropolitan 8.2 8.6 10.0 11.0 11.5 11.9 12.0 Nonmetropolitan 5.0 5.2 5.7 6.1 6.1 6.1 6.0 Geographic divisions New England 7.1 7.2 7.9 8.8 8.7 9.1 9.3 Middle Atlantic 6.8 7.0 7.7 8.2 8.5 8.7 8.7 South Atlantic 7.8 8.3 9.7 11.1 11.7 12.2 12.5 E. North Central 7.0 7.4 8.8 9.8 10.3 10.8 11.0 E. South Central 7.1 7.7 8.8 9.3 9.9 10.1 9.9 W. North Central 6.9 7.2 8.2 8.8 9.0 9.4 9.2 W. South Central 7.2 7.9 9.4 10.7 10.9 11.5 11.9 Mountain 8.1 8.5 9.7 10.7 10.8 11.1 11.1 Pacific 10.0 9.9 10.6 11.6 12.6 12.6 12.4   SOURCE: American Hospital Association, Annual Surveys, 1983–1993, special tabulations.

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--> TABLE 2.5 Number of Community Hospitals Offering Selected Services by Geographic Division for Selected Years, United States, 1983–1993   Year Average Annual Percent Change Service 1983 1984 1987 1990 1991 1992 1993 1983–1984 1984–1987 1987–1990 1992–1993 1990–1993 1983–1993   Number Home health care U.S. total 795 1,167 1,843 1,801 1,798 1,873 2,047 46.8 16.5 -0.8 9.3 4.6 15.7 Metropolitan 501 703 989 943 934 997 1,092 40.3 12.1 -1.6 9.5 5.3 11.8 Nonmetropolitan 294 464 854 858 864 876 955 57.8 22.5 0.2 9.0 3.8 22.5 Geographic divisions New England 51 55 58 40 38 37 45 7.8 1.8 -11.6 21.6 4.2 -1.2 Middle Atlantic 110 124 183 174 173 173 184 12.7 13.9 -1.7 6.4 1.9 6.7 South Atlantic 58 92 199 207 215 225 258 58.6 29.3 1.3 14.7 8.2 34.5 E. North Central 136 198 298 292 292 297 310 45.6 14.6 -0.7 4.4 2.1 12.8 E. South Central 55 80 124 118 119 130 146 45.5 15.7 -1.6 12.3 7.9 16.5 W. North Central 121 214 353 321 316 338 356 76.9 18.2 -3.1 5.3 3.6 19.4 W. South Central 84 164 291 281 289 315 362 95.2 21.1 -1.2 14.9 9.6 33.1 Mountain 53 87 132 147 144 155 176 64.2 14.9 3.7 13.5 6.6 23.2 Pacific 127 153 205 221 212 203 210 20.5 10.2 2.5 3.4 -1.7 6.5 Skilled nursing units U.S. total 752 829 861 1,073 1,158 1,269 1,354 10.2 1.3 7.6 6.7 8.7 8.0 Metropolitan 266 271 345 514 559 660 721 1.9 8.4 14.2 9.2 13.4 17.1 Nonmetropolitan 486 558 516 559 559 609 633 14.8 -2.6 2.7 3.9 4.4 3.0

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--> Year Average Annual Percent Change 1991 1992 1993 1983–1984 1984–1987 1987–1990 1992–1993 1990–1993 1983–1993 U.S. Total 3,535,294 3,619,849 3,676,642 -2.5 1.1 3.2 1.6 2.5 1.9 1,289,465 1,295,271 1,302,840 -4.9 0.2 2.2 0.6 1.4 0.6 840,509 858,909 874,127 0.0 2.8 2.2 1.8 2.6 2.5 165,858 157,220 148,855 -11.0 -5.2 -1.2 -5.3 -3.8 -3.5 278,125 274,015 274,195 -11.9 -3.3 4.6 0.0 0.8 -0.7 New England 200,614 204,786 206,533 -0.5 0.3 1.2 0.9 1.5 0.9 65,168 64,355 64,489 -3.0 -1.4 1.1 0.2 -0.5 -0.5 47,267 47,052 46,855 0.2 0.3 1.3 -0.4 0.3 0.6 6,232 5,786 5,314 -9.9 -8.3 -3.4 -8.2 -7.9 -5.2 11,174 11,049 11,786 -8.5 -2.6 3.2 6.7 0.4 -0.6 Middle Atlantic 641,669 659,512 680,003 0.3 1.3 3.1 3.1 2.7 2.3 224,900 226,717 230,694 -1.4 -0.2 2.1 1.8 1.5 0.9 149,511 154,413 159,494 1.4 1.7 1.9 3.3 3.3 2.4 25,048 23,452 22,303 -7.4 -6.0 -0.6 -4.9 -4.2 -3.4 49,375 47,757 47,582 -5.0 -2.1 3.5 -0.4 -0.5 -0.2 South Atlantic 601,829 615,982 632,779 -2.2 1.9 4.3 2.7 3.1 2.9 232,352 235,593 235,683 -6.3 1.9 3.6 0.0 1.4 1.5 146,992 151,369 153,969 -0.5 5.2 3.2 1.7 2.9 3.8 31,055 29,310 27,704 -11.3 -4.0 -0.2 -5.5 -3.5 -3.0 53,303 53,895 53,059 -14.9 -2.4 7.3 -1.6 0.4 -0.0 E. North Central 646,070 652,507 653,314 -4.2 -0.0 2.2 0.1 1.4 0.6 228,302 225,975 225,234 -6.3 -1.5 1.2 -0.3 0.6 -0.6 154,520 156,805 156,767 -1.0 1.8 1.4 -0.0 1.8 1.5 23,960 21,954 20,198 -14.0 -9.6 -2.5 -8.0 -5.8 -5.1 48,978 46,475 47,528 -12.9 -5.3 2.6 2.3 0.1 -2.0 E. South Central 235,286 246,627 248,865 -3.6 0.7 4.2 0.9 3.7 2.4 92,411 94,328 96,357 -5.8 -0.4 3.0 2.2 3.2 1.1 53,200 55,833 58,086 3.6 4.0 3.4 4.0 4.6 4.7 17,413 17,120 16,541 -10.6 -5.1 1.9 -3.4 -0.4 -2.0 21,686 21,233 21,547 -16.4 -5.7 2.7 1.5 2.5 -1.8

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-->   Year Region 1983 1984 1987 1990 W. North Central FTE personnel 254,313 236,836 246,427 268,978 Nursing personnel 98,918 89,005 90,605 98,024 RNs 56,457 53,870 60,738 64,419 LPNs 18,555 15,950 12,651 12,511 Ancillary nursing personnel 23,736 19,039 16,881 20,886 W. South Central FTE personnel 309,830 296,416 299,223 341,100 Nursing personnel 128,414 121,404 120,232 134,828 RNs 60,066 61,403 66,492 72,898 LPNs 32,821 29,561 26,979 29,099 Ancillary nursing personnel 35,398 30,371 26,558 32,494 Mountain FTE personnel 126,349 122,243 133,244 145,195 Nursing personnel 49,095 47,064 49,330 52,584 RNs 30,790 30,733 34,611 36,790 LPNs 8,460 7,390 5,974 5,875 Ancillary nursing personnel 9,609 8,750 8,526 9,679 Pacific FTE personnel 356,894 356,181 374,724 408,761 Nursing personnel 138,420 135,084 139,239 144,481 RNs 90,268 89,930 97,648 102,745 LPNs 23,093 20,938 17,776 15,734 Ancillary nursing personnel 24,846 23,960 23,389 25,427 NOTE: LPN = licensed practical nurse; RN = registered nurse. SOURCE: American Hospital Association, Annual Surveys, 1983–1993, special tabulations.

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--> Year Average Annual Percent Change 1991 1992 1993 1983–1984 1984–1987 1987–1990 1992–1993 1990–1993 1983–1993 W. North Central 279,526 283,347 280,527 -6.9 1.3 3.0 -1.0 1.4 1.0 99,989 99,393 97,003 -10.0 0.6 2.7 -2.4 -0.3 -0.2 66,007 67,278 66,144 -4.6 4.1 2.0 -1.7 0.9 1.7 12,128 11,360 10,673 -14.0 -7.4 -0.4 -6.0 -4.9 -4.2 21,612 20,476 19,924 -19.8 -3.9 7.4 -2.7 -1.5 -1.6 W. South Central 355,751 370,412 383,415 -4.3 0.3 4.5 3.5 4.1 2.4 139,926 144,688 147,419 -5.5 -0.3 3.9 1.9 3.1 1.5 76,663 81,377 85,990 2.2 2.7 3.1 5.7 6.0 4.3 29,030 28,089 27,037 -9.9 -3.0 2.6 -3.7 -2.4 -1.8 33,790 34,750 33,814 -14.2 -4.4 7.0 -2.7 1.4 -0.4 Mountain 151,922 158,281 166,062 -3.2 2.9 2.9 4.9 4.8 3.1 57,133 56,412 58,368 -4.1 1.6 2.2 3.5 3.7 1.9 39,492 38,918 40,941 -0.2 4.0 2.1 5.2 3.8 3.3 5,851 5,586 5,301 -12.6 -6.8 -0.6 -5.1 -3.3 -3.7 11,503 11,599 11,815 -8.9 -0.9 4.3 1.9 7.4 2.3 Pacific 422,627 428,395 425,144 -0.2 1.7 2.9 -0.8 1.3 1.9 149,284 147,811 147,593 -2.4 1.0 1.2 -0.1 0.7 0.7 106,857 105,864 105,881 -0.4 2.8 1.7 0.0 1.0 1.7 15,141 14,563 13,784 -9.3 -5.3 -4.0 -5.3 -4.1 -4.0 26,704 26,781 27,139 -3.6 -0.8 2.8 1.3 2.2 0.9

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--> TABLE 2.10 Number of Registered Nurses per 1,000 Admissions by Geographic Division for Selected Years, United States, 1983–1993   Year Average Annual Percent Change   1983 1984 1987 1990 1991 1992 1993 1983–1984 1984–1987 1987–1990 1992–1993 1990–1993 1983–1993 U.S. total 19.3 19.8 24.0 26.0 27.0 27.7 28.5 2.8 6.6 2.6 2.8 3.2 4.8 Metropolitan 21.0 21.5 25.4 27.2 28.3 28.7 29.2 2.3 5.7 2.3 2.0 2.5 3.9 Nonmetropolitan 13.0 13.7 18.1 20.2 21.4 22.8 23.9 5.4 9.5 3.8 4.9 6.1 8.3 Geographic divisions New England 24.5 24.6 27.9 29.0 29.5 29.4 29.3 1.4 3.4 1.2 1.9 0.3 1.9 Middle Atlantic 22.6 22.9 25.4 27.9 28.2 29.1 30.1 1.8 3.9 2.8 3.8 2.6 3.3 South Atlantic 18.6 18.8 23.5 25.8 26.7 27.5 28.0 1.6 8.1 2.9 1.4 2.9 5.1 E. North Central 20.4 21.1 25.4 27.5 28.6 29.6 30.1 2.7 6.5 2.8 1.4 3.2 4.8 E. South Central 13.6 15.2 19.2 22.2 23.1 24.3 25.3 7.9 9.1 4.2 4.8 4.6 8.5 W. North Central 18.8 19.2 25.3 28.0 28.7 29.3 30.1 2.1 9.8 2.8 1.3 2.4 6.0 W. South Central 14.3 15.0 19.6 22.1 23.2 24.7 26.1 6.1 9.5 3.8 6.8 6.0 8.2 Mountain 19.2 20.5 24.7 26.3 26.3 27.8 29.2 3.4 6.7 2.3 6.1 3.8 5.2 Pacific 21.5 21.9 25.0 25.7 26.7 26.5 26.5 1.1 4.5 1.3 1.2 1.0 2.3   SOURCE: American Hospital Association, Annual Surveys, 1983–1993, special tabulations.

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--> TABLE 2.11 Number of Registered Nurse Full-Time-Equivalents (FTE) per 100 Adjusted Average Daily Census by Geographic Division for Selected Years, United States 1983–1993   Year Average Annual Percent Change   1983 1984 1987 1990 1991 1992 1993 1983–1984 1984–1987 1987–1990 1992–1993 1990–1993 1983–1993 U.S. Total 80.82 85.06 97.82 99.65 102.48 103.81 105.55 5.2 4.8 0.6 1.7 1.9 2.6 Metropolitan 86.95 91.16 105.05 107.72 111.09 112.25 114.34 4.8 4.8 0.8 1.9 2.0 2.9 Nonmetropolitan 57.44 61.08 69.21 68.64 69.90 70.14 71.05 6.3 4.3 -0.3 1.3 1.2 2.2 Geographic divisions New England 90.04 92.27 101.08 102.14 104.80 104.79 105.29 2.5 3.1 0.3 0.5 1.0 1.6 Middle Atlantic 78.51 80.68 89.78 89.22 91.11 91.91 93.93 2.8 3.6 -0.2 2.2 1.7 1.9 South Atlantic 79.12 83.57 99.57 103.61 105.30 107.05 108.35 5.6 6.0 1.3 1.2 1.5 3.3 E. North Central 81.83 87.27 102.27 104.06 107.75 110.27 111.02 6.6 5.4 0.6 0.7 2.2 3.2 E. South Central 64.14 71.29 86.06 89.81 92.52 95.28 97.95 11.1 6.5 1.4 2.8 2.9 4.5 W. North Central 73.42 76.20 89.06 90.10 90.92 91.53 91.23 3.8 5.3 0.4 -0.3 0.4 2.3 W. South Central 70.58 76.95 93.00 96.43 100.21 105.68 110.39 9.0 6.5 1.2 4.4 4.6 4.7 Mountain 90.56 95.44 108.84 107.89 113.81 113.13 116.31 5.4 4.5 -0.3 2.8 2.6 2.6 Pacific 105.82 108.61 115.02 118.51 123.39 120.99 123.55 2.6 1.9 1.0 2.1 1.4 1.6   SOURCE: American Hospital Association, Annual Surveys, 1983–1993, special tabulations.

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--> TABLE 2.12 Number of Registered Nurse (RN) Basic Education Programs, Enrollments, and Graduations and Percent Change, United States, 1983–1993   Total RN Programs Baccalaureate Programs Associate Degree Programs Diploma Programs Academic Year Number Percent Change Number Percent Change Number Percent Change Number Percent Change Programs 1983 1,466 — 421 — 764 — 281 — 1984 1,477 0.8 427 1.4 777 1.7 273 -2.8 1985 1,473 -0.2 441 3.3 776 -0.1 256 -6.2 1986 1,469 -0.3 455 3.2 776 0.0 238 -7.0 1987 1,465 -0.3 467 2.6 789 1.7 209 -12.2 1988 1,442 -1.6 479 2.6 792 0.3 171 -18.7 1989 1,457 1.0 488 1.9 812 2.5 157 -8.2 1990 1,470 0.9 489 0.2 829 2.1 152 -3.2 1991 1,484 1.0 501 2.4 838 1.1 145 -4.6 1992 1,484 0.0 501 0 848 1.2 135 -6.9 1993 1,493 0.6 507 1.2 857 1.1 129 -4.4

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--> Enrollments 1982–83 250,553 — 98,941 — 109,605 — 42,007 — 1983–84 237,232 -5.3 95,008 -4.0 104,968 -4.2 37,256 -11.3 1984–85 217,955 -8.1 91,020 -4.2 96,756 -7.8 30,179 -19.0 1985–86 193,712 -11.1 81,602 -10.3 89,469 -7.5 22,641 -25.0 1986–87 182,947 -5.6 73,621 -9.8 90,399 1.0 18,927 -16.4 1987–88 184,924 1.1 70,078 -4.8 95,986 6.2 18,860 -0.4 1988–89 201,458 8.9 74,865 6.8 106,175 10.6 20,418 8.3 1989–90 221,170 9.8 81,788 9.2 117,413 10.6 21,969 7.6 1990–91 237,598 7.4 90,877 11.1 123,816 5.4 22,905 4.3 1991–92 257,983 8.6 102,128 12.4 132,603 7.1 23,252 1.5 1992–93 270,228 4.7 110,693 8.4 137,300 3.5 22,235 -4.4 Graduations 1982–83 77,408 — 23,855 — 41,849 — 11,704 — 1983–84 80,312 3.8 23,718 -0.6 44,394 6.1 12,200 4.2 1984–85 82,075 2.2 24,975 5.3 45,208 1.8 11,892 -2.5 1985–86 77,027 -6.2 25,170 0.8 41,333 -8.6 10,524 -11.5 1986–87 70,561 -8.4 23,761 -5.6 38,528 -6.8 8,272 -21.4 1987–88 64,839 -8.0 21,504 -9.5 37,397 -2.9 5,938 -28.2 1988–89 61,660 -4.9 18,997 -11.6 37,837 1.2 4,826 -18.7 1989–90 66,088 7.2 18,571 -2.2 42,318 11.8 5,199 7.7 1990–91 72,230 9.3 19,264 3.7 46,794 10.6 6,172 18.7 1991–92 80,839 11.9 21,415 11.2 52,896 13.0 6,528 5.8 1992–93 88,149 9.0 24,442 14.1 56,770 7.3 6,937 6.3   SOURCE: NLN Division of Research, 1994a, Tables 1, 17, and 26 in Section 3.

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--> TABLE 2.13 Percent Distribution of Registered Nurse (RN) Basic Education Programs, Enrollments, and Graduations, United States, 1983–1993 Academic Year Total RN Programs Baccalaureate Programs (%) Associate Degree Programs (%) Diploma Programs (%) Programs 1983 1,466 28.72 52.11 19.17 1984 1,477 28.91 52.61 18.48 1985 1,473 29.94 52.68 17.38 1986 1,469 30.97 52.83 16.20 1987 1,465 31.88 53.86 14.27 1988 1,442 33.22 54.92 11.86 1989 1,457 33.49 55.73 10.78 1990 1,470 33.27 56.39 10.34 1991 1,484 33.76 56.47 9.77 1992 1,484 33.76 57.14 9.10 1993 1,493 33.96 57.40 8.64 Enrollments 1982–1983 250,553 39.49 43.75 16.77 1983–1984 237,232 40.05 44.25 15.70 1984–1985 217,955 41.76 44.39 13.85 1985–1986 193,712 42.13 46.19 11.69 1986–1987 182,947 40.24 49.41 10.35 1987–1988 184,924 37.90 51.91 10.20 1988–1989 201,458 37.16 52.70 10.14 1989–1990 221,170 36.98 53.09 9.93 1990–1991 237,598 38.25 52.11 9.64 1991–1992 257,983 39.59 51.40 9.01 1992–1993 270,228 40.96 50.81 8.23 Graduations 1982–1983 77,408 30.82 54.06 15.12 1983–1984 80,312 29.53 55.28 15.19 1984–1985 82,075 30.43 55.08 14.49 1985–1986 77,027 32.68 53.66 13.66 1986–1987 70,561 33.67 54.60 11.72 1987–1988 64,839 33.17 57.68 9.16 1988–1989 61,660 30.81 61.36 7.83 1989–1990 66,088 28.10 64.03 7.87 1990–1991 72,230 26.67 64.78 8.54 1991–1992 80,839 26.49 65.43 8.08 1992–1993 88,149 27.73 64.40 7.87   SOURCE: NLN Division of Research, 1994a, tables 1, 17, and 26 in Section 3.

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--> TABLE 2.14 Number of Licensed Practical Nurse (LPN) Education Programs, Enrollments, and Graduations and Percent Change, United States, 1983–1993   Total LPN Programs   Academic Year Number Percent Change Programs 1983 1,297 — 1984 1,254 -3.3 1985 1,165 -7.1 1986 1,087 -6.7 1987 1,068 -1.7 1988 1,095 0.4 1989 1,171 6.9 1990 1,154 -1.4 1991 1,125 -2.5 1992 1,154 2.6 1993 1,159 0.4 Enrollments 1982–1983 55,446 — 1983–1984 48,840 -11.9 1984–1985 39,345 -19.4 1985–1986 38,510 -2.1 1986–1987 40,035 4.0 1987–1988 42,808 6.9 1988–1989 46,720 9.1 1989–1990 52,749 12.9 1990–1991 56,762 7.1 1991–1992 59,095 4.1 1992–1993 61,007 3.2 Graduations 1982–1983 45,174 — 1983–1984 44,654 -2.5 1984–1985 36,955 -17.2 1985–1986 29,599 -19.9 1986–1987 27,285 -7.8 1987–1988 26,912 -1.4 1988–1989 30,368 12.8 1989–1990 35,417 16.6 1990–1991 38,100 7.0 1991–1992 41,951 10.1 1992–1993 44,822 6.8   SOURCE: NLN Division of Research, 1994b, tables 1, 13, and 17 in Section 3.

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--> TABLE 2.15 Employment in Selected Health Occupations, United States, 1983–1993   Year Occupation 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987   Number (in thousands) Total, all occupations 92,586 96,748 99,651 101,552 104,184 Health occupations 4,711 4,798 4,920 5,069 5,186 Nursing occupations Registered nurses 1,287 1,309 1,341 1,381 1,489 Licensed practical nurses 576 587 602 620 587 Nurse aides, orderlies, attendants 1,116 1,136 1,164 1,199 1,110 Dental occupations Dental assistants 145 147 150 155 158 Dental hygienists 81 82 84 86 87 Dieticians 35 36 37 38 36 Therapists Physical therapists 49 50 51 53 58 Recreational therapists 26 26 27 28 24 Respiratory therapists 53 53 54 56 53 Health technologists and technicians Clinical laboratory technologists 227 231 236 243 237 Emergency medical technicians 61 62 64 66 73 Nuclear medicine technologists 9 9 9 10 10 Radiologic technologists 107 109 111 114 126 NOTE: Wage and salary workers only. a Home health aides are classified as personal service rather than health workers. If they were included, the change would be 45.2 percent. SOURCE: Bureau of Labor Statistics, Industry-Occupation Matrix.

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--> Year Percent Change 1983–1993 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 107,389 110,059 111,510 110,340 110,746 112,312 21.3 5,394 5,708 5,927 6,202 6,654 6,654 41.2a 1,551 1,635 1,700 1,756 1,820 1,887 46.6 613 610 635 629 654 679 17.8 1,151 1,194 1,234 1,227 1,279 1,324 18.6 165 168 174 175 182 188 29.7 90 92 96 104 108 112 38.3 38 40 42 44 46 47 34.3 61 69 72 75 78 81 65.3 25 27 28 25 26 27 3.8 56 57 60 70 73 75 41.5 246 244 254 257 267 276 21.6 76 86 89 111 114 117 91.8 10 10 10 12 12 13 44.4 131 141 147 155 161 167 56.1

Representative terms from entire chapter:

community hospitals