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Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1997. Schools and Health: Our Nation's Investment. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5153.
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Index

A

Abortion counseling and birth control, 257, 398, 409-410.

See also Teen pregnancy prevention

Absenteeism and tardiness, 24, 35, 67, 73, 160, 174, 189, 193, 397-398

Academic performance

grade retention/repeated grades, 24

health services and, 193, 396-398

health status and, 19, 51

parental involvement and, 25

physical activity/education and, 68, 85, 90-91

poverty and, 24

psychosocial environment and, 65-66

Accelerated schools, 385

ACCESS model of CSHP, 56, 57

Access to health care

health insurance and, 27-28

professional training in adolescent health care and, 28

psychosocial interventions and, 67

school health services and, 7, 15, 158, 196, 217-218, 226, 298, 365 -366, 394

transportation, convenience, and cultural issues, 28

Adolescent and School Health Initiative, 242

Adolescent females, 434-435

Adolescent Parenting Program, 378

Advanced Nurse Education, 436-437

Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, 427

Advocates for Youth, 190-191, 389-390

After-school programs, 37-38, 121

AIDS/HIV prevention, 16, 49, 69, 100, 106-107, 112-115, 119, 207, 242, 248, 403, 436-437, 458

AIDS Prevention Education Curricula, 106-107

Alcohol and drug abuse, 20, 21, 23, 72

Alcohol and drug abuse prevention, 16, 157

access to care for, 28

cost-effectiveness, 122

funding for, 250

health education and guidance, 46, 47, 69, 100, 101, 112-115, 122, 129, 130, 283-284, 314-317, 320-323, 422, 424

model programs, 378

outcomes of interventions, 103, 393-394

physical activity/education and, 68, 85

professional development/training, 118

Student Assistance Programs, 174, 372-373, 394

temperance movement and, 336-337

Alternative schools, 396

American Academy of Pediatrics, 59, 64 n.6, 154, 161-162 n.3, 163, 166, 216, 217 n.7, 219, 221, 241, 463-464, 469, 471

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1997. Schools and Health: Our Nation's Investment. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5153.
×

American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation and

Dance, 59 n.5

American Association for the Advancement of Science, 70n.9, 129, 130-131

American Association of School Administrators, 40, 245

American Cancer Society, 124, 136, 207, 246

American Child Health Association, 43

American College Health Association, 59 n.5

American Dental Association, 241

American Heart Association, 86-87

American Medical Association, 18, 39, 44, 47, 222-223, 241, 245, 298

American Nurses Association, 44-45, 48, 163, 241

American Occupational Therapy Association, 168

American Physical Therapy Association, 168

American Public Health Association, 44-45, 48, 59 n.5

American Red Cross, 207

American School Counselor Association, 154, 162 n.3, 171

American School Food Service Association, 154, 162 n.3

American School Health Association, 44, 45, 48, 59 n.5, 63 n.6, 154 , 222-223

American Speech, Language, and Hearing Association, 168-169

Americans with Disabilities Act, 64

ASSIST grant program, 251

Association for the Advancement of Health Education, 44, 59, 108, 109

Association of State and Territorial Directors of Public Health Education

, 59 n.5

Astoria Plan, 41, 43-44

Audiologists, 169

B

Baltimore, Maryland, 43, 182-183, 191, 298, 386, 390, 394, 397

Beacons program, 185, 382

Behaviors, problem. See also Health behavior change

and adolescent mortality and morbidity, 1, 4, 20-21, 22, 139

CDC priority areas, 20, 101, 132, 141

clusters of, 13, 21, 120, 286-287, 290, 310

and dropout rates, 21

environmental factors in, 5, 117, 120, 127, 140, 272, 279, 357

expectancy values and, 310

family structure and, 26-27

perceived norms and, 260, 310, 359-361

poverty and, 24

survey, 20-21

theory, 286-287, 290, 309-310

Beyond Rhetoric,46

Big Brother/Big Sister organization, 385

Blacks

family structure, 26

poverty, 23

Boards of Cooperative Educational Services, 251-252

Boys Clubs of America, 184, 381

Bright Futures: Guidelines for Health Supervision of Infants, Children, and Adolescents, 18, 299-300

Brookline Project, 189

Brown University, 387

Bureau of Education, 38-39

Bureau of the Census, 20

C

California, 398

comprehensive multicomponent programs, 383-384

Family Resource Centers, 185, 379, 405-406

full-service schools, 387

Healthy Start program, 193, 207, 298, 393-394, 395, 396, 397, 404

school-based health centers, 161, 191, 196, 242 n.3, 374, 400, 403 , 406

School-Community Health Project, 43

Cardinal Principles of Secondary Education, The, 39

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation, 112, 114, 118, 218-219

Cardiovascular Heart Healthy Eating and Exercise, 104-105

Carnegie Corporation, 47, 404

Carnegie Council on Adolescent Development, 67, 245

Carnegie Task Force on Meeting the Needs of Young Children, 23

Case management, 165, 174, 184, 380-381, 398

Cattaragus County Studies, 43

Causes of death, 22-23

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1997. Schools and Health: Our Nation's Investment. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5153.
×

Center for Mental Health Services Research Project, 434

Center for Reproductive Health Policy Research, 395

Center for School Mental Health Assistance, 184

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1

Chronic Disease and Health Promotion, 250

definition of health education, 99

Division of Adolescent and School Health, 46, 54, 64 n.6, 75 n.11, 103, 108, 155, 242, 244, 247-248, 251, 403, 456

funding for school health services, 207, 250

Guidelines for School and Community Health Programs to Promote Physical Activity Among Youth , 4, 64 n.6, 97-98, 139

health education evaluation guidelines, 280

physical education recommendations, 97-98

SHPPS study, 4, 5, 69, 71, 85, 92, 110-116, 132, 135, 138-139, 140 , 141, 153, 155, 163, 182, 297, 373

social morbidity findings, 20, 101, 139, 141

Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 20-21

Child abuse evaluations and follow-up, 155, 156, 378

Child/Adolescent Planning and System Development Program, 434-435

Child and Adolescent Health Policy Centers, 243 n.4

Child and Adolescent Trial for Cardiovascular Health (CATCH), 89, 179

Child Health Organization, 38

Child Nutrition Act, 45, 176

Children's Aid Society, 387, 397

Children's Defense Fund, 245

Children's Health Charter, 299, 300

Christmas Seal drive, 36

Cities in Schools, 184, 380-381

Claude Worthington Benedum Foundation, 458, 462

Clearinghouses, for family support programs, 380

Clinics, see School-based health centers

Closer Look, A, 71, 155, 157, 163, 218 n.8

Coalition of Essential Schools, 386-387

Coalition of National Health Organizations, 59

Collaborative Study of Children with Special Needs, 187, 189

Colorado, 191-192, 243 n.4, 374, 391, 393

Comer School Development Program, 383, 404

Commission of the European Communities, 58

COMMIT trial, 324-325

Committee for Economic Development, 181

Committee on War Time Problems of Children, 38

Communicable disease control, 34, 35, 127

Communities in Schools, 195

Community

definition, 313

health instruction, 112, 114, 118

programs, 14, 51, 316-318, 323-324

Community and Migrant Health Centers, 243, 434-435

Community Health Center Program, 45

Community participation in CSHPs

components, 63, 313, 318-322, 324-326, 353-354

coordinating council, 10-11, 63, 165, 173-174, 240

effectiveness, 74, 121, 313, 318-322, 324-326, 328-329

extended services, 181, 184, 185, 225, 369

goals and objectives, 51, 63, 353

health education, 7, 51, 74, 75, 121, 137, 223-224, 306-311, 313, 316-326

health services, 165, 172, 173, 187, 217, 225-226, 464, 467

historical examples, 37-38, 40, 41, 42, 43

importance of, 41

infrastructure building, 252-253, 259-260, 264-265, 266, 461-462

issues, 326-328

mental health services, 71

mobilization of, 252, 259-260

models, 55-56, 307-308

physical education, 98

policy and administration, 63, 353

practical considerations, 308-309

rationale for, 308-311

research and evaluation, 63, 74, 329

school linkages for, 67, 165, 172, 173, 187, 217, 225-226, 464, 467

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1997. Schools and Health: Our Nation's Investment. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5153.
×

strategic prevention concept, 311-313

theoretical considerations, 309-311

and turf wars, 259, 406-407

Community Partnership Demonstration Grant Program, 432-433

Competitive sports, 4, 88, 94, 139

Comprehensive School Health Program, 436-437

Comprehensive school health programs (CSHPs). See also individual components

ACCESS model, 56, 57

Allensworth model, 56-57

charge to the committee, 2, 17

community participation in, 15, 55-56, 63, 74, 297-298

components, 14-15

DASH models, 46, 54, 247-248

deficiencies, 15, 297-298

definitions, 2, 28, 51-60, 301, 355

effects of, 121, 273, 281, 284-285

eight-component model, 3, 52-54, 64 n.6

family-school-community (Nader) model, 55-56

feasibility, 15, 280

full-service schools, 3, 59

goals and desired outcomes, 2, 16-17, 50-51, 242, 271, 338-339

governance, 405-406, 449

guidelines, 337-355

implementation, 17, 273-274

infrastructure, see Infrastructure building for CSHP

integration of elements of, 60, 74-76, 165, 310-311

international models, 58-59

issues and questions, 29, 402-411

key elements, 2-3, 63-76, 446-447

models, 56, 58, 443-455

organization, 382-384

origin, 1-2, 16

principles, 445

rationale for, 271, 296-297, 308-311, 444-445

school-based versus community-based, 407-408

status, 14-15, 17, 297-298

three-component model, 3, 52, 53

types of services, 452

Conferences, 44-45, 47, 246, 261.

See also specific conferences

Confidentiality of student records, 8-9, 191, 204-206, 227, 256, 390, 419

Conflict resolution, nonviolent, 100, 112, 114, 118, 250, 378, 393 -394

Connecticut

dental services, 375-376

Family Resource Centers, 185, 379

school-based health centers, 374, 407

School Development Plan, 386

school health services model, 199, 202-203, 463-473

vision screening, 35

Consumer health instruction, 112, 114, 118

Controversies

birth control and abortion counseling, 257, 398, 409-410

funding, 207

in health education, 69, 257

historical, 49

management of, 11, 257-259, 409-411

in school health services, 7, 11, 158, 398, 409-410

Cooperative learning, 67

Coordinated Services Project, 242

Coordination of health programs. See also Community participation in CSHPs advisory and coordinating councils , 66, 138-139, 241, 252-254, 263 , 297-298, 386

family services, 73

federal interagency, 238-241, 242

funding for, 73 n.10, 374

historical efforts, 39

psychosocial environment, 67

research, 240

school-based health centers, 398

Cost-effectiveness

health education, 5, 122-123, 140, 327

health services, 400

Council of Chief State School Officers, 47, 108, 240, 245

Council of Europe, 58

Council of Great City Schools, 241

Counseling. See also School guidance counselors; Vocational counseling

mental health, 3, 49, 155, 156, 157, 169, 171-172, 184, 192, 391

nutrition, 155, 156, 158, 176

Creating an Agenda for School-Based Health Promotion: A Review of Selected Reports , 245

Crisis medical situations, 218-219

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1997. Schools and Health: Our Nation's Investment. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5153.
×

Critical Populations Program, Adolescent Track, 432-433

Curriculum

AIDS/HIV instruction, 49

''back to the basics" movement, 46

crowding issue, 141

dissemination of effective programs, 103, 108, 242, 244

health education, 4, 40, 41, 45, 49, 52, 53, 58, 69, 72, 100-101, 103-108, 110-115, 132-133, 139, 258, 284, 288, 342

How to Live with 10-15 Year Olds, 462

implementation of effective programs, 132-133

nutrition, 72

physical education, 37, 52, 68, 84, 85, 88-92, 95, 98, 139, 347-348

social skills, 66, 122

substance abuse prevention, 101

D

Dallas, Texas, 375, 383

Danforth Foundation, 382

Databases, 242, 243 n.4

Day care centers, 375, 385

Death and dying, instruction, 112, 114, 118

Definitions and terminology, 452-453

Committee's definition, 2, 60-62

community, 313

comprehensive school health program, 355

extended services, 181

health, 1 n.1, 354

health education, 99

need for definition, 51-52

previous definitions, 52-60

primary care and primary health care, 154 n.1

school-based health centers, 373

School Health Coordinating Council, 355

school health services, 153

Delaware, 191, 374, 390-391, 395

Delivery of health services

funding for, 248

models/guidelines, 202-203, 417, 419, 447

primary care in schools, 45, 187

regional approaches, 186, 188

Dentists and dental services

controversies, 49

demand for, 365-366

funding, 168, 376

health education, 112, 114, 118

history, 37, 42, 49

models, 376, 459, 467

poverty and, 24

in school-based health centers, 473

standards, 467

types of services, 71, 167-168, 375-376

Denver, Colorado, 191-192, 391, 393

Depression, 16, 28

Dietary behaviors, 112-115, 119

Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 177-178, 243, 460

Diffusion of innovation theory, 310

Disease prevention, 112, 114, 119

District school health advisory councils, 252-253, 297-296

Driver training, 41

Drop-Out Prevention Initiative, 195

Drug abuse, see Alcohol and drug abuse

Dummer Grammar School, 33

E

Eagle Forum, 409

Early and Periodic Screening, Diagnostic, and Treatment Program, 24, 207, 209, 219, 221, 243-244, 402-403, 432-433

Early Intervention Group, 378

Eat Smart School Nutrition Program, 179

Education. See also Health education; Physical education

elements of, 3

importance of, 18-20

Education Audiology Association, 169

Education for All Handicapped Children Act, 45, 214

Education of the Handicapped Act, 168, 187

Educational Service Agencies, 188

Elementary and Secondary Education Act, 45, 48 n.4, 73 n.10, 170, 172, 173, 207, 241-242, 248, 250, 436-437

Elementary school

dental services, 167, 376

extended services, 386

health education in, 5-6, 7, 110-112, 115, 140, 141-142

nutrition, 179

physical education, 93

professional development and qualifications, 141

pupil personnel teams, 371

Emergency Medical Services for Children, 218-219

Employee Assistance Programs, 174

Employment, see Youth employment

Environment, see School environment

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1997. Schools and Health: Our Nation's Investment. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5153.
×

Environmental health, 112, 114, 119

European Network of Health Promoting Schools, 58

Evaluation of programs, see Research and evaluation

Even Start, 172, 380

Extended services. See also Dentists and dental services; School-based health centers

basis for, 181

case management, 165, 174, 184, 380-381, 398

Cities in Schools, 184, 380-381

community role, 7, 181, 184, 185, 225, 369, 381

components, 367, 370

comprehensive multicomponent programs, 382-384

coordination of, 374

definition, 181

effectiveness, 366

Family Resource Centers, 185, 379-380, 398

full-service schools, 3, 59, 185-186, 204, 365, 380, 387-389

funding, 181, 185, 371, 378, 379, 380, 382, 389

goals, 367

issues, 225, 366

mental health centers, 184, 376-379, 391, 394, 395

models, 202-203, 464, 465-467

organization of, 366-389

parental permission for services, 465-467

personnel/staffing, 173-174, 367, 368, 370-372, 377-378, 465

pupil personnel teams, 173-174, 370-372

recommendations, 8, 227

regional approaches, 186, 188, 203

research and evaluation, 227

school reorganization, 66, 385-387

standards, 465-466

student assistance programs, 174, 372-373, 378, 394

success factors, 399-400

target groups, 367, 395

teen parent programs, 384-385

user characteristics, 365-366

youth service centers, school-based, 184-185, 382, 393, 395

Extracurricular activities, 98, 121

F

Family and Community Endeavors, 382

Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act of 1974, 205

Family Planning Program (Title X), 183, 374, 432-433

Family Preservation Act, 48 n.4

Family Resource Centers, 185, 379-380, 388, 398, 403-404, 405

Family Resources Coalition, 380

Family services, elements of, 73-74

Family structure. See also Single-parent households

and health and welfare of children, 18

and school health programs, 16, 25-27

traditional, 26

wages and earnings and, 26

Family support teams, 66-67, 386, 397

Federal Interagency Committee on School Health, 238-240

Federal programs, infrastructure building, 241-245

First aid, 71, 112, 114, 119, 155

Florida

Family Resource Centers, 185, 379, 380

full-service schools, 207, 403-404

Funding for School Services Act, 199, 203-204, 251

school-based health centers, 242 n.3, 374, 391, 392-393, 397, 398-399, 403, 406, 408

School Enrollment-Based Health Insurance concept, 210-211, 298-299

Supplemental School Health Program, 371-372, 392-393

Focus on Youth, 194

Food Labeling Education Program, 436-437

Framingham, Massachusetts, 43

Full-service schools, 3, 59, 185-186, 204, 207, 380, 387-389, 403-404, 406, 407

Funding of school health services

categorical, 203-204, 244-245, 264, 406

controversial, 207

coordination of, 10, 188, 239, 248-251

for coordination of services, 73 n.10

dental services, 168, 376

by excise taxes and penalties, 9, 216, 251

extended services, 181, 185, 203-204, 378-379, 380, 382, 389

federal, 179, 207, 213, 239, 430-442

Great Society and, 46

health care services, 168, 203-204

health education, 248, 250

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1997. Schools and Health: Our Nation's Investment. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5153.
×

health insurance, school-based, 9, 210-212

infrastructure building, 241-245, 248-251, 262-264

Medicaid, 9, 208-209, 212, 213, 214, 219, 221, 402-403

mental health or pupil services, 169, 170, 173, 378, 379

multisource, 188

nonprofit intermediary for contracting services, 213-215

nutrition and foodservice, 175, 177, 179-180, 243

overview, 206-208

personnel/staffing, 248, 250

pooled-fund approach, 213, 263

private foundations, 208

recommendations, 9, 10, 227, 450

research and evaluation, 262-263

school-based health centers, 46, 183, 212-213, 243, 250, 374, 398, 402-405

screening, 209, 219, 221

sources, 9, 183, 207-208, 249, 250, 264, 298-299, 402-405

in standard benefit packages, 9, 216

state and local, 179-180, 207-208, 213, 239, 248, 249

surcharge on health care payers, 215

training and professional development, 248, 250

G

Gallup Organization, 124

Girls Clubs of America, 381

Go for Health, 104-105

Goals 2000: Educate America Act, 48 n.4, 73 n.10, 238

Golden Anniversary Conference on Children and Youth, 44

Great Society programs, 45, 46

Growing Healthy, 104-105, 132

Guidelines

health education, 64 n.6

mental health center, 377

nutrition, 64 n.6

physical activity, 4, 64 n.6, 97

professional training and education, 44-45

tobacco prevention programs, 64 n.6

Guidelines for Adolescent Preventive Services (GAPS)

abuse (emotional, physical, sexual), 426

alcohol and drug abuse, 422, 424

barriers to implementation, 222

clinical applications, 47, 428

confidentiality of adolescent care, 419

delivery of health services, 417, 419

depression/suicide risk, 426

frequency of preventive services, 417-419

health guidance, 47, 417, 418, 419-422

immunizations, 417, 418, 427-428

injury prevention, 421

learning or school problems, 427

nutrition/diet-related, 421, 422-424

overview, 416-419

parental involvement, 419, 420

physical activity, 421

physical assessment, 418, 423-424

primary care providers, 222-223, 298

recommendations, 222

screening, 417, 418, 422-427

sexual behavior and responsibility, 421-422, 424-426

sociocultural sensitivity, 419

tests, 418

tobacco use, 424

topics/health conditions addressed by, 417

traditional approaches contrasted with, 428-429

Guidelines for Comprehensive School Health Programs, 63-64 n.6

Guidelines for Developing and Implementing School-Based Early Periodic Screening, Detection and Treatment Services , 458-459

Guidelines for Health Supervision, 469

Guidelines for School and Community Health Programs to Promote Physical Activity Among Youth , 4, 64 n.6, 97, 139

Guidelines for School Settings, 464

H

Head Start, 45, 48 n.4, 170, 175, 380

Health

aides, 163

centers, see School-based health centers

defined, 1 n.1, 16 n.1, 45, 354

examination surveys, 167-168

guidance, 419-422

information, access to, 16

insurance, 27-28, 67, 160, 161, 165, 210-211, 214, 216, 241, 247, 298, 365

literacy, 4, 102, 137, 138, 139-140

records and medical information, 155, 156

services, see School health services

Health Appraisal of School Children, 40

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1997. Schools and Health: Our Nation's Investment. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5153.
×

Health behavior change. See also Social learning theory

expectations and, 359-361, 362-363

goals and, 361-363

health education and, 5, 103-107, 109-110, 116, 117, 120-121, 122-123, 140, 281, 313-322, 341-342, 356-363

hours of instruction and, 103, 109-110, 115, 135, 140

individual characteristics and, 117, 120

measuring, 271-272

models used in health education programs, 356-363

as outcome measure, 278-279

parental involvement and, 120

peer involvement in prevention and, 120

relapse prevention, 117, 120

school-based health centers and, 7, 190, 191-192, 226, 366, 390-391

self-efficacy and, 120, 357-359, 362-363

skils and, 13, 117, 120, 362-363

social support and, 117, 120

teacher/professional qualifications and, 103, 118-119, 140

Health Care Financing Administration, 208

Health care services, see Access to Health care; Extended services; School-based health centers; School health services

Health education

alternative approaches, 6, 103, 110, 141

barriers to, 309

and behavior change, 5, 103-107, 109-110, 116, 117, 120-121, 122-123 , 140, 281, 283-284, 286-287, 341-342, 356-363

booster sessions, 103, 110, 141, 283-284, 285, 287, 309

cardiovascular, 316-317, 320-321

community role, 121, 137, 223-224, 306-311, 313, 316-326

controversies, 69

cost-effectiveness, 5, 122-123, 140, 327

current practice, 110-116, 140, 141

curriculum, 4, 40, 41, 45, 49, 52, 53, 58, 69, 72, 99, 100-101, 103 -108, 110-115, 132-133, 139, 258, 284, 288, 309, 342

effectiveness, 116-124, 136, 140, 284-285, 316-323

environment for, 135

exemptions from, 112

funding for, 248

GAPS recommendations, 47, 417, 418, 419-422

goals and objectives, 3, 4, 39-40, 47, 52, 69, 81, 99-100, 101-110 , 112, 136, 140, 341

grade level and, 5-6, 7, 110-112, 115-116, 140-141

health services and, 166, 182, 215, 218-219, 223-224, 373, 417, 418 , 419-422

hours of instruction, 103, 109-110, 115, 140, 141, 281-282, 283-284

infrastructure, 457-458

infusion/integration approach, 13, 40, 68, 69-70, 74-75, 98, 111, 112-116, 125-131, 136-137, 138, 176, 180-181

instructional elements, 45, 46, 99, 100-101, 117, 120, 121-122, 126 , 127, 132-133, 141, 285-286, 342

interagency collaboration, 247

issues, 326-328

legislation, 41

literature review, 306

local education agency role, 137

media role, 121, 309, 318-323, 325

models, 307-308

national action plan, 135, 136, 140

national organizations' role, 138

National Science Education Standards and, 129-130

needs, 132-135

outcomes, 103, 116-117, 287-288, 341-342

parental involvement, 101, 117, 120, 318-323, 325, 420

peer-based, 286

performance assessment, 102-103, 108, 141, 240

physical fitness, 98, 112-115, 125, 126, 128, 134, 320-321, 421

policy and administrative support, 135, 239-240, 325, 341

priorities, 4, 101, 138, 139, 140, 141

professional development and qualifications, 5, 6-7, 103, 108-109, 115-116, 117, 118-119, 121, 133-134, 137, 138, 140, 141-142, 343, 457-458

public perceptions of, 123-124, 140

recommendations, 5-7, 135-142

requirements for graduation, 5, 6, 110-112, 140, 141

research and evaluation, 5, 103-107, 116-124, 132, 135, 280-288, 312

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1997. Schools and Health: Our Nation's Investment. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5153.
×

risk-factor specific vs. problem behavior intervention, 286-287

role in CSHPs, 99-139

in school-based health centers, 182, 373, 470, 472-473

Science for All Americans standards, 130-131

sexuality and reproductive, 49, 69, 100, 112-115, 119, 130, 166, 286, 314-315, 318-319, 421

SHPPS findings and recommendations, 110-116, 135, 138-139, 140, 141

sociocultural issues, 117, 121

standards, 4, 5-6, 48, 101-103, 108, 109, 129-131, 132, 135, 136-138 , 139-140, 141, 238-239, 466-467

state education and health agencies, 137

strategic prevention concept, 311-313

teaching/learning materials, 342-343

theoretical framework, 116, 117, 120, 309-310, 356-363

trends, 104-107, 117, 121

Health Insurance Association of America, 67-68

Health promotion

effectiveness of programs, 314-315, 320-321

objectives, 46-47

movement, 38, 117, 121

for staff, 3, 53, 67-68, 352-353, 461

Health status

and academic achievement, 19, 51

nutrition and, 72-73

physical education and, 4, 68-69, 81-82, 83, 84, 139

school-based health centers and, 7

Health Supervision and Medical Inspection of Schools, 39

Health: You've Got to Be Taught, 123

Healthy Caring, 183, 258-259

Healthy Kids Corporation, 299

Healthy Kids: Nutrition Objectives for School Meals, 175

Healthy People 2000 initiative, 22, 39-40, 46-47, 67-68, 83-84, 85 , 99, 102, 112-115, 177-178, 215 n.6, 271

Healthy Schools, Healthy Communities, 48, 243, 280, 434-435

Healthy Start program, 193, 207, 298, 393-394, 395, 396, 397

Hearty Heart, 104-105

High Risk Youth Demonstration Grant Program, 432-433

High schools, see Secondary schools

Hillsdale County Elementary Success Program, 195

Hispanics

family structure, 26

poverty, 23

History of school health programs, 1

lessons learned from, 48-50

1960s to present, 45-48

1700s through early 1900s, 33-38, 82

World War I to 1960s, 38-45

HIV/AIDS Higher Education Consortia, 458

HIV Education Program, 100, 436-437

Hogg Foundation for Mental Health, 383, 404

Home economics, 69, 70, 72, 125, 126, 128, 129

Honeywell Corporation, 384-385

How to Fund Public Health Activities, 215

How to Live with 10-15 Year Olds, 462

Human Genome Project, 127

Human growth and development, 69, 112, 114, 119

Human Services Reauthorization Act, 48 n.4

Human sexuality, 49, 69, 100, 112-115, 119, 130, 166, 409, 421

I

Illinois, 35, 56, 58, 194, 374, 380

Immunizations, 34, 155, 157, 160, 396, 398, 427-428

Improving America's Schools Act, 48 n.4, 73 n.10

Indian Health Service Clinical Services, 432-433

Individualized Education Plans, 50, 155, 156, 168, 177

Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, 168, 170, 172, 173, 187, 207, 210, 242, 244, 248, 436-437

Infant mortality rates, 18

Infrastructure building for CSHPs

advisory and coordinating councils, 247, 252-254, 259-260, 263, 264-265, 297-298

barriers to, 11, 256-259, 298-299, 448

CDC/DASH models, 247-248

collaboration in, 256, 259, 260-261, 298

communications, 250, 263, 298, 448

community or district level, 10-11, 252-253, 259-260, 264-265, 266 , 461-462

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1997. Schools and Health: Our Nation's Investment. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5153.
×

community support mobilization, 252, 259-260

controversy management, 11, 257-259

district school health coordinator, 253

extension service, 10, 251-252, 263, 264

federal programs, 241-245, 451

funding streams, 10, 241-245, 248-251, 262-264, 298-299, 450

health education, 457-458

health services, 247, 253-254, 265-268, 458-459

interagency collaboration, 9-11, 247, 256, 263

Interagency Committee on School Health, 9-10, 47, 238-240, 262

interdisciplinary teams, 254-256, 257, 265, 267-268, 298, 457

leadership, 9, 247

local level, 252-261

mental health and pupil services, 460

models, 456-462

National Coordinating Committee on School Health, 9, 10, 240-241, 262

national level, 9-10, 238-246, 262-263, 266

objectives, 246

nutrition and foodservices, 460-461

personnel training needs, 11, 249, 256-257, 265, 267-268, 449-450

physical education, 459

recommendations, 9-11, 261-268

research and evaluation, 262-263

resources, 249, 259, 449-450

school environment, 460

school level, 11, 253-254, 265-268, 460

state level, 10, 239, 246-252, 263-264, 266, 451

teacher and staff wellness, 461

technical assistance, 251-252, 263, 264

and turf battles, 259, 406-407

Injury prevention and control, 100, 112-115, 119, 218-219, 320-321 , 421

Institute of Medicine

Committee on Comprehensive School Health Programs in Grades K-12, 154 n.1

Committee on the Future of Primary Care, 154 n.1

Instruction

duration, sequence, and timing of, 103, 109-110, 115, 135, 140, 141 , 283-284

health education, 45, 46, 52, 98, 99, 100-101, 103, 109-110, 115, 117, 120, 121-122, 126, 127, 132-133, 135, 140, 141, 283-284, 342

physical education, 98, 348

social skills, 132-133

Instructional materials, 342-343

Interagency Committee on School Health, 9-10, 47, 238-240, 262

Interdisciplinary teams, 171, 254-256

International models of CSHPs, 58-59

Inwood House, 372-373

J

Jackson-Hinds Comprehensive Health Center (Mississippi), 374

Johns Hopkins University, 66, 196, 243 n.4, 386

Joint Committee on Health Education Terminology, 59-60

Joint Committee on National Health Education Standards, 101-102, 129, 131

Jump Rope for Heart, 94

Junior high, see Middle school

Junior League, 184, 381

Just Say No clubs, 378

K

Kentucky, 185, 379, 382, 403, 406, 408

Kiwanis Club, 376

Know Your Body, 104-105, 132, 281, 282

L

Language arts, 69, 70, 125, 126, 127, 128-129

Latchkey children, 26-27

Leadership, 9, 247

Legislation, 41, 45, 48 n.4, 73 n.10, 100-101, 157, 179, 379.

See also specific statutes

Lehigh University College of Education, 381

Life Skills Training, 284-285

Local community

extended service providers, 369

funding sources, 207-208

health education role, 137

infrastructure building, 252-261

process evaluation, 12

Locust Point Demonstration, 43

Los Angeles, 191, 377, 390

Louisiana, 175, 374

Low-income families. See also Poverty

children in, 23

health problems in, 160-161

utilization of extended services, 265-266

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1997. Schools and Health: Our Nation's Investment. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5153.
×

M

Maine, 248, 443-455

Making the Grade, 183, 212, 213, 246, 404

Managed care, 10, 207-208, 211, 213, 214-215, 241, 247, 298-299, 374, 403, 404-405

March of Dimes, 207

Maryland, 43, 182-183, 191, 368, 386, 390, 394

Massachusetts, 34, 35, 82, 251, 374, 376

Maternal and child health agencies, 40, 207, 458, 459

Maternal and Child Health Bureau, 47, 48, 217 n.7, 243

Maternal and Child Health State Block Grants, 183, 213, 243, 244, 250, 374, 402, 434-435

Mathematics, 69, 70, 75, 126, 127, 128-129

Media role, 55, 121

Medicaid, 45, 244

and access to health care, 160

Early and Periodic Screening, Diagnostic, and Treatment Program, 24, 207, 209, 219, 221, 243-244, 402-403, 432-433

eligibility screening, 459

nutrition-related funding, 177

for school health services, 160, 183, 207, 208-209, 212, 213, 214, 243-244, 374, 389, 402-403, 459

Memphis City Schools Mental Health Center, 377-378

Mental health and pupil services. See also Mental health centers

community health linkages, 71, 172, 173-174

counseling, 3, 49, 155, 156, 157, 169, 171-172, 184, 192, 248, 297 , 391, 460

demand for, 365-366

direct services to students, 349-350

education, 112, 114, 119, 125

funding, 169, 170, 172, 173

goals, objectives and outcomes, 3, 71, 349

guidelines, 349-350

infrastructure building, 460

issues, 170-172, 173

mechanisms for providing, 173-174

models, 464, 469-470

need for, 71-72, 297

outcomes, 394

policy and administrative support, 349

poverty and, 160

problem identification and resolution, 222

professional development, 119, 170, 171, 173, 350

psychological, 3, 8, 155, 156, 169-171, 297, 460

recommendations, 8, 226

in school-based clinics, 464, 469-470, 472

social morbidities and, 71-72

social services, 3, 71, 169, 172-173, 222, 460, 472

staffing, 170, 171, 172-173

standards, 170, 173, 464, 469-470, 472

student assistance programs, 174, 372-373

team approach, 66, 67, 171, 173-174, 370-372, 386

utilization, 191, 395

Mental health centers, 184, 376-379

Metropolitan Life Foundation, 123

Metropolitan Life Insurance Company, 43, 283

Michigan, 242 n.3, 374, 395, 407

Mid-Century White House Conference on Children and Youth, 44

Middle school

health education, 5-6, 110-112, 140, 283-284

physical education, 85, 88

psychosocial interventions, 67, 460

school health services programs, 201

substance abuse prevention, 283-284

Milbank Memorial Fund, 43

Minimum Health Requirements for Rural Schools, 39

Minnesota, 192-193, 242 n.3, 384-385

Missouri, 195, 199, 201, 382, 396, 397

Modern Health Crusaders, 36

Motor vehicles

driver training, 41

and mortality, 23

and risky behaviors, 20

N

Nashville, Tennessee, 380, 398

Nation at Risk, A, 46

National Action Plan for Comprehensive School Health Education, 5, 135, 136, 140, 246, 262

National Adolescent Health Information Center, 243 n.4

National Adolescent Health Resource Center, 217 n.7, 243 n.4

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1997. Schools and Health: Our Nation's Investment. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5153.
×

National Alliance of Pupil Services Organizations, 173, 370

National Assembly for School-Based Health Care, 48, 374

National Assessment for Educational Progress, 240

National Association of:

Community Health Centers, 242

Elementary School Principals, 241

School Nurses, 48, 153-154, 161 n.3, 162, 163, 241, 464, 465, 471

School Psychologists, 154, 162 n.3, 170

Secondary School Principals, 241

Social Workers, 154, 162 n.3, 172-173, 464, 469-470, 472

State Boards of Education, 47, 245

National Cancer Institute, 251

National Center for:

Education in Maternal and Child Health, 243 n.4

Health Statistics, 168

Leadership Enhancement of Adolescent Programs, 243 n.4

Partnership Development, 381

National Cholesterol Education program, 158

National Commission on Children, 46, 245

National Commission on the Role of the School and the Community in Improving Adolescent Health, 444

National Committee on School Health Policies, 40

National Conference for Cooperation in Health Education, 40

National Congress of Parents and Teachers, 36

National Coordinating Committee on School Health, 9, 10, 47, 238, 240-241, 262, 430-431

National Council for the Accreditation of Teacher Education, 44, 108, 109

National Education Association (NEA), 36, 39, 40, 241

National Education Goals, 4, 19-20, 47, 89-90, 101, 102, 139, 238

National Food Service Management Institute, 177

National Health and Education Consortium, 183

National Health Education Standards, 4, 5-6, 48, 101-103, 108, 109 , 129-131, 132, 135, 136-138, 139-140, 141, 176, 240, 246, 262

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, 179, 422

National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 372

National Institute of Dental Research, 168

National Nursing Coalition for School Health, 48, 163

National organizations. See also individual organizations

extended services from, 369

health education role, 138

infrastructure building, 238-246, 262-263, 266

National Parent Teachers Association, 241

National School-Based Oral Health/Dental Sealant Resource Center, 243 n.4

National School Boards Association, 47, 109-110, 167, 241, 245-246 , 253, 376

National School Health Bill, 42

National School Health Leadership Conference, 244

National School Health Project, School-Based Adolescent Health Care , 246

National School Lunch Act, 41, 175, 177, 179

National School Lunch Program, 25, 175, 211, 438-439

National Science Education Standards, 129-130

National Standards for Physical Education, 4, 48, 83, 85, 97, 139

National State School Nurse Consultants Association, 48

National Tuberculosis Association, 36, 43

NEA-AMA Joint Committee on Health Problems in Schools, 39, 40, 166

New Beginnings (San Diego), 383-384, 405-406

New Futures School, Inc. (Albuquerque), 384

New Jersey, 175, 378-379, 403, 404

New Mexico, 54, 242 n.3, 384

New Vistas High School (Minneapolis), 384-385

New York City

Astoria Plan, 41, 43-44

Beacons program, 185, 382

Drop-Out Prevention Initiative, 195

full-service schools, 387-388, 408

Health Day, 41

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1997. Schools and Health: Our Nation's Investment. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5153.
×

lunch program, 49, 179

medical inspection of schools, 34-36, 41

school health services, 37, 396

Teen Choice program, 372-373

New York State, 36, 193, 242 n.3, 372, 374, 396, 400

North Carolina, 185, 371, 379, 410, 462

Nurse Practitioner/Nurse-Midwifery, 436-437

Nurses and nurse practitioners

burdens and responsibilities, 165, 407

evaluation of activities, 189, 400

historical role in schools, 35, 42, 45, 366

issues related to, 164-165, 222-223, 406

as primary care providers, 222-223

qualifications and professional training, 153-154, 163, 164, 345-346

services provided by, 45, 71, 75, 153, 162-163, 386, 388, 400, 406

staffing patterns, 163-164

standards, 48, 153, 163

Nursing Special Projects Grant Program, 438-439

Nutrition and foodservice. See also Dietary behaviors

breakfast program, 41, 45, 73, 175, 243, 438-439

counseling, 155, 156, 158, 176-177

education, 69, 72, 74-75, 112-115, 119, 129, 130, 176, 180-181, 243 , 421

funding, 175, 177, 179-180, 243

goals and objectives, 3, 52-53, 351

guidelines, 350-352

and health status, 72

infrastructure building, 460-461

integrated approach, 74-75, 129, 247

issues related to, 20, 23, 177-181

legislation, 175, 176, 179

lunch programs, 25, 37, 41, 49, 175, 178, 179, 211, 243, 244, 438 439

perceptions of nutrition, 180

personnel, 177

policy and administrative support, 179, 350-351

professional development/training, 119, 177, 181, 352

profit-making, 180

recommendations, 8, 226

research, 73

and risky behaviors, 21

screening related to, 158, 176-177

services provided, 174-177, 351-352

Snack Program, 243

Special Milk Program, 243

for special-needs children, 177

standards, 48, 154, 177, 178, 180, 239

and student performance, 73, 178

vending machines, special events, and fundraisers, 73, 75, 176, 178 , 460

Nutrition Education and Training Program, 45, 176, 243, 248, 436-437

Nutrition for Life, 106-107

Nutrition in a Changing World, 106-107

O

Obese children, 86-87

Obsessive-compulsive disorder, 24

Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 64

Occupational therapists, 168

Office of Technology Assessment of the U.S. Congress, 47, 64-65

Ohio Research Study, 43

One-Stop-Shopping in a Northeast Nashville Community, 380, 398

Open-air classrooms, 36

Opportunity-to-Learn Standards, 136-138

Oregon, 191, 258, 390

Outcomes

behavioral change as, 278-279, 313-322

community, 51

desired, 50-51

dose-response relationship, 282-283

effectiveness trials, 187, 273, 276

efficacy testing, 273, 276, 277

evaluation, 11-12, 13, 14, 50-51, 271-272, 273, 275, 276, 287-288

of health education curricula, 103-107, 116, 282-283, 287-288, 313 -322

health-services-related, 14, 189, 394-396

implementation effectiveness trials, 273-274

measures of, 7-8, 12-13, 277, 278-279, 289

mental health, 14, 394

null or negative, interpretation of, 12-13

positive, protective factors for, 23

poverty and, 159-161

pregnancy-related, 192-193, 392-393

programmatic and organizational, 51

realistic, 287-288

school-based health centers and, 7-8, 190, 191-193, 366, 392-398

school-related, 14, 396-398

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1997. Schools and Health: Our Nation's Investment. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5153.
×

of standards development, 102-103

student, 50

substance abuse-related, 393-394

P

Parental consent for health services, 190, 205, 206, 389, 399, 465-467, 468-470, 471-473

Parental involvement. See also Teen parent programs

and academic achievement, 25

and confidentiality of student records, 205, 206, 419

disadvantaged students, 66

funding for programs, 248

goals for, 47, 54

and health and welfare of children, 18

in health education, 101, 117

in health services, 185-186, 190

historical examples, 44

importance of, 41, 398

in infrastructure building, 258-259

interventions involving, 66, 386, 387

in physical education, 98

Parent to Parent training, 378

Partnership for Prevention, 215

Pawtucket Heart Health Program, 106-107

Peer cluster theory, 310

Peer Mediation Training, 250

Peer Power and ADAM, 106-107

Pennsylvania, 35, 37, 386, 387

Personal health, 112, 114, 119

Philadelphia, 35, 37, 386

Physical education

and academic achievement, 68, 85, 90-91

academic rigor and, 90-92

attendance, 21

CDC recommendations, 97-98, 139

community-based programs and facilities, 98

contributions of, 3, 94, 97-98, 139

current practice, 85, 88-92

curriculum, 37, 52, 68, 84, 85, 88-92, 95, 98, 139, 347-348

evaluation, 88-89, 98

exemptions from, 85

extracurricular activities, 98

goals and objectives, 4, 47, 52, 68, 81, 82, 83-84, 92-93, 97, 101 , 346-347

grade level and, 68, 85, 88, 93-94, 95

guidelines, 139, 346-349

health education and, 98, 112-115, 125, 126, 128, 134, 421

and health services, 98

and health status, 4, 68-69, 81-82, 83, 84, 90-91, 94, 97, 139

history of movement, 37, 41, 82

infrastructure building, 459

instruction methods, 98, 348

intensity of activity, 89, 92-93

legislation, 41

motor skill development, 84, 90-91

nutrition education in, 72

parental involvement, 98

personnel/teachers, 92-94, 96, 98

policy and administrative support, 97-98, 346

professional development/training, 84, 90-91, 93-94, 96, 98, 119, 134, 348

and public health, 82, 92-93

quality of, 83-84, 85, 88-89

recommendations, 97-98, 139

requirements, 68, 85, 88, 94, 95

research evidence on, 81-82, 84-85, 86-91, 139

research needs, 85

role in CSHPs, 81-98

scheduling and environmental factors, 89-90

school-based programs and facilities, 98

standards, 4, 83, 139, 239

strategies to promote physical activity, 94

student outcomes, 68-69, 84, 347

and substance abuse, 85

testing of students, 94, 459

Physical environmental of schools, 340-341

hazards, 65

legislation, 64-65

program elements of, 2, 64-65

structural condition of schools, 24-25

Physical examinations, 36, 43-44, 419

Physical fitness, health-related, 20, 84

Physical therapists, 168

Physicians

historical role in schools, 37-38, 42, 166

issues related to, 166-167

qualifications and professional training, 166, 345

services provided by, 71, 165-166

"snip doctors," 37

social contract, 167

staffing patterns, 164

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1997. Schools and Health: Our Nation's Investment. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5153.
×

Pinal County Prevention Partnership (Arizona), 381

Pinkston High School (Dallas), 375

Policy and administrative support, 349, 352

elements of, 2

environment, 2, 65, 135, 339

health education, 135, 341

health services, 225-226, 343-344

nutrition and foodservice, 179, 350-351

physical education, 97-98, 346

Population-based prevention, 157-158

Portland, Oregon, 258

Postponing Sexual Involvement, 106-107

Poverty

and academic achievement, 24

and health care, 24

and health outcomes, 22-25, 159-161, 167-168

measure of students in, 25

and nutrition, 180

rates, 18

and school environment, 24-25

and school health services, 16, 38, 158-161, 167-168

and social morbidities, 24

Pregnancy, see Teen pregnancy

Preschool programs, 66

President's Physical Fitness Test, 459

Primary care

defined, 154

nurses as providers, 222-223

regional approaches to delivery, 186, 188

in school-based health centers, 15, 42, 45, 58, 154, 158, 160-161, 182, 187, 201, 217-218, 222-223, 373, 466, 469, 471-472

Principles and Practices of Student Health, 64 n.6, 219

Principles to Link By, 47 n.3, 261

Professional development, training, and certification

computer network discussion groups, 109

demand for, 5, 116, 118-119, 140

elementary school teachers, 141

funding for, 248, 250

health care services, 153-154, 163, 164, 166, 169, 345-346

health education, 5, 6-7, 103, 108-109, 115-116, 117, 118-119, 121 , 133-134, 137, 138, 140, 141-142, 343

infrastructure building, 11, 256-257, 265, 267-268, 449-450, 457-458

interdisciplinary approach, 11, 257, 265, 267-268

issues, 408-409

mental health and pupil services, 66, 170, 171, 184, 350

nurses, 153-154, 163, 164, 345-346

nutrition and foodservice, 119, 177, 181, 352

and outcomes, 103

peer coaching, 109

physical education, 84, 90-91, 93-94, 96, 98, 348

physicians, 166

recommendations, 6-7, 11, 137, 138, 265, 267-268, 449-450

research on, 44

for special-needs services, 169

standards, 108-109

transfer of training, 109

Program facilitators and coordinators, 66

Programs That Work project, 108

Project Pride, 194

Project School Care, 189

Psychologists

issues related to, 170-171

personnel, 170

services provided by, 169-170, 371

Psychosocial environment and academic achievement , 65-66

elements of, 2-3, 65-67, 339-340

School Development Program, 66

Success for All, 66-67

Turning Points, 67

Public education, compulsory, 33-34

Public health, physical education and, 82, 92-93

Public perceptions

of health education, 36, 123-124, 140

of nutrition, 180

of school health services, 410

of school role in integrating services, 445

Pupil personnel teams, 173-174, 370-372

Q

Quality

physical education, 83-84, 85, 88-89

school-based health centers, 190, 196, 389, 391

school health services, 8, 14, 154

Quincy, Florida, 398-399

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1997. Schools and Health: Our Nation's Investment. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5153.
×

R

Race/ethnicity and poverty , 23

Ranier Beach High School (Seattle), 396

Reading, 66, 90-91

Recommendations

CDC, 97-98

confidentiality of health records, 227

data collection, 227

extended services, 227

funding, 227

health education, 5-7, 135-142

infrastructure building, 9-11, 261-268

physical education, 97-98, 139

research, 13-14, 289-291

school health services, 8-9, 226-227

SHPPS, 138-139

Recommended Dietary Allowances, 178

Reducing the Risk, 106-107

Regional approaches, 186, 251-252

Reports and publications, influential/landmark, 34, 38-41, 245

Requirements for graduation

health education, 5, 6, 110-112, 140, 141

physical education, 68, 85, 88, 94, 95

Research and evaluation. See also individual projects and studies

basic, 11-12, 13, 272-273, 288, 290

challenges, 12, 75-76, 240, 271-272, 275, 289

components of programs, 12, 14, 285-286, 291

coordination of, 240

data collection, 198-199, 280

dependent variables, defining, 278-279

diffusion-related, 13

dose-response relationship, 275, 281-284

effects of comprehensive programs, 281, 284-285

ethical issues, 277

feasibility, 280, 289, 327

funding for, 262-263

goals, 51

guidelines/manuals on, 280

Hawthorne effect, 279

health education, 5, 103-107, 108, 110, 116-124, 132, 135, 138, 281 -288, 312

historical context, 43-44

independent variables, defining, 277-278

infrastructure building, 262-263

on integration of program components, 75-76

linking outcome and process evaluations, 275

methodological challenges, 190, 274, 276-280, 389

organization, governance, and financing, 186, 187, 398-400

outcome evaluation, 7-8, 11-12, 50-51, 63, 170, 189, 271-272, 273, 275, 276, 287-288, 290, 392-398

overview, 271-276

physical education, 81-82, 84-85, 86-91, 98, 116-124

process evaluation, 11-12, 247-248, 274, 275, 276, 288, 289, 312

professional education and training, 44

recommendations, 13-14, 289-291, 450-451

reporting bias, 280

researchers, 275-276

school-based health centers, 7-8, 226, 190-199

school health services, basic, 8, 40-41, 186-189

self-reporting biases, 279

student health needs, 186-187

Type III error, 279

types of, 272-276

uses for, 276

utilization studies, 389-392

validity assessment, 277-280

workforce issues, 186, 187

Resource Coordinating Team, 173-174, 370-371

Responsible Students Program, 460

Rhode Island, 34, 242 n.3

Risks to Students in Schools, 64-65

Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, 45, 46, 183, 187, 190, 192, 193, 212, 246, 258, 374, 390, 391, 395, 399, 404

Rules of the Health Game, The, 39

S

Safe and Drug-Free Schools and Communities, 172, 174, 183, 207, 242 , 244, 250, 374, 377, 436-437

Safety programs, 41, 165, 218-219

San Antonio, Texas, 383

San Diego, California, 383-384, 405-406

San Fernando, California, 394-395, 396

San Francisco, California, 106-107, 394

San Jose, California, 394

School advisory councils and committees, 66, 138-139, 253-254, 386

School-Based Adolescent Health Care Program, 46, 183, 193

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1997. Schools and Health: Our Nation's Investment. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5153.
×

School-Based Clinics That Work, 183

School-based health centers. See also Mental health centers

and academic performance/graduation rates, 396-398

and access to care, 7, 196, 226, 298, 366, 394, 403

administration, 467

and behavior change, 7, 190, 191-192, 226, 366, 390-391

case studies, 183

client characteristics, 161, 190-192, 390-392

community health linkages with, 7, 374, 470, 473

confidentiality issue, 191, 390

controversies, 398

cost-benefit studies, 193-196, 389, 400

data collection and management, 198-200

definition, 373

dental services, 473

education role, 182, 373, 470, 472-473

enrollment, 389-390

funding and expenditures for, 46, 183, 212-213, 243, 374, 398, 403

and hospital/emergency room utilization, 193, 196, 366, 394, 400

measures of effectiveness, 7-8, 226, 366

mental health services, 464, 469-470, 472

mobile vans, 182-183, 373-374, 375

models, 203, 374, 467-473

number of, 182, 373

organization of, 373-375, 470-471

outcome data, 7-8, 190, 192-195, 392-398, 400

parental consent, 190, 389, 399, 468-470, 471-473

part-time, 467-470

personnel/staffing, 182, 312, 398, 468, 471

primary care in, 15, 42, 45, 58, 154, 158, 160-161, 182, 187, 217 218, 373, 466, 469, 471-472

quality of care, 190, 196, 389, 391

referral and follow-up, 466, 469

research and evaluation, 190-199, 226

research needs, 7, 196, 199

services, 71, 167, 182, 183, 203, 374-375

standards of care, 239, 469-470, 471-473

strengths and weaknesses, 196, 197-198

utilization, 161, 190-192, 389-392, 393, 394-396

School Breakfast Program, 45, 175-176, 438-439

School-Community Health Project, 43

School Development Program, 66, 385-386

School Enrollment-Based Health Insurance concept, 210-211

School environment CSHP , 64-68, 339-341

eight-component program, 53

goals, 51, 53, 101

guidelines, 339-341

infrastructure building, 460

issues, 224

physical, 2, 24-25, 34-35, 64-65, 340-341

policy and administrative, 2, 65, 135, 224, 339

poverty and, 24-25

psychosocial, 2-3, 65-67, 339-340

sanitary inspections, 34-35

three-component program, 52, 53

School guidance counselors. See also Vocational counseling

issues related to, 171-172

personnel, 171

services provided by, 75, 169, 171

visiting teachers, 38

School Health Care Online!!!, 199, 200

School Health Challenge, 64 n.6

School Health Coordinating Council, 11, 355

School Health Education Evaluation, 282, 313, 322-323

School Health Education Study (SHES), 4, 45, 100-101, 117

School Health Education Study: A Summary Report, 45

School health extension service, 10, 251-252, 263, 264

School Health Policies and Programs Study (SHPPS), 4, 5, 69, 71, 85, 92, 110-116, 132, 135, 138-139, 140, 141, 153, 155, 163, 182, 247, 252, 297, 373

School Health: Policy and Practice, 64 n.6, 154, 163, 217 n.7, 219 , 464, 465, 471

School health programs. See also Community participation in CSHPs; Comprehensive school health programs; History of school health programs

access to health care and, 27-28

components, 313-316

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1997. Schools and Health: Our Nation's Investment. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5153.
×

conferences and collaborative efforts, 44-45

context for, 16, 18-28

effectiveness, 313-316, 322-323

family structure changes and, 25-27

importance of education and, 15, 18-20

models, 167

nature of, 41-43

poverty and, 22-25

reports and publications influencing, 38-41

research and experimentation, 43-44

social morbidities and, 16, 20-22

School Health Resource Services, 243 n.4

School health services. See also Extended services; School-based health centers; Screening programs

barriers to utilization, 212

basic, 14-15, 161-181, 186-189, 201, 202, 463-465

community linkages, 165, 172, 173, 187, 217, 225-226, 403-404, 464 , 467

components, 7, 71, 153-157, 225, 367

confidentiality of records, 8-9, 204-206, 227

coordination of, 345

crisis medical situations, 218-219

data collection, 8-9, 198-199, 227

definition, 153

delivery of, 15, 45, 186, 187, 188, 202-203, 419

evaluation of programs, 8-9, 187, 224-225

financing, see Funding of school health services

first aid and administration of medicines, 71, 155, 156, 218

goals and objectives, 3, 42, 51, 52, 53, 71, 154, 216-217, 344, 367

guidelines, 343-346, 458-459

health education, 166, 182, 215, 218-219, 223-224, 373

history, 37, 42

implementation steps, 216-225

infrastructure building, 247, 253-254, 265-268, 458-459

issues of concern, 70-71, 164-165, 166-167, 169

legislation affecting, 157

levels matched with needs, 199, 201-204

medical inspections of schools, 35-36, 41-42

mental health, see Mental health and pupil services

need for, 157-159, 186-187, 225

needs assessment, 217, 245

nurses and nurse practitioners, 162-165, 189, 345-346, 366

nutrition, see Nutrition and Foodservice

organization and governance, 186, 187, 188, 464

outcomes, 189, 192-193

parental consent for, 190, 205, 206, 389, 399, 465-467, 468-470, 471-473

personnel/staffing, 40, 71, 186, 187

physical education and, 98

physicians, 165-167, 345

policy and administrative support, 225-226, 343-344

poverty and, 158-161

primary care, 15, 42, 45, 58, 154, 158, 160-161, 163, 182, 201, 217 -218

problem identification and resolution for students, 221-223

professional development/training, 163, 166, 169, 346

quality, 8, 14, 154, 226

rationale for, 401-402

recommendations, 8-9, 226-227

referral and follow-up of students, 40-41, 42, 174, 218 n.8, 221-222

research on, 40-41, 186-199

and school environment, 224

SHPPS survey, 155, 157

for special-needs students, 155, 156, 157, 165, 168-169, 170, 177, 187-188, 189, 209, 210, 214

standards, 162, 463-464, 466

status of, 401

student services, 344-345

team approach, 43, 121, 165, 188, 221, 247, 254-256

School Health Study, 43

School Mental Health Centers, 243 n.4

School Mental Health Project, 184, 377

School Nutrition Dietary Assessment Study, 73, 178

School-to-Work Opportunities Act, 48 n.4

Schools for the Future Project, 383, 404

Science

assessment measures, 108

health education in, 13, 69, 70, 125, 126, 127-128, 129-131, 134

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1997. Schools and Health: Our Nation's Investment. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5153.
×

national standards, 129-130

nutrition education in, 72, 75

profession qualifications and training, 134

Science for All Americans, 130-131

Screening programs

alcohol and drug, 156, 422, 424

anticipatory guidance, 209, 403

cardiovascular, 156, 316-317, 422-423

child abuse, 426

cholesterol, 158, 422-423

criteria for effective programs, 220

dental, 167, 209

Early and Periodic Screening, Diagnostic, and Treatment Program, 24, 207, 209, 219, 221, 243-244, 402-403, 432-433

eating disorders and obesity, 165, 176-177, 423-424

emotional/mental health, 426

evaluation of, 187, 189

follow-up and referral, 40-41, 42, 176-177, 221-222

funding for, 209, 219, 221

GAPS recommendations, 422-427

height and weight, 71, 156, 165, 209, 423

HIV, 425-426

hypertension, 422

implementation, 219-221

issues, 221

learning or school problems, 427

Pap tests, 426

physical fitness, 156

rationale for, 157

recommendations, 219

responsibility for, 42

scoliosis, 155, 166, 189

sexual behavior, 424-425

sexually transmitted diseases, 425

tobacco use, 424

tuberculin skin test, 427

vision and hearing, 71, 155, 156, 165, 189, 209, 221-222

Search Institute, 27

Seattle, Washington, 396

Secondary schools

completion rates, 20

dropouts, 19-20, 21, 195, 380-381

health education, 6, 110-112, 115-116, 182

school-based health centers, 182

Self-efficacy, 68, 357-359, 362-363

Services. See also Nutrition and foodservice; School health services; other specific services

elements of, 3

Settlement-house workers, 38

Sex education, see Human sexuality

Sexual behavior, 20

cost-effectiveness of interventions, 122, 123

health education and, 123, 132

and mortality, 23

trends, 20-21, 72

Sexually transmitted diseases, prevention, 16, 20, 46, 69, 100, 112 -114, 119, 122, 123, 129, 196, 400

Single-parent households, 18, 26-27

Skills, see social skills

Smallpox, 34

Smoking, see Tobacco use

Social learning theory

goals, 116, 361-363

and health education, 116, 117, 120, 310

outcome expectations, 359-361, 362-363

self-efficacy, 357-359, 362-363

skills, 362-363

Social morbidities, new, 20-22, 46, 49-50, 72, 101, 139, 158-159, 245, 401-402, 416, 444-445

Social services. See also Social workers

community linkages, 71, 222

model programs, 38, 466

standards, 466

Title XX, 374

Social skills

and behavior change, 13, 117, 120, 131, 285-286, 362-363

communication and decision-making, 133

conflict resolution, nonviolent, 100, 112, 114, 118, 133, 378

curriculum, 66, 122, 132-133, 386

goal-setting, 133

measures of, 13

practice by students, 132-133

resisting social pressures, 133

stress management, 133

Social studies, 69, 70, 75, 125, 126-127, 128-129

Social support theory, 310

Social workers

issues related to, 173

personnel, 172-173

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1997. Schools and Health: Our Nation's Investment. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5153.
×

services provided by, 169, 172, 371, 380-381

Society for Public Health Education, Inc., 59 n.5

Society of State Directors of Health, Physical Education, and Recreation , 59 n.5

Sociocultural perspectives

in delivery of health services, 419

in health care utilization, 212

in health education, 117, 121

South Tama County Partnership Center (Iowa), 379, 397

Southern Council on Collegiate Education for Nursing, 165

Southern Regional Education Board, 165

Solving School Health Problems, 44

Special-education and special-needs students, 37-38, 50, 71, 155, 156, 157, 165, 170, 177, 187-188, 189, 209, 210, 214, 248

Special Supplemental Food Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC), 438-439

Speech, language, and hearing therapists, 168-169

Spiral of silence theory, 310

Sports, see Competitive sports

Sports medicine programs, 166

Standards for Social Work in Health Care Settings, 469-470, 472

Stanford Adolescent Heart Health Program, 106-107

Stanford University, 385

St. Louis, Missouri, 195, 382

St. Paul, Minnesota, 192-193, 298

State agencies and organizations advisory councils , 247

extended services from, 369

funding sources, 179-180, 207-208, 213

health education role, 137

infrastructure building, 10, 246-252, 263-264, 266

interagency coordinating council, 241, 247

State Collaborative on Assessment and Student Standards project, 108, 240

State Nurse Practice Act, 163

Strategic prevention concept, 311-313

Stress prevention, 314-315

Student Assistance Model, 372

Student assistance programs, 174, 250, 312-313, 372-373, 378, 394

Student Leadership Training, 378

Student outcomes

desired, 50

expectations, 359-361, 362-363

health centers and, 192-193

health education, 341-342

physical education, 347

Student services, 344-345

Substance abuse, see Alcohol and drug abuse

Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 280

Success for All, 66-67, 386, 397

Suggested School Health Policies, 40

Suicide and suicide prevention, 20, 22, 72, 112, 114, 119, 322-332

Supplemental School Health Program, 371-372, 392-393

T

Teachers and personnel. See also Professional development, training, and certification

burden on, 44

health education, 5, 108-109, 115-116, 133-134, 138

health promotion for, 3, 53, 67-68, 224, 352-353, 461

health status of, 41

physical education, 84, 92-94, 96, 98

as role models, 68, 109

training/qualifications, 42, 84, 98

Teaching methods, see Instruction

Team Nutrition program, 243

Technical assistance, 184, 251-252, 263, 264

Teen Choice, 372-373, 393

Teen Health Centers, 214, 395, 407-408

Teen Health Corps, 381

Teen parent programs, 384-385

Teen pregnancy, 16, 20, 46

outcomes of interventions, 192-193, 196, 392-393, 400

prevention, 112, 114, 119, 122, 123, 192-193, 316-319, 322-323, 372 -373, 375

Teenage Health Teaching Modules, 104-105, 132, 282

Television, 27

Temperance movement, 36-37

Tennessee, 377-378, 380

Texas, 129, 195, 371, 374, 375, 383

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1997. Schools and Health: Our Nation's Investment. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5153.
×

Tobacco use, 20, 21, 23

Tobacco use prevention, 69, 100, 112-115, 119, 122-123, 251, 314-315 , 318-321, 460

Transportation, 37, 408

safety, 64

Travis County Health Department (Texas), 371

Trois Riveres study (Canada), 90-91

Tuberculosis, 36, 43

Turner School (Philadelphia), 387

Turning Point, 67, 404

U

United Way, 184, 185, 381

University of:

Colorado Health Sciences Center, 155, 162, 243 n.4

Maryland at Baltimore, 184, 243 n.4

Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, 378-379

Minnesota, 217 n.7, 243 n.4

Texas Health Sciences Center at Galveston, 214

U.S. Children's Bureau, 43

U.S. Department of Agriculture, 175, 177, 238, 243, 248, 459

U.S. Department of Education Comprehensive School Health Education Program , 117

cooperation with the Department of Health and Human Services, 238

funding for health services, 207, 241

National Diffusion Network, 103, 108, 242

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 21, 207, 208, 217 n.7, 238, 243, 280

U.S. Department of the Interior, 38-39

U.S. General Accounting Office, 19, 24, 175

U.S. Office of Education, 40

U.S. Public Health Service, 21

Bureau of Primary Health Care, 48

Healthy People 2000 initiative, 22, 39-40, 46-47, 67-68, 83-84, 85 , 99, 102, 112-115, 177-178

Healthy Schools, Healthy Communities initiative, 48

Maternal and Child Health Bureau, 47, 48

V

Vaccination, see Immunizations

Values and Opinions of Comprehensive School Health Education in U.S. Public Schools,124

Vanderbilt study, 189

Victorian attitudes, 36

Violence, 16, 72

Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994, 48 n.4

Vision examinations, 35

VISTA, 184, 381

Visual and Performing arts, 69, 70, 126

Vocational counseling, 38, 172

Vocational education, 69

Volusia County, Florida, 210-211

W

Walbridge Caring Community (Missouri), 195, 382, 396, 397

War on Poverty, 45

Washington Heights, New York, 387-388

Washington, D.C., 242 n.3

Washington State, 396

West Virginia, 242 n.3, 248, 251, 456-462

Westchester County Student Assistance Model, 372

White House Conference on:

Child Health and Protection, 42, 44

Child Welfare, 44

Children and Youth, 44, 46

Children in a Democracy, 44

Food, Nutrition, and Health, 44

Wisconsin, 185, 242 n.3, 379

W.K. Kellogg Foundation, 43

Workforce 2000 report, 19

World Health Organization, 16 n.1, 58, 154

Y

Yale University Child Study Center, 66, 385-386

Youth employment, 46, 184

Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 20-21

Youth Service Centers, school-based, 184-185, 382, 393, 404

Youth Violence Prevention Demonstration Grant Program, 434-435

Z

Zigler's Schools of the 21st Century, 383, 404

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Schools and Health: Our Nation's Investment Get This Book
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Schools and Health is a readable and well-organized book on comprehensive school health programs (CSHPs) for children in grades K-12. The book explores the needs of today's students and how those needs can be met through CSHP design and development.

The committee provides broad recommendations for CSHPs, with suggestions and guidelines for national, state, and local actions. The volume examines how communities can become involved, explores models for CSHPs, and identifies elements of successful programs. Topics include:

  • The history of and precedents for health programs in schools.
  • The state of the art in physical education, health education, health services, mental health and pupil services, and nutrition and food services.
  • Policies, finances, and other elements of CSHP infrastructure.
  • Research and evaluation challenges.

Schools and Health will be important to policymakers in health and education, school administrators, school physicians and nurses, health educators, social scientists, child advocates, teachers, and parents.

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