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Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Tables." National Research Council. 1997. Possible Health Effects of Exposure to Residential Electric and Magnetic Fields. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5155.
×

Appendix A
Tables

Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Tables." National Research Council. 1997. Possible Health Effects of Exposure to Residential Electric and Magnetic Fields. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5155.
×

TABLE A3-1 In Vitro Assays of Electric-and Magnetic-Field Exposure and Genotoxicity

Study

Cell Type

Exposure Characteristics

Electric-Field Strength of Culture Media

End Points Evaluated

Outcome

Hungate et al. 1979

Salmonella TA100 or TA98 exposed 20 hr in liquid nutrient broth suspension

200-800 kV/m electric field in air

Cannot be determined from report

Mutation

1.5-3-fold increase in mutation frequency in TA100 at 800,000 V/m

Moore 1979

Salmonella TA98 and TA100 tester strains exposed during growth in nutrient broth for 5-24 hr

0.3-Hz triangular magnetic field at 0.015 and 0.03 T

Induced electric field cannot reliably be estimated from report

Reverent assay

No significant effects observed

Wolff et al. 1980

CHO cells exposed 4 hr (SCEs) or 13 hr (chromosomal aberration)

NMR gradient field; 1.82 pulses/sec, 4.6 T/sec; coexposed 0.352-T static magnetic field and 5-mW/cm2 magnetic field at 15 MHz

Cannot be determined from report

Chromosomal aberrations and SCEs

No significant effects observed

Wolff et al. 1980

CHO cells exposed 4 hr (SCEs) or 13 hr, 40 min (chromosomal aberration)

0.35 T plus coexposure to RF field at 15 MHz, 5 mW/cm2 and time-varying magnetic-field changes at 4.6 T/sec and 1.82 T/sec

0

Chromosomal aberrations and SCEs

No significant effects observed

Cooke and Morris 1981

Human lymphocytes exposed 1 hr

0.5-1.0 T

0

Chromosomal aberrations and SCEs

No significant effects observed

Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Tables." National Research Council. 1997. Possible Health Effects of Exposure to Residential Electric and Magnetic Fields. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5155.
×

Thomas and Morris 1981

E. coli AB1157 exposed 5 hr (agar plates)

1.0 R ± coexposure to RF field at 1 mW/cm2 and gradient magnetic field at 1-12 T/sec

Not calculated

Revertant assay

No significant effects observed

Thomas and Morris 1981

recA, uvrA, or recA urvA E. coli: exposed 5 hr in Petri dishes

1.0 T

0

Survival (recA, uvrA, or recA uvrA E. coli mutants) compared with wild type

No significant effects observed

Thomas and Morris 1981

E. coli recA, uvrA, and recA uvrA mutants or E. coli AB 1157 exposed 40 min or 5 hr on agar Petri plates

Gradient magnetic field at 1-12 T/sec; coexposure to 0.094-T static magnetic field and 1-mW/cm2 RF field

2-30 mV/m calculated from exposure apparatus by McCann et al. (1993)

Revertant assay

No significant effects observed

Mileva 1982

Human peripheral lymphocytes: exposed 15-360 min

0.3 T

0

Chromosomal aberrations

No significant effects observed

Nordenson et al. 1984

Human peripheral lymphocytes exposed 3 hr to phytohemagglutinin stimulation

50-Hz sinusoidal field applied through agarose bridges

14 V/m (10 A/m2) calculated from exposure apparatus by McCann et al. (1993)

Chromosomal aberrations

No significant effects observed

Nordenson et al. 1984

Human peripheral lymphocytes in whole blood exposed 1 min before phytohemagglutinin stimulation

10 spark discharge pulses, 2 msec wide

250-350 kV/m

Chromosomal aberrations

At the highest dose, a significant increase in chromosomal breaks

Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Tables." National Research Council. 1997. Possible Health Effects of Exposure to Residential Electric and Magnetic Fields. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5155.
×

Study

Cell Type

Exposure Characteristics

Electric-Field Strength of Culture Media

End Points Evaluated

Outcome

d'Ambrosia et al. 1985

Bovine lymphocytes in liquid culture medium exposed 72 hr by applying external electrodes to side walls of culture flasks

50-Hz sinusoidal field with 11% THD applied through capacitative coupling

0.016 V/m (0.024 A/m2)

Chromosomal aberrations

A significant increase (& sim;3-fold) in chromosomal aberrations for three experiments

Cohen 1986; Cohen et al. 1986a,b

Peripheral blood lymphocytes from normal individuals (Cohen et al. 1986b) and individuals with chromosomal instability syndromes exposed 69-hr culture period

60-Hz sinusoidal field applied through agarose bridges and coexposure to 60-Hz sinusoidal magnetic field at 10-200 µT (38-75 mT/sec)

0.24 V/m (0.2 A/m2) (no reliable estimate available from published report)

Chromosomal aberrations and SCEs

No significant effects observed

Cohen et al. 1986a,b

Peripheral blood lymphocytes normal (Cohen et al. 1986b) and with chromosomal instability exposed 69 hr in culture

60-Hz sinusoidal field, circularly polarized, at 10-200 µT (38-75 mT/sec)

0.7-13 mV/m calculated from exposure apparatus by McCann et al. (1993); coexposure to 60-Hz sinusoidal electric field, 0.24 V/m (0.3 A/m2) (McCann et al. 1993)

Chromosomal aberrations and SCEs

No significant effects observed

Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Tables." National Research Council. 1997. Possible Health Effects of Exposure to Residential Electric and Magnetic Fields. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5155.
×

Juutilainen and Liimatainen 1986

Salmonella TA100 and TA98 exposed in top agar or liquid nutrient broth culture for 48 or 6.5 hr, respectively

100-Hz sinusoidal field at 0.13, 1.3, 13, and 130 µT

0.2, 2.0, 20, and 200 µV/m (Petri dishes); and 1.5, 15, 150, and 1,500 µV/m (flasks) calculated from exposure apparatus by McCann et al. (1993)

Revertant assay

No significant effects observed

Livingston et al. 1986, 1991

Human lymphocytes or CHO cells exposed 24-96 hr or 72 hr, respectively

60-Hz sinusoidal field applied through agarose bridges

0.024-24 V/m (no reliable estimate available from published report) (0.03-30 A/m2)

Chromosomal aberrations

No significant effects observed

Livingston et al. 1986, 1991

Peripheral blood lymphocytes or CHO cells exposed 24-96 hr or 72 hr, respectively

60-Hz sinusoidal field, circularly polarized, at 0.22 mT (0.082 T/sec)

0.7-13 mV/m calculated from exposure apparatus by McCann et al. 1993; coexposure to 60-Hz sinusoidal electric field at 0.024-24 V/m

SCEs and micronuclei

No significant effects observed

Whitson et al. 1986

Normal human fibroblasts previously or post irradiated with UV light (254 nm) exposed up to 48 hr

60-Hz applied through capacitative coupling; field in air outside media 10 kV/m

0.4 mV/m

DNA single-strand breaks assayed via 5-bromodeoxyuridine photolysis; pyrimidine dimers assayed using hydrolysis then two-dimensional paper chromatography, or

No significant effects observed

Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Tables." National Research Council. 1997. Possible Health Effects of Exposure to Residential Electric and Magnetic Fields. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5155.
×

Study

Cell Type

Exposure Characteristics

Electric-Field Strength of Culture Media

End Points Evaluated

Outcome

 

 

 

 

by treating cells with a UV-specific endonuclease followed by a fragment sizing analysis on sucrose gradients

 

Takahashi et al. 1987

Chinese hamster V79 cells exposed 24 hr

100-Hz saw-toothed field at 0.180-2.500 mT (7.2-100 T/sec)

0.02-0.33 V/m calculated from exposure apparatus by McCann et al. (1993)

SCEs

No significant effects observed

d'Ambrosia et al. 1988-1989

Bovine lymphocyte cultures exposed 3 or 45 hr

50-Hz sinusoidal field applied through agarose bridges

0.77-7.7 V/m (1-10 A/m2)

Chromosomal aberrations

Significant increases in chromatid breaks at high exposure level reported after 45-hr exposure and in total aberrations in one of two cultures tested after 3-hr exposure

Reese et al. 1988

CHO cells exposed 1 hr

60-Hz sinusoidal field applied through agarose bridges; coexposure to 60-Hz sinusoidal field at 0-2 mT

1-38 V/m

DNA single-strand breaks

No significant effects reported

Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Tables." National Research Council. 1997. Possible Health Effects of Exposure to Residential Electric and Magnetic Fields. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5155.
×

Reese et al. 1988

CHO cells exposed 1 hr

60-Hz sinusoidal field at 2 mT (0.75 T/sec); coexposed to 60-Hz sinusoidal electric field at 0-38 V/m

8 mV/m calculated by McCann et al. (1993)

DNA repair measured by alkaline elution

No significant effects observed

Bersani et al. 1989

Human peripheral lymphocytes or two human cell lines were exposed 48 hr

50-Hz saw-toothed field at 2.5 mT peak strength (1 T/sec; induced pulse 2-msec wide at 2 mV/m)

2 mV/m

DNA single-strand breaks

No significant effects observed

Cossarizza et al. 1989; Bersani et al. 1989

Human lymphocytes exposed 6 hr after some cultures irradiated with 100-Gy 60Co

50-Hz saw-toothed field at 2.5 mT peak strength (1 T/sec; induced pulse 2-msec wide at 2 mV/m)

2 mV/m

Unscheduled DNA synthesis

No significant effects observed

Peteiro-Cartelle and Cabezas-Cerrato 1989

Human lymphocytes exposed 3 hr or simultaneously cultured and exposed 72-96 hr

0.045-0.125 T

0

Chromosomal aberrations and SCEs

No significant effects observed

Rosenthal and Obe 1989

Human peripheral lymphocytes cultured 72 hr in magnetic field

50-Hz sinusoidal field at 0.1-7.5 mT (0.031-2.4 T/sec)

0.1-8 mV/m calculated from exposure apparatus by McCann et al. (1993)

SCEs

No significant effects observed

Rosenthal and Obe 1989

Human peripheral lymphocytes pretreated with NMU, DEB, or trenimon and cultured up to 72 hr in presence of magnetic field

50-Hz sinusoidal field at 0.5-2 mT (0.16-0.63 T/sec) with coexposure to NMU or trenimon

0.61-2 mV/m

SCEs

Statistically significant (p < 0.05) increase in SCEs only in cells treated with NMU or trenimon

Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Tables." National Research Council. 1997. Possible Health Effects of Exposure to Residential Electric and Magnetic Fields. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5155.
×

Study

Cell Type

Exposure Characteristics

Electric-Field Strength of Culture Media

End Points Evaluated

Outcome

Takatsuji et al. 1989

Human peripheral lymphocytes exposed <30 min

1.1 T + coexposure to protons and alpha particles

0

Chromosomal aberrations

Proton coexposure significant dose-response effect; frequency of dicentrics increased for both coexposures

Frazier et al. 1990

Human peripheral lymphocytes previously exposed to γ-irradiation (5 Gy) exposed 0-30 min during repair

60-Hz sinusoidal fields applied through agarose bridges; coexposure to γ radiation, 60-Hz sinusoidal magnetic field at 0-0.001 T

1-20 V/m

DNA single-strand breaks

No significant effects reported

Garcia-Sagredo et al. 1990

Peripheral blood lymphocytes or CHO cells exposed 24-96 hr or 72 hr, respectively

4.4-kHz saw-toothed pulses of 5 msec width, 14 pulses per sec at 1-4 mT peak strength (50-200 T/sec)

0.07-0.27 V/m calculated from exposure apparatus by McCann et al. (1993)

SCEs

No significant effects observed

Balcer-Kubiczek and Harrison 1991

C3H/10T1/2 cells exposed 24 hr; post-exposure of some cells with TPA, either preceded or followed by X-rays given at 0.5, 1, or 1.5 Gy

2.45-GHz microwaves pulse modulated at 120 Hz with electric fields at 18, 56, or 120 V/m and magnetic fields at 0.09, 0.27, or 0.56 µT

Not calculated

Cell survival and neoplastic transformation

EMF alone demonstrated no effect; transformation due to EMF plus TPA highly significant; neoplastic transformation dependent on level of EMF exposure and additive of X-rays given as a cocarcinogen

Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Tables." National Research Council. 1997. Possible Health Effects of Exposure to Residential Electric and Magnetic Fields. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5155.
×

García-Sagredo and Monteagudo 1991

Human peripheral lymphocytes cultivated in vitro 72 hr and exposed over the last 24 hr to magnetic fields

Quasi-rectangular pulses lasting 26 µsec, frequency 4.4 kHz, in trains of 5 msec at 14-Hz repetition rate with peak strength at 1, 2, and 4 mT

Not calculated

Chromosomal aberrations

Significant effect observed at 4 mT; no significant effects observed at 1 and 2 mT

Khalil and Qassem 1991

Human lymphocytes grown 24, 48, or 72 hr in presence of the magnetic field

50-Hz pulsed field at 1 mT (0.72 T/sec)

0.043 V/m

Chromosomal aberrations

Significant decreases in mitotic index; increases in chromosomal aberrations for all exposure periods; slight increase in SCEs (p < 0.05) only for 72 hr

Novelli et al. 1991

Saccharomyces cerevisiae cultures exposed up to 24 hr and then examined by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE)

50-Hz electric-and magnetic-field exposure consisting of 4 units: 1. uniform magnetic field; 2. uniform electric field; 3. orthogonal uniform electric and magnetic field; and 4. no field control with electric field from 0.1-20 kV/m and magnetic field from 0.2-200 µT

Not calculated

DNA double-strand breaks

No significant effects observed

Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Tables." National Research Council. 1997. Possible Health Effects of Exposure to Residential Electric and Magnetic Fields. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5155.
×

Study

Cell Type

Exposure Characteristics

Electric-Field Strength of Culture Media

End Points Evaluated

Outcome

Scarfi et al. 1991

Human lymphocytes grown 72 hr in the magnetic field

50-Hz saw-toothed field at 0.025 T (some cell cultures coexposed to mitomycin C)

0.005 V/m

Micronuclei

No significant effects observed

Fiorani et al. 1992

Cultured K562 human tumor cells exposed 1, 4, 6, 12, or 24 hr

50-Hz electric field at 0.2-20 kV/m and magnetic field at 0.2-200 µT

Not calculated

DNA single-strand breaks and cell growth

No significant effects observed

Chahal et al. 1993

E. coli K-12 strain AB1157, and its derivatives TK702 umuC (deficient in error prone repair) and TK501 umuC uvrB (lacking both error prone and excision repair) exposed 1 or 16 hr

1-Hz electric field at 3 kV/m for 1 hr or 1 kV/m for 16 hr alone or in combination with UV and/or mitomycin C

Not calculated

Mutations

No significant effects observed

Fiorio et al. 1993

Chinese hamster V79 cells exposed 10 days

50-Hz sinusoidal magnetic field at 200 µT

Not calculated

Chromosomal aberrations, SCEs, and cell survival

No significant increase in chromosomal aberrations or SCEs; cell viability decreased by 50% after 10 days with only 100 plated; however, no reduction in viability with 2 × 105 seeded cells

Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Tables." National Research Council. 1997. Possible Health Effects of Exposure to Residential Electric and Magnetic Fields. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5155.
×

Scarfí et al. 1993

Human peripheral lymphocytes exposed 72 hr and assayed using the cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay

50-Hz ac sinusoidal electric field at 0.5, 2, 5, and 10 kV/m

Not calculated

Micronuclei

No significant effects observed

Zwingelberg et al. 1993

Cultured rat peripheral lymphocytes exposed 7-28 days, 24 hr/day

Homogenous 50-Hz, magnetic field at 30 mT

Not calculated

SCEs and chromosomal aberrations

No significant effects observed

Fairbairn and O'Neill 1994

HL-60 cells, Raji cells, HeLa cells, and human peripheral lymphocytes exposed 2-30 min

50-Hz magnetic field with peak amplitude at 5 mT and pulse duration of 3 msec

Not calculated

DNA single-strand breaks

No significant effect observed

Libertin et al. 1994

HeLa cells transfected with a CAT construct transcriptionally driven by HIV-LTR promoter exposed 24 or 48 hr

ac field: 10 Hz-1.6 kHz, 0.07-35 µT; dc field: 170 µT

Not calculated

HIV-LTR expression

No significant effects observed

Nordenson et al. 1994

Human amniotic cells exposed 72 hr continuously and intermittently (15 sec on, 15 sec off; 2 sec on, 20 sec off)

50-Hz magnetic field at 30 µT (rms) and 300 µT

Not calculated

Chromosomal aberrations

A significant increase observed in intermittently exposed cells; no significant increase seen in continuously exposed cells

Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Tables." National Research Council. 1997. Possible Health Effects of Exposure to Residential Electric and Magnetic Fields. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5155.
×

TABLE A3-2 Peer-Reviewed Reports on Power-Frequency Electric-and Magnetic-Field Exposure and Calcium, October 1990-1994

Study

Cell Type

Exposure Characteristics

Electric-Field Strength of Culture Media

End Points Evaluated

Outcome

Moses and Martin 1992

Early chicken embryos

NA

NA

Levels of 5-nucleotidase, acetylcholinesterase (NT), and alkaline phosphatase

Nine exposed and 13 controls with morphologic anomalies; in normal embryos NT activity decreased; in abnormal embryos, all three were decreased

Karabakhtsian et al. 1994

HL-60 cells

NA

NA

c-fos and c-myc

Experiments demonstrated that calcium is necessary in the cell response to electric and magnetic fields

Carson et al. 1990

HL-60 cells

Radiofrequency EMF, static magnetic field, and time-varying magnetic field supplied by a magnetic resonance imaging unit for 23 min

NA

Calciumsensitive fluorescent indicator indo-1

Cells treated with all three fields in combination exhibited increase in calcium; cells exposed only to the time-varying magnetic field also had calcium higher than controls

Walleczek and Budinger 1992

Thymic lymphocytes (rat)

3-Hz pulsed magnetic field (PMF) with peak flux densities at 1.6, 6.5, or 28 mT

Induced electric fields at 0.04, 0.16, or 0.69 mV/cm

Concanavalin-A (Con-A)-induced calcium-ion signaling

Exposure of Con-A responsive cells to the 1.6-, 6.5-, and 28-mT fields resulted in 29.8, 45.7, and 95.6% inhibition of 45Ca2+ uptake, respectively; decreases induced by the 6.5- and 28-mT fields were statistically significant; PMFs having flux densities nearly 104 times greater than those found in the average human environment were shown to stimulate or inhibit Ca2+ signal transduction

Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Tables." National Research Council. 1997. Possible Health Effects of Exposure to Residential Electric and Magnetic Fields. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5155.
×

Yost and Liburdy 1992

Thymic lymphocytes

16-Hz, 42.1-µT with collinear static magnetic field at 23.4 µT (ac/dc field ratio 1.8)

Dosimetry carefully controlled

Mitogen-activated (Con-A) calcium transport using 45Ca2+

Increase in Ca2+ observed 100 sec after mitogen stimulation

Smith et al. 1993

Seeds of Raphanus sativus

60-Hz magnetic field tuned to the ion cyclotron resonance frequencies for calcium and potassium

24 hr/day for 21 days

Germination rate, growth, size

Seeds exposed to calcium-tuned fields slow to germinate but grew more rapidly and finally larger than the controls; potassium-tuned fields produced rapid germination but inhibited all but root growth, which was larger than controls

Schwartz and Mealing 1993

Atrial strips of frog heart

Exposed for 32 min to continuous-wave (CV) or amplitude-modulated (AM) magnetic field at 1 GHz; modulation at 0.5 Hz in synchrony with the preparation or at 16 Hz

Specific absorption rate (SAR) ranging from 3.2 µW/kg to 1.6 W/kg

Calcium efflux using 45Ca2+

No effects observed

Schwartz et al. 1990

Isolated frog hearts

30 min in Crawford cell; 240 MHz, either CV or AM at 0.5 or 16 Hz

Calculated SAR between 0.15 and 3.0 mW/kg

Calcium efflux using 45Ca2+

No effect at 0.5 Hz; movement of calcium ions observed at 16 Hz; 18% change at 0.3 mW/kg and 21% at 0.15 mW/kg

Dutta et al. 1992a

Neuroblastoma cells NG108

147 MHz AM at 16 Hz for 30 min

NA

Acetylcholine esterase activity

Monitoring AChE activity in power density and time windows confirms earlier work on neuroblastoma cells in culture where calcium efflux was monitored

Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Tables." National Research Council. 1997. Possible Health Effects of Exposure to Residential Electric and Magnetic Fields. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5155.
×

Study

Cell Type

Exposure Characteristics

Electric-Field Strength of Culture Media

End Points Evaluated

Outcome

Dutta et al. 1992b

Neuroblastoma cells NG108 and IMR-32

147 MHz AM at 16 Hz for 30 min

SAR at 0.001-0.5 mW/g

Enolase activity

SAR at 0.05 mW/g had significant enhancement in AChE, calcium, and enolase; all three depressed at 0.01 mW/g

Parkinson and Sulik 1992

Diatom, Amphora coffeiformis

Collinear dc and ac magnetic fields tuned to the cyclotron resonant condition for calcium at 16, 30, and 60 Hz

NA

Fractional motility

No effect; unable to reproduce earlier work by Smith et al. (1987)

Reese et al. 1991

Diatom, Amphora coffeiformis

16-Hz magnetic field at 20.9 µT parallel to the horizontal component of the dc field

NA

Fractional motility

Observed field-associated increase in diatom motion at 0.25 mM calcium (similar to that reported by Smith et al. 1987); however, percentage of moving cells not sufficiently reproducible to allow examination for frequency dependence

Klavinsh et al. 1991

Chick small intestine

Steady magnetic field at 1.14 mT and pulsed magnetic field at 80 Hz

NA

45Ca2+ uptake

Steady and pulsed magnetic fields enhanced uptake of 45Ca2+ by 40-50%

McLeod and Rubin 1992

Turkey ulnae (wings)

Pulsed electric field with flux ramp of 550 T/sec and 380 msec duration, repeated at a rate of 75 Hz; 15-, 75-, and 150-Hz sinusoidal fields

No more than 0.01 mV/cm at the tissue

Bone area

Osteogenic stimulation –3%, +5%, and +20% for 150-, 75-, and 15-Hz sinusoidal electric fields, respectively

NOTE: NA, not available.

Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Tables." National Research Council. 1997. Possible Health Effects of Exposure to Residential Electric and Magnetic Fields. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5155.
×

TABLE A4-1 Electric-and Magnetic-Field Exposure and Carcinogenesis

Study

Species (Sex)

Number per

Exposed Group

Exposure Characteristics

Exposure Duration

End Point Evaluated

Outcome

Comments

Spontaneous Tumor Development

Beniashvili et al. 1991

Rats (female)

25-50

20 µT, 50 Hz

0.5-3 hr/day for up to 2 yr

Mammary tumors

Increase of tumor incidence at 3 hr/day exposure

Minimal exposure system information

Rannug et al. 1993a

Mice (female)

36

50 or 500 µT, 50 Hz

19-21 hr/day for 103 wk

All tumors

Reduction in survival time and trend to increase in leukemia at 500 µT exposure

 

Svedenstal and Holmberg 1993

Mice (female)

63

15 µT, 20 kHz

Life long

Lymphomas

No effects of field exposure

X-ray, 4 × 0.31 Gy used as an initiator

Implantation of Tumor Cells

Thomson et al. 1988

Mice (female)

20

1.4, 200, or 500 µT, 60 Hz

6 hr/day for 5 days/wk until death (~2 wk)

P388 leukemia cells

No effect on survival time

Severe time limitation with model dynamics

Promotion of Tumors

Rannug et al. 1993b,c

Rats (male)

9-10

50 or 500 µT, 50 Hz

19-21 hr/day for 12 wk

Liver tumor

No tumor promotion

 

Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Tables." National Research Council. 1997. Possible Health Effects of Exposure to Residential Electric and Magnetic Fields. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5155.
×

Study

Species (Sex)

Number per Exposed Group

Exposure Characteristics

Exposure Duration

End Point Evaluated

Outcome

Comments

Promotion of Tumors

McLean et al. 1991

Mice (female)

32

2 mT, 60 Hz

6 hr/day, 5 days/wk for 21 days

Skin tumors promoted by DMBA/TPA

Trend to more rapid development of tumors

Copromotion with TPA suggested

Stuchly et al. 1992

Mice (female)

48

2 mT, 60 Hz

6 hr/day, 5 days/wk for 21 days

Skin tumors promoted by DMBA/TPA

Decrease in tumor latency; increase in tumor incidence

 

Rannug et al. 1993a

Mice (female)

36

50 or 500 µT, 50 Hz

19-21 hr/day for 12 wk

Skin tumors promoted by DMBA/TPA

No effect on tumor latency or tumor incidence

 

Beniashvili et al. 1991

Rats (female)

50

20 µT, 50 Hz

0.5-3 hr/day for up to 160 hr

Mammary tumors promoted by NMU

Increase in tumor number; decrease in tumor latency at 3 hr/day

Minimal information on system and experimental design

Mevissen et al. 1993

Rats (female)

15-18

30 mT, 50 Hz

24 hr/day for 3 mon

Mammary tumors promoted by DMBA

Increase in tumor number per animal

Not reproduced upon repeat

Löscher et al. 1994

Rats (female)

36

0.3-1 µT, 50 Hz

24 hr/day for 3 mon

Mammary tumors promoted by DMBA

Trend to decrease in tumor latency; decrease in nocturnal melatonin secretion

 

Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Tables." National Research Council. 1997. Possible Health Effects of Exposure to Residential Electric and Magnetic Fields. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5155.
×

Löscher et al. 1993

Rats (female)

99

100 µT, 50 Hz

24 hr/day for 3 mon

Mammary tumors promoted by DMBA

Decrease in tumor latency; strong increase in tumor incidence

Strong experimental protocol and methods

Baum et al. 1995

Rats (female)

99

100 µT, 50 Hz

24 hr/day for 3 mon

Mammary tumors promoted by DMBA

Increase in incidence; increase in median tumor size

Strong experimental protocol and methods

Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Tables." National Research Council. 1997. Possible Health Effects of Exposure to Residential Electric and Magnetic Fields. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5155.
×

TABLE A4-2 Electric-and Magnetic-Field Exposure and Reproductive and Developmental Effects

Study

Species

Developmental Stage

Number of Controls and Exposure Characteristics

Number of Exposed and Exposure Characteristics

End Points Evaluated

Outcome

Comments

Andrienko 1977

Rats

Parental male and female before and during gestation

270 animals

270 animals; 5 kV/m, 50 Hz, 1.5-4.5 mon including gestation

Reproductive processes and in utero development

Decrease in weight of newborns and survival to 21 days

No apparent relationship to exposure; statistical design and lack of description of experimental design do not meet scientific criteria for evaluation

Algers and Hultgren 1987

Cows (Swedish red and white)

4-mon gestation

58 animals; same environment below 100 V/m and 70 nT

58 animals; 4 (1.4-8.4) kV/m, 50 Hz, 2 (0.4-4.7) µT; exposure under 400-kV power line

Fertility, estrous cycle, progesterone levels, intensity of estrous, viability of offspring, malformations

No changes detected

Blinding in study not indicated

Berman et al. 1990

Chickens (white leghorn)

Embryo during first 48 hr of development

100 animals each in six laboratories; no field applied

100 animals each in six laboratories; unipolar pulses, 100 Hz, 9.5 msec duration, 1 µT peak, 2 nsec rise time

Fertility, developmental stage, morphology

Two of six laboratories detected a decrease in percent of normal embryos as a function of fertile eggs and live embryos; effect

Field uniformity 5% electric field, dc magnetic field, 50 and 60 Hz evaluated, also vibrations; all laboratories agreed on viability, stage, and somite

Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Tables." National Research Council. 1997. Possible Health Effects of Exposure to Residential Electric and Magnetic Fields. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5155.
×

 

 

 

 

 

 

significant when results of all laboratories pooled

development; disagreed on malformations; four laboratories had no increase in malformations, one had a 4-fold increase, and one had a 2-fold increase; evaluations blinded

Blackman et al. 1988b

Chickens (Gallas domesticus)

Embryos and 1.5 days posthatching

No sham exposure

288 eggs, ~10 V/m, 50 or 60 Hz; 5.9 V/m; 73 nT, brain in vitro

Calcium efflux from brain

Calculated current density: 0.13 µA/m2 in eggs; calcium efflux affected by 50 but not 60 Hz

Not independently confirmed; no indication that studies were blinded

Burack et al. 1984

Sprague-Dawley rates

14-21 days

12 litters; not energized, randomly selected system (room)

17 litters; 80 kV/m, 60 Hz

Postnatal viability, growth, body weight, developmental landmarks

Well-engineered and evaluated system, all required measurements, no shocks while drinking; blind experiment; no change in litter size, viability, or other measures; reduction in percent of exposed males displaying copulatory behavior

Small number of animals; no evaluation of general stress as a confounder; no indication that studies were blinded

Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Tables." National Research Council. 1997. Possible Health Effects of Exposure to Residential Electric and Magnetic Fields. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5155.
×

Study

Species

Developmental Stage

Number of Controls and Exposure Characteristics

Number of Exposed and Exposure Characteristics

End Points Evaluated

Outcome

Comments

Cameron et al. 1985

Medaka fish

Fertilized eggs (2- and 4- cell embryos)

NA

Number of eggs not provided; 100 µT rms, 300 mA/m2; 60 Hz; magnetic only, electric only, and magnetic plus electric

Morphologic defects; developmental delay

No increase in morphologic defects; developmental delay observed with magnetic and magnetic plus electric fields, but not with electric field alone

Not independently confirmed; reported delays did not result in abnormal development or decreased survivability; no indication that studies were blinded

Cox et al. 1993

Chickens (white leghorn)

Last 52 hr of gestation

200 eggs

200 eggs; 10 µT, 50 Hz, plus 17 µT DC

Morphology

No increases in abnormal development

Attempted to confirm Berman studies; analyses blinded

Fam, 1980

Swiss-Webster mice

Parental male and female exposed before and during gestation

Number not provided; system not energized; similar set up to exposure.

23 females and 23 males; 240 kV/m, 60 Hz

Litter growth, blood histology, biochemistry, histology of critical organs

No changes

No information given on evaluation of fields from given dimensions; poor uniformity, 23 animals housed in a single cage; no indication that studies were blinded

Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Tables." National Research Council. 1997. Possible Health Effects of Exposure to Residential Electric and Magnetic Fields. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5155.
×

Free et al. 1981

Sprague-Dawley rats

20-69 days of age

20 animals; not energized, interchangeable with field, all the same.

20 animals; 64, 68, or 80 kV/m; 60 Hz

Testosterone, FSH, LH, corticosterone, prolactin, TSH, GSH, thyroxin

No treatment-related effects

Well-engineered exposure system, described in great detail, all essential parameters required and many desirable given; no indication that studies were blinded

Frolen et al. 1993

CBA/S mice

1-19 days, 2-19 days, 5-19 days, 7-19 days

543 animals; control racks with no coils; stray field at 0.1-0.7 µT

707 animals; 15 µT, 20-kHz sawtoothed, 45-µsec rise and 5-µsec fall

Number of implants, resorptions, living and dead fetuses, malformations, length and weight of live fetuses

Increased resorption rate in all but 7-19 days; fetal body weight and length decreased in 7-19 days; no change in litter size

dc magnetic field measured, 50-Hz ambient 15-52 nT, exposure field not perturbed by cages; no information on vibration and illumination; lack of correlation between increased rates of resorptions and litter size makes it unlikely that detected increase is biologically significant; no indication that studies were blinded

Huuskonen et al. 1993

Wistar rats

1-20 days

72 animals; coil system not energized

144 animals; 35.6 µT (50 Hz) or 15 µT (20 kHz, sawtoothed)

Malformations, resorptions, living and dead fetuses

No increase in malformation or resorption rates; mean number of

6-17% field uniformity, dc and 50-Hz ambient measured; no

Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Tables." National Research Council. 1997. Possible Health Effects of Exposure to Residential Electric and Magnetic Fields. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5155.
×

Study

Species

Developmental Stage

Number of Controls and Exposure Characteristics

Number of Exposed and Exposure Characteristics

End Points Evaluated

Outcome

Comments

 

 

 

 

 

 

implants and living fetuses increased in 50 Hz; increase in minor skeletal anomalies

indication that studies were blinded

Kowalczuk and Saunders 1990

Mice (male)

Dominant lethal mutation

10 animals; same room, plates not energized

10 animals; 20 kV/m, 50 Hz; 2 wk; positive control: 10 animals

In utero death, litter size, viability

No effects

10% field uniformity; no information on exposure given, except cage position interchanged; females not exposed; no indication that studies were blinded

Margonato and Viola 1982

Rats (male)

Offspring exposed up to 48 days

NA

27 animals; 30 min/day or 8 hr/day; 100 kV/m, 50 Hz

Treated males: fertility, sperm viability, morphology; offspring: number of implantations, percent live/litter, incidence of malformations

No treatment-related effects on male reproduction or offspring

No indication that studies were blinded

Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Tables." National Research Council. 1997. Possible Health Effects of Exposure to Residential Electric and Magnetic Fields. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5155.
×

Marino et al. 1976

Mice

Three generations

233 animals; either ambient or shielded in same apparatus

331 animals; 10 kV/m, 60 Hz, 3.5 kV/m

Mortality and morbidity during first week postpartum; 8-35 days postpartum

Decreased body weight at 35 days postpartum and increased mortality for three generations

Number of experimental animals approximate; results might be due to grounding microcurrents animals experienced while feeding; no indication that studies were blinded

Marino et al. 1980

Mice

Three generations

519 animals; either ambient or shielded in the same apparatus

497 animals; 3.5 kV/m, 60 Hz, 3.5 kV/m

Mortality and weight of animals for three generations

Increased mortality in each exposed generation and increase in body weight in only the third generation

Ambient electric field 2-12 V/m; rubber foam to prevent unspecified vibrations; no examination of fetuses for birth weight or malformations; insufficient data regarding mortality for independent analysis; number of animals approximated; possible microshocks from drinking apparatus; no indication that studies were blinded

Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Tables." National Research Council. 1997. Possible Health Effects of Exposure to Residential Electric and Magnetic Fields. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5155.
×

Study

Species

Developmental Stage

Number of Controls and Exposure Characteristics

Number of Exposed and Exposure Characteristics

End Points Evaluated

Outcome

Comments

Martin 1992

Chickens (white leghorn)

First 48 hr

100 eggs

100 eggs; 3 µT (peak to peak), 60 Hz; with 2-µsec rise and fall times, 500-µsec duration

Morphology; frequency of malformations

No exposure-related effects

All analyses blinded

McGiven et al. 1990

Sprague-Dawley rats

15-20 days gestation

6 animals; same treatment, but not in the coil; cage control: 6 animals

6 animals; 800 µT (peak intensity), 15 Hz pulsed, 300 µsec duration, 5 µsec fall time

At birth: number live, average weight, anogenital distance; at 120 days postpartum: reproductive morphology, and male testosterone, LH, FSH, testes, accessory sex organ weight, and marking behavior

Calculated internal fields at 0.1-0.5 V/m; no effect on number live, average weight, anogenital distance; no differences in hormone levels; increased accessory sex organ weight; reduced marking behavior

Not replicated by any other laboratory; no indication that studies were blinded

McRobbie and Foster 1985

Swiss-Webster (CD-1) mice

Not known

NA

Number of animals not given; varying and unspecified periods of exposure; 3.5-12 kT (capacitor

Number of live young and postnatal growth rates

Heat removed by forced air, vibrations eliminated by separate mounting, noise limited but not eliminated; no

Does not conform to scientifically accepted protocols; no indication that studies were blinded

Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Tables." National Research Council. 1997. Possible Health Effects of Exposure to Residential Electric and Magnetic Fields. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5155.
×

 

 

 

 

discharge-MRI simulation)

 

treatment-related effects

 

Persinger et al. 1978

Wistar rat

19 days prepartum to 3 days postpartum

3 animals per group; the same system without magnets

3 animals per group; 5, 100, or 1,000 µT, 0.5-Hz rotating

38 blood, tissue, and consumptive measurements

Random

No indication that studies were blinded

Rommereim et al. 1987

Rats (female)

Adults and offspring exposed 19 hr/day for 4 wk

1,780 animals; not energized, interchangeable with field, all the same

1,831 animals; 100 kV/m; effective field at 65 kV/m, 60 Hz

Copulatory behavior, intrauterine mortality, malformation

No indication of altered mating behavior; effect on fertility not consistent; fetal death lower in one exposed group than in controls

Well-engineered exposure system, described in great detail, all essential parameters required and many desirable given; very large study, found some positive findings but not repeated in duplicate experiments; inconsistent results could be due to random variation or threshold dose; analyses blinded

Rommereim et al. 1989

Rats (female)

Adults through mating, pregnancy parturition, and rearing of young

223 animals; not energized, inter-changeable with field, all the same

450 animals; 112, 150 kV/m; 60 Hz; 1-mon exposure of females before mating; exposed 19 hr/day

Litter size, sex ratio, mortality, maternal and fetal weight gain, and growth

No effects on reproduction measurements

Well-engineered exposure system, described in great detail, all essential parameters required and many desirable given; study

Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Tables." National Research Council. 1997. Possible Health Effects of Exposure to Residential Electric and Magnetic Fields. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5155.
×

Study

Species

Developmental Stage

Number of Controls and Exposure Characteristics

Number of Exposed and Exposure Characteristics

End Points Evaluated

Outcome

Comments

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

designed to answer question of threshold from 1987 publication; analyses blinded

Rommereim et al. 1990

Sprague-Dawley rats

Adult through pregnancy, parturition, and rearing of the young for two generations

68 animals; not energized, interchangeable with field; all parameters the same

204 animals (3 groups) exposed 19 hr/day; 10, 65, or 130 kV/m; 60 Hz

Percent pregnant, gestational and postnatal weight gain, litter size, neonatal and juvenile mortality, sex ratio, placental weight, number of corpora lutea, implantations, resorptions, malformation

No detrimental effects on survival or growth of the offspring

Well-engineered exposure system, described in great detail, all essential parameters required and many desirable given; analyses blinded

Seto et al. 1984

Rats

Four generations

1,337 animals; not energized, randomly selected system (room)

1,346 animals; 80 kV/m, 60 Hz, 21 hr/day; conceived, born, and raised for four generations

Fertility, litter size at birth and weaning, sex ratio, weight at weaning, frequency of malformations

No effects

No information given on evaluation from given dimensions: poor uniformity, 23 animals housed in one cage, raising

Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Tables." National Research Council. 1997. Possible Health Effects of Exposure to Residential Electric and Magnetic Fields. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5155.
×

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

concerns about shielding; no water available to animals during exposure; no measurements of weight of newborns or careful examinations of those exposed in utero for malformations; analyses blinded

Sikov et al. 1984

Rat

Before mating until term; 8 days from conception; 17-25 days postpartum

128 animals; not energized, interchangeable with field, all the same

337 animals; 100 kV/m; 60 Hz, 20 hr/day; group 1, females exposed 6 days before mating until term; group 2, females exposed 8 days preconception until term; and group 3, same as 2 except exposure 17-25 days postpartum

Fertility, resorptions, viability, sex ratio, birth weight, postpartum growth, and malformation; postnatal behavioral tests including movement, grooming, standing and righting reflex, and geotropism

No reproductive effects; transient behavioral changes in neonatal period, but not when tested 21 days postpartum

Well-engineered exposure system, described in great detail, all essential parameters required and many desirable given; rats can perceive and respond to 60-Hz field strengths below those used in these studies; no indication that studies were blinded.

Sikov et al. 1987

Hanford miniature swine

F-0 study group for 4 mon before breeding and for first

114 animals; not energized, separate building

261 animals; 30 kV/m, 60-Hz field, 20 hr/day, 7 days/wk. F-0

F-0 and F-1 were birth defect studies; birth weight and litter

No effects on birth weight and litter size; increase in malformations in

Exposure system well engineered and described in detail with all essential

Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Tables." National Research Council. 1997. Possible Health Effects of Exposure to Residential Electric and Magnetic Fields. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5155.
×

Study

Species

Developmental Stage

Number of Controls and Exposure Characteristics

Number of Exposed and Exposure Characteristics

End Points Evaluated

Outcome

Comments

 

 

100 days postpartum

 

group exposed 4 mon before breeding and for first 100 days postpartum

size, rates of malformation

musculoskeletal and digits; F-1 groups, increase in malformations

parameters given; malformations, and CNS or cardiovascular defects not described; increase in malformations not a consistent finding across generations; no indication that studies were blinded

Stuchly et al. 1988

Rats

2 wk before conception and throughout pregnancy

340 maternal animals

987 maternal animals; 5.7, 23, and 66 µT (alternating field) for 7 hr/day; sawtoothed waveform (18,000 Hz) similar to but higher than a video-display terminal

Maternal weight gain, fetal and placental weight, litter size, live fetuses and resorptions, major and minor malformations

All reproductive results indistinguishable from control results; fewer skeletal variants in higher exposure groups and an increase in minor skeletal anomalies by fetus, but not litter

Appropriate large control and exposed groups; no reproductive effects but a reduction in maternal lymphocyte count, although still within the normal range; no indication that studies were blinded

Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Tables." National Research Council. 1997. Possible Health Effects of Exposure to Residential Electric and Magnetic Fields. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5155.
×

Wiley et al. 1992

Mice

1-18 days

185 animals; identical system, not energized

558 animals; 3.6, 17, and 200 µT; 20-kHz sawtoothed waveform

Implantations, fetal deaths, resorptions, and body weights; gross external, visceral, and skeletal malformations

No exposure-related effects

Very well characterized, blind, computer monitoring, vibrations, illumination evaluated but not reported; no indication that studies were blinded

Zusman et al. 1990

Rats and mice

Preimplantation embryos through blastocyst

9 animals; sham-exposure conditions not given

34 animals; 1, 20, 50, 70, or 100-Hz, 0.6 V/m; pulse duration 10 msec

Malformations

Cultured rat embryo: abnormal limb development; cultured mouse embryo: developmental retardation; no effects in vivo

Internal fields below 1 µV/m (with 0.6 V/m in air); no indication that studies were blinded

Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Tables." National Research Council. 1997. Possible Health Effects of Exposure to Residential Electric and Magnetic Fields. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5155.
×

TABLE A4-3 Reports of Special Interest on Electric-and Magnetic-Field Exposure and Neurobehavioral Effects

Study

Species

Developmental Stage

Number per Group

Exposure Characteristics

End Points Evaluated

Outcome

Comments

Wolpaw et al. 1989

Macaque monkeys (male)

4-6 yr

4 sham, 6 exposed

3 kV/m, 10 µT; 10 kV/m, 30 µT; 30 kV/m, 90 µT

Well being, weight, blood chemistry, simple motor tasks, postmortem

No effects

 

Sagan et al. 1987

Sprague-Dawley rats

Adult

32 exposed

0-27 kV/m, 60 Hz

Operant detection threshold

13.3 or 7.9 kV/m detection threshold

 

Lovely et al. 1992

Sprague-Dawley rats (male)

Adult 63 and 3 days

8 sham, 32 exposed

3.03 mT, 60 Hz

Avoidance shuttlebox, 1 hr

No effects

 

Dowman et al. 1989

Macaque monkeys

Adult, 5-7 kg

6 sham, 4 exposed

3 kV/m, 10 µT; 10 kV/m, 30 µT; 30 kV/m, 90 µT

Auditory, visual, somatosensory, evoked response 2 times per week

No effects

Somatosensory decrease in amplitude of late response for exposures of 10 kV/m and 30 kV/m

Hong et al. 1988

Sprague-Dawley rats

Exposed 0-14 days; weaned at 21 days; tested at 30 days

46 sham, 50 exposed

0.5 T, 3 exposures per day for 15 min for 2 wk

Repeated reversal of position habit

No effects

 

Liboff et al. 1989

Rats

Adult

0 shams, 5 exposed

26.1 µT, 0.139 µT, 60 Hz

Performance on FR/BRL combined operant schedule

DRL baseline disrupted not FR; threshold for effect, 27 µT

 

Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Tables." National Research Council. 1997. Possible Health Effects of Exposure to Residential Electric and Magnetic Fields. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5155.
×

Stern and Laties 1989

Rats (male and female)

Adults

5, animals were their own controls

90-100 kV/m, 60 Hz

Press lever to switch exposure off or on

No effect

 

Salzinger et al. 1990

Rats

Exposed at 8 days of age, tested as adults at 90 days old

21 exposed, 20 sham

30 kV/m, 100 mT rems, 60 Hz

Complex operant schedule with repeat extinction and releasing

Slower rates of responding on many tasks in exposed groups

Good study

Weigel et al. 1987

Cats

Adult, 2.1-4.6 kg

N/A

245 receptors, 600 kV/m, 60 Hz

Receptor responsiveness, cats paw stimulation, recorded DRG

Hair removal deceased response; mineral oil decreased response further

 

Ossenkopp and Cain 1988

Rats (male)

Adult, 350 g

17 sham, 17 exposed, crossover design

100 µT, 60 Hz

Kindling after discharge duration

Attenuation after discharge in experimental groups

 

Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Tables." National Research Council. 1997. Possible Health Effects of Exposure to Residential Electric and Magnetic Fields. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5155.
×

TABLE A4-4 Electric-Field Exposure and Neurobiologic Effects

Study

Species

Developmental Stage

Number per Group

Exposure Characteristics

End Points Evaluated

Outcome

Comments

Blackwell and Reed 1985

Mice (male)

21-30 g

20 sham, 20 exposed

50-400 V/m, 15-50 Hz

Sleep-time exploration behavior

No effects

 

Rosenberg et al. 1981

Deer mice

5-15 mon

34 in plastic cages above ground, 21 grounded

100 kV/m, 10 Hz

Activity, circulation, CO2, oxygen, temperature

Transient activity and gas increase during inactive phase

 

Rosenberg et al. 1983

Deer mice

5-15 mon

8 sham, 60 exposed

10-75 kV/m, 60 Hz

Activity, blood gas

Transient increase with exposures of 50-75 kV/m

 

Blackwell 1986

Albino male rats (HMT)

250-400 g

200 recordings, 51 cells

100 V/m, 50, 30, and 45 Hz

Firing rate timed

No effect on rate at 15 and 30 Hz; firing time was dependent on field voltage

 

Creim et al. 1984

Sprague-Dawley rats (male)

70 days

3 exposed, 4 groups each

69 kV/m, 133 kV/m, 34 kV/m, 60 Hz

Taste aversion, time drinking saccharine

No effects

 

Easley et al. 1991

Baboons

5-6 yr

8 exposed, 8 sham

30 kV/m, 60 Hz; exposed 6 wk, 12 hr/day and 7 days/wk

Social behavior, passive affinity, tension, steroptopy

Social stress only in first 2 wk

 

Stern and Laties 1985

Rats (female)

Adult

5 own control

55 kV/m, 60 Hz

Operant detection

3-10 kV/m detection threshold

 

Hjeresen et al. 1980

Rats

Adult

8 sham, 32 exposed per experiment

0, 60, and 105 kV/m

Shuttlebox avoidance and general acuity

75 kV/m and greater in long 23.5 hr exposure leads to

 

Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Tables." National Research Council. 1997. Possible Health Effects of Exposure to Residential Electric and Magnetic Fields. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5155.
×

 

 

 

 

 

avoidance of exposed regions during light portion of the day, more activity

 

Hjeresen et al. 1982

Swine

22-24 mon, 65 kg

15 sham, 7 exposed

30 kV/m, 60 Hz

Shuttlebox avoidance

Spent more time out of electric fields during sleep time

Jaffe et al. 1983

Rats (male)

3-6 wk

Two experiments: 1-14 exposed, 15 sham, 2-46 exposed, 25 sham

100 kV/m, 60 Hz

Synaptic transmission and PNS function SCG (in vitro)

Increased synaptic excitability

Jaffe et al. 1980

Rats (male)

0-30 days

114 sham and exposed

65 kV/m, 60 Hz, 20 hr/day, PD 11-20

Visual-evoked response in cortex

Age effects but no exposure effects

Portet and Cabanes 1988

Rats (male), rabbits

Rats begin prenatally, rabbits 8 wk

Rats: 25 exposed, 25 sham; rabbits: 28 exposed in four equal groups

50 kV/m, 60 Hz

Organ growth, hormone production, many measurements

Only in rabbits, adrenal cortisol decrease, but no decrease in plasma cortisol

Stern and Laties 1989

Rats (male and female)

Adults

5 animals, animal was own control

90-100 kV/m, 60 Hz

Press lever to switch exposure on and off

No effect

Stern et al. 1983

Rats

Adults

19 animals, animal was own control

0-10 kV/m, 60 Hz

Detection threshold, operant response

4-8 kV/m detection threshold

Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Tables." National Research Council. 1997. Possible Health Effects of Exposure to Residential Electric and Magnetic Fields. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5155.
×

Study

Species

Developmental Stage

Number per Group

Exposure Characteristics

End Points Evaluated

Outcome

Comments

Salzinger et al. 1990

Rats

Exposed at 8 days old and tested as adults at 90 days old

21 exposed, 20 sham

30 kV/m, 100 mT rems, 60 Hz

Complex operant schedule with repeat extinction and releasing

Slower rates of responding on many tasks in exposed groups

 

Weigel et al. 1987

Cats

Adult, 2.1-4.6 kg

 

245 receptors, 600 kV/m, 60 Hz

Receptor responsiveness, catspaw stimulation, record in DRG

Hair removal decreased response; mineral oil decreased response further

Tested hypothesis of direct field effect in neuronal (DRG) membrane; not likely to be membrane action

Hackman and Graves 1981

Mice

Adult, 56-58 days

110 mice, 5-15 per group

5 min/day for 6 wk; 0, 25, 50 kV/m; 60 Hz

Corticosterone levels

Increase immediately after onset

 

Cooper et al. 1981

Pigeons

5-12 mon

6

25, 50 kV/m, 60 Hz

Conditioned suppression (detection)

Significant suppression at 50 kV/m

Suppression does not mean aversion

Graves 1981

Pigeons

5-12 mon

6

50 kV/m, 60 Hz

Conditioned suppression

Significant suppression

Not vibration

Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Tables." National Research Council. 1997. Possible Health Effects of Exposure to Residential Electric and Magnetic Fields. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5155.
×

Graves et al. 1978

Pigeons, leghorn chickens

Adult

60 birds, 20 groups

0, 40, 80 kV/m, 60 Hz

Conditioned suppression EEG heart rate

CS detected at 32 kV/m, EEG increase variance, heart rate increased

 

Smith et al. 1979

Rats

Young adult; begins at 30 days

8 sham, 8 exposed

25 kV/m, 60 Hz, for 5 or 6 wk

Body mass, food and water intake, exploratory behavior

No effects

 

Sagan et al. 1987

Sprague-Dawley rats

Adult

32

0-27 kV/m, 60 Hz

Operant detection threshold

13.3 or 7.9 kV/m detection threshold

 

Jaffe et al. 1981

Rats (male)

Adult males

In 3 experiments, 22 exposed, 14 sham; 13 exposed, 14 sham; 18 exposed, 20 sham

100 kV/m, 60 Hz

Neuromuscular function (FTW), plantor (PTW), soleus muscles (STW), muscle fiber

Fatigue in STW fibers constantly enhanced

 

Rosenberg et al. 1981

Deer mice

5-15 mon

34 exposed, 21 sham

100 kV/m rms, 60 Hz

Gross motor CO2, O2, and temperature

Activity and gas increased initially then returned to normal

 

Hackman and Graves 1981

Mice

70 days

5-15 in all groups

0-50,000 V/m, 60 Hz

Plasma corticosterone

Acute transient increase after exposure to high levels

Perception apparent for only minutes

Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Tables." National Research Council. 1997. Possible Health Effects of Exposure to Residential Electric and Magnetic Fields. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5155.
×

TABLE A4-5 Magnetic-Field Exposure and Neurobehavioral Effects

Study

Species

Developmental Stage

Number per Group

Exposure Characteristics

End Points Evaluated

Outcome

Comments

Lovely et al. 1992

Rats (male)

Adult, 3 and 63 days

8 sham, 24 exposed

3.03 mT, 60 Hz

Avoidance shuttlebox for 1 hr

No effect

 

Thomas et al. 1986

Rats (male)

Adult

5 were own controls

2.6 µT, 60 Hz

FR/BRL performance mixed schedule

Decreased rate of DRL performance only

Cyclotran resonance geomagnetic

Smith and Justesen 1977

mice

Adult

39 in 3 gender groups

1.3 ± 0.3 mT, 60 Hz

Locomotor activity aggression

Field induced increase in activity

 

Ossenkopp et al. 1985

Mice (male)

Adult

In 2 experiments: 31 exposed, 20 sham; 10 exposed, 20 sham

147 ± .02 mT, 6.2 Hz (4.7), 8 mT/sec, 10 mT/sec

Analesia to morphine (latency to respond)

Attenuated analgesia day and night

Theory: pineal gland and calcium bonding

Ossenkopp and Kavaliers 1987

Mice (male)

Adult

15 sham, 10 exposed at 100 µT, 16 exposed at 50 µT twice

2 µT, 100 µT, 150 µT, 30-min exposure

Analgesia to morphine (latency to respond)

Attenuate in linear relation to 100 µT highest at 150 µT

 

Ossenkopp and Cain 1988

Rats (male)

Adult, 350 g

17 exposed, 17 sham, cross over design

100 µT, 60 Hz

Kindling after discharge duration

Attenuation of discharge in experimental groups

 

Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Tables." National Research Council. 1997. Possible Health Effects of Exposure to Residential Electric and Magnetic Fields. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5155.
×

Clarke and Justesen 1979

Leghorn chickens

Exposed 24 hr in utero, tested at 10 wk

2 sham, 2 exposed

4.0 mT dc, 1.7 mT rms, 60 Hz

Conditioned suppression

Detection as evidenced by increased variability, both ac and dc effect

dc movement induced effect

Tucker and Schmitt 1978

Humans

Adult

200

0.75, 1.3, 1.5, and 7.5 mT; 60 Hz

Detection

No detection

 

Kavaliers and Ossenkopp 1986a

CF-1 and C57BL mice

1-2 mon, 25-30 g

10 mice per group

30-min exposure 0.15-9 mT, 0.5 Hz

Paw-flick response to 50 ±, 5° C hotplate; 1-min total activity monitor

Exposure for 30 min markedly decreases degree of stress-induced opiod analgesia and hyperactivity

 

Rudolph et al. 1985

Wistar rats

Adult, 385 g

2 groups: light and dark; total: 47 rats

50 Hz, 40 µT dc, 4-hr exposure

18-min test of open field activity

40% increase in activity, only at beginning of light field test

 

Kavaliers and Ossenkopp 1986b

CF-1 mice

3-4 mon adults, 30-35 g

10 mice per group

0.5 Hz, 0.15-9 mT for 60 min

Paw-flick hotplate response to m, d, k, and S agonists

Significant attenuation of agonist effects for all receptor agonists except SKF-10047 S receptor

 

Kavaliers and Ossenkopp 1986c

CF-1 and C57BL mice (male)

3-4 mon, 30-35 g

10 mice per group

0.5 Hz, 0.15-9 mT

1-min activity latency to lift paw in hotplate response to 10 mg/kg morphine

B field inhibited effects of morphine; EGTA blocks inhibition; A21387 (Ca2+ ionophore) augments analgesia

Ca2+ antagonized morphine effect

Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Tables." National Research Council. 1997. Possible Health Effects of Exposure to Residential Electric and Magnetic Fields. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5155.
×

Study

Species

Developmental Stage

Number per Group

Exposure Characteristics

End Points Evaluated

Outcome

Comments

Ossenkopp and Kavaliers 1987

CF-1 mice (male)

2-3 mon, 25-30 g

27 sham, 50 exposed

Two experiments: 15 sham; 10 exposed at 50 µT, 16 exposed at 100 µT; 12 sham; 12 exposed at 50 µT, 12 exposed at 150 µT; 60 Hz

Analgesia to 10 mg/kg morphine in paw-flick latency response to 50° C

B field inhibited analgesia in dose-dependent manner; biggest effect, nocturnal at 150 µT

 

Ossenkopp and Kavaliers 1987

CF-1 mice

1-2 mon, 25-30 g

5 per group

60-min exposure, 0.5 Hz, 0.15-9 mT rotating field

Analgesia to 10 mg/kg morphine effects of Ca2+ regulators

Ca2+ channel antagonist reduced analgesia; Ca2+ channel agonist enhanced inhibition to B field

Ca2+ drugs had no effect on morphine-induced analgesia

Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Tables." National Research Council. 1997. Possible Health Effects of Exposure to Residential Electric and Magnetic Fields. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5155.
×

TABLE A4-6 Magnetic-and Electric-Field Exposure and Neurobehavioral Effects

Study

Species

Developmental Stage

Number per Group

Exposure Characteristics

End Points Evaluated

Outcome

Comments

Wolpaw et al. 1989

Macaque monkeys

4-6 yr

6 exposed, 4 sham

3 kV/m, 10 µT; 10 kV/m, 30 µT; 30 kV/m, 90 µT

Well-being, weight, blood chemistry, simple motor tasks, postmortem

No effects

 

Dowman et al. 1989

Macaque monkeys

Adult, 5-7 kg

6 exposed, 4 sham

3 kV/m, 10 µT; 10 kV/m, 30 µT; 30 kV/m, 9 µT

Auditory, visual, somatosensory, evoked response 2 times per week

No effects; only somatosensory decrease in amplitude of late response for 10 kV/m and 30 kV/m

 

Davis et al. 1984

CD-1 mice (male), LAF-1 mice (female)

40-70 days

Male mice: >100 exposed, >100 sham; female mice: 10 exposed

1.65 T rms, 60 Hz, exposed 72 hr

Passive avoidance; activity chemical-induced seizures

No effects

 

Hong et al. 1988

Sprague-Dawley rats

Exposed 0-14 days, weaned 21 days, tested at 30 days

46 exposed, 50 sham

0.5 T, three exposures of 15 min/day for 2 wk

Repeated reversal of position habit

No effects

 

Liboff et al. 1989

Rats

Adult

5 exposed, 0 sham

26.1 µT, 0.139 µT, 60 Hz

Performance on FR/BRL combined operant schedule

DRL baseline disrupted, but not FR; threshold for effect 27 µT

 

Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Tables." National Research Council. 1997. Possible Health Effects of Exposure to Residential Electric and Magnetic Fields. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5155.
×

TABLE A4-7 Effects of Sinusoidal Electric-Field Exposure on Pineal Melatonin Production

Study

Species

Developmental Stage

Number per Group

Exposure Characteristics

End Points Evaluated

Outcome

Comments

Wilson et al. 1981

Sprague-Dawley rats (male)

Adult

5 per group

60 Hz, 0.7-1.9 kV/m for 20 hr/day for 30 days; sham-exposed controls

Pineal NAT activity, pineal melatonin, pineal 5-methoxy-tryptophol

No change in nighttime pineal NAT, reduction in nighttime melatonin, no change in nighttime 5- methoxytryptophol production

Lack of correlation of NAT and melatonin unexpected; unusually low nighttime pineal melatonin

Wilson et al. 1986

Sprague-Dawley rats (male)

Adult

10 per group

60 Hz; 39 kV/m; 20 hr/day for 1, 2, 3, or 4 wk exposure; sham-exposed controls

Pineal NAT activity, pineal melatonin

After 3 and 4 wk exposure, nighttime pineal NAT and melatonin depressed; withdrawal of fields returned nighttime pineal NAT and melatonin to normal

NAT activity and pineal melatonin decreased in parallel

Reiter et al. 1988

Sprague-Dawley rats

Fetal and newborn

 

60 Hz; 10, 65, or 130 kV/m; exposed in utero and for 23 days after birth; sham-exposed controls

Pineal melatonin

Pineal melatonin depressed by all field strengths

No dose-response relationship

Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Tables." National Research Council. 1997. Possible Health Effects of Exposure to Residential Electric and Magnetic Fields. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5155.
×

Grota et al. 1994

Sprague-Dawley rats

Adult

12 per group

60 Hz; 35 kV; exposed 20 hr/day for 30 days; sham-exposed controls

Pineal NAT activity, pineal HIOMT activity, pineal melatonin, blood melatonin

No change in nighttime pineal NAT, HIOMT, or melatonin; depressed nighttime blood melatonin

Exposures conducted with or without concurrent red-light exposure

Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Tables." National Research Council. 1997. Possible Health Effects of Exposure to Residential Electric and Magnetic Fields. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5155.
×

TABLE A4-8 Effects of Sinusoidal Magnetic-Field Exposure on the Pineal Gland in Animals in Morphologic Studies

Study

Species

Developmental Stage

Number per Group

Exposure Characteristics

End Points Evaluated

Outcome

Comments

Milin et al. 1988

Wistar rats (male)

Adult

4-6 per group

70-µT exposure for 20 min/day for 14 days; sham-exposed controls

Pineal morphology, ultrastructural studies

Decreased peptidergic activity of light pinealocytes

Very high field strengths used; interpretation of results confounded by stress factors (rats restrained during exposure)

Gimenez-Gonzalez et al. 1991

Wistar rats (male)

Adult

5 per group

50 Hz; 5.2-mT exposure for 1, 3, 7, 15, or 21 days for 30 min/day; room controls

Pineal morphology, light, and ultrastructural studies

After 3 and 7 days, changes most prominent include decreased karyometric index and increased lipid in pineal cells

Very high field strengths used; no quantitation of reported changes; no sham-exposed controls

Martinez-Soriano et al. 1992

Wistar-King rats (male)

Adult

5 per group

50 Hz; 5.2-mT exposure for 1, 3, 7, 15, or 21 days for 30 min/day; room controls

Pineal morphology

After 15 and 21 days, decrease in synaptic ribbon number in pineal cells

Very high field strengths used; no sham controls; little internal consistency in the data

Matsushima et al. 1993

Wistar-King rats (male)

Adult

6 per group

50 Hz; 5-µT circularly polarized; continuous exposure (except for two 2-hr intervals per week) for 42 days; sham-exposed controls

Pineal morphology, light microscopic studies

Slight differences in pinealocyte size, especially the proximal and distal (but not central) portions of gland; changes seasonally dependent

Regional and seasonal differences make interpretation of significance difficult

Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Tables." National Research Council. 1997. Possible Health Effects of Exposure to Residential Electric and Magnetic Fields. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5155.
×

TABLE A4-9 Effects of Sinusoidal Magnetic-Field Exposure on Pineal Melatonin Production

Study

Species

Developmental Stage

Number per Group

Exposure Characteristics

End Points Evaluated

Outcome

Comments

Martinez-Soriano et al. 1992

Wistar rats (male)

Adult

5 per group

50 Hz; 5.2 mT; exposure for 1, 3, 7, 15, or 21 days; 30 min/day; room controls

Blood melatonin

Depressed daytime blood melatonin at 15 days

Blood melatonin depressed after 15 days but not after 21 days; very high field strengths used

Kato et al. 1993

Wistar-King rats (male)

Adult

8 per group

50 Hz; 0, 0.2, 0.1, 1, 5, 50, or 250 µT, circularly polarized field with continuous exposure for 42 days (except for two 2-hr intervals per week); sham-exposed controls

Pineal melatonin, blood melatonin

Field strength of 1 µT and above suppressed nighttime pineal melatonin and increased daytime melatonin; field strengths of 1 µT and above suppressed day time and nighttime blood melatonin

Rise in daytime pineal melatonin after magnetic-field exposure is unusual

Kato et al. 1994a

Long-Evans rats

Adult

8 per group

50 Hz; 0, 0.2, or 1 µT, circularly polarized field with continuous exposure for 42 days (except for two 2-hr intervals per week);

Pineal melatonin, blood melatonin

Field strengths of 0.2 µT depressed nighttime melatonin; 0.2 and 1 µT depressed daytime and nighttime blood melatonin

Showed that pigmented rats (Long-Evans) respond to magnetic fields as do albino rats (Sprague-Dawley)

Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Tables." National Research Council. 1997. Possible Health Effects of Exposure to Residential Electric and Magnetic Fields. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5155.
×

Study

Species

Development Stage

Number per Group

Exposure Characteristics

End Points Evaluated

Outcome

Comments

 

 

 

 

sham-exposed controls and room controls

 

 

 

Kato et al. 1994b

Wistar-King rats

Adult

8 per group

50 Hz; 1 µT; horizontal or vertical; continuous exposure for 42 days (except for two 2-hr intervals per week); shamexposed controls and room controls

Pineal melatonin, blood melatonin

No effects on pineal or blood melatonin daytime or nighttime

In contrast to circularly polarized 50-Hz, 1-µT fields, horizontal or vertical, 50-Hz, 1-µT fields are without effect on pineal and blood melatonin

Yellon 1994

Djungarian hamsters (male and female)

Adult

4-6 per group

60 Hz; 100 µT; horizontal for 15 min (beginning 2 hr before dark onset); sham-exposed controls

Pineal melatonin, blood melatonin

In two of three experiments, reduced and delayed rise in nighttime pineal and blood melatonin; in one experiment, no effect on nighttime pineal or blood melatonin

Two of three identical experiments showing suppression of nighttime pineal and blood melatonin and one showing no effect; all animals were adults but varied widely in age

Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Tables." National Research Council. 1997. Possible Health Effects of Exposure to Residential Electric and Magnetic Fields. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5155.
×

TABLE A4-10 Effects of Combined Sinusoidal Electric-and Magnetic-Field Exposure on Pineal Melatonin Production

Study

Species

Developmental Stage

Number per Group

Exposure Characteristics

End Points Evaluated

Outcome

Comments

Lee et al. 1993

Suffolk sheep (female)

Juvenile

10 per group

Exposed under 500-kV power line: continuous 6-kV electric and 4-µT magnetic fields; controls 225 m from power line; continuous <10-V/m electric and <0.03-µT magnetic fields

Blood melatonin between ages of 2 and 10 mon at 8 different times

No effect on 24-hr melatonin rhythms between exposed and controls

Thorough and well-supervised study

Rogers et al. 1995

Papio cynocephalus baboons (male)

Adult

3 per group

Random, intermittent (with rapid onset/offset) 30-kV/m electric and 100-µT magnetic field; animals served as own controls and run at another time in the same facility

Blood melatonin

Nighttime melatonin depressed in experiments

Animals served as own controls; therefore, controls not run simultaneously

Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Tables." National Research Council. 1997. Possible Health Effects of Exposure to Residential Electric and Magnetic Fields. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5155.
×

TABLE A4-11 Effects of Different Types of Electric-and Magnetic-Field Exposure on Melatonin Metabolism in Humans

Study

Species

Developmental Stage

Number per Group

Exposure Characteristics

End Points Evaluated

Outcome

Comments

Prato et al. 1988-89

Human (male)

Adult

4 per group

MRI exposure: concurrent static magnetic field, time-varying magnetic field, radio frequency fields, at night for 40.5 min; subjects served as own controls and were sham exposed on another night

Blood melatonin

No changes in blood melatonin during exposure

Small number of subjects

Schiffman et al. 1994

Human (male)

Adult

2 per group

MRI exposure: 2.5-T magnetic field for 1 hr; subjects served as own controls and were sham exposed on another night; subjects also used as bright-light positive controls on another night

Blood melatonin

No effect on blood melatonin; bright light slightly reduced blood melatonin

MRI exposure did not alter blood melatonin; bright-light exposure also had surprisingly little effect

Wilson et al. 1990b

Human (male and female)

Adult

28 or 14 per group

Slept under snap safety switch (conventional) or continuous polymer wire (CPW) electric blankets for 6-10 wk

Urinary 6-hydroxy melatonin sulfate

At beginning or discontinuation of CPW blanket use, 7 subjects exhibited change in urinary 6-hydroxy melatonin sulfate; conventional blanket use caused no changes

Implication is that at either beginning or discontinuation of electric-blanket use, nocturnal melatonin synthesis or metabolism might change

Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Tables." National Research Council. 1997. Possible Health Effects of Exposure to Residential Electric and Magnetic Fields. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5155.
×

TABLE A5-1 Residential Electric-and Magnetic-Field Exposure and Cancer: Study Structure

Study

Geographic Area of Study

Timea

Number of Casesb

Number of Controlsc

Exposure Assessment Strategyd

Studies of Childhood Cancer

Wertheimer and Leeper 1979

United States (Denver, Colorado)

1950-1973

344 cases, 491 residences

344 cases, 472 residences

Wire codes

Fulton et al. 1980

United States (Rhode Island)

1964-1978

119 cases, 209 residences

240 cases, 240 residences

Wire codes

Tomenius 1986

Sweden (Stockholm County)

1958-1973

716 cases, 1,172 residences

716 cases, 1,015 residences

Wire codes, spot field measurements

Savitz et al. 1988

United States (Denver, Colorado)

1976-1983

356

278

Wire codes, spot field measurements

Coleman et al. 1989

United Kingdom (SE London)

1965-1980

811

1,614 cancer controls, 254 population c ontrols

Wire codes

Myers et al. 1990

United Kingdom (Yorkshire health region)

1970-1979

419

656

Distance from overhead lines, calculated fields

London et al. 1991

United States (Los Angeles County)

1980-1987

331

257

Spot field measurements, 24-hr field measurements, wire codes, household-appliance use

Feychting and Ahlbom 1993

Sweden

1960-1985

142

558

Wire codes, spot field measurements

Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Tables." National Research Council. 1997. Possible Health Effects of Exposure to Residential Electric and Magnetic Fields. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5155.
×

Study

Geographic Area of Study

Timea

Number of Casesb

Number of Controlsc

Exposure Assessment Strategyd

Studies of Childhood Cancer

Olsen et al. 1993

Denmark

1968-1986

1,707

4,788

Wire codes

Verkasalo et al. 1993

Finland

1970-1989

140

129,800 in cohort

Wire codes

Petridou et al. 1993

Greece

 

 

 

Distance from substations and transmission lines

Fajarado-Gutierrez et al. 1993

Mexico City

 

81

77

Distance from power lines

Studies of Adult Cancer

Wertheimer and Leeper 1982

United States (Denver, Boulder, and Longmont, Colorado)

1967-1975 (Boulder and Longmont) 1977 (Denver)

1,179

1,179

Wire codes

McDowall 1986

United Kingdom (East Anglia)

1971-1983

213

7,631 in cohort

Distances from substations and distribution lines

Severson et al. 1988

United States (Washington)

1981-1984

164

204

Wire codes, 24-hr field measurements, spot field measurements

Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Tables." National Research Council. 1997. Possible Health Effects of Exposure to Residential Electric and Magnetic Fields. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5155.
×

Coleman et al. 1989

United Kingdom (SE London)

1965-1980

811

1,614 cancer controls, 254 population controls

Wire codes

Youngson et al. 1991

United Kingdom (NW and Yorkshire Regional Health Authority Area)

1983-1985 (NW region) 1979-1985 (Yorkshire)

3,276 (1,491 in NW region 1,770 in Yorkshire)

3,144 (1,491 in NW region 1,653 in Yorkshire)

Distance from overhead lines, calculated fields

Schreiber et al. 1993

Netherlands (urban Limmel)

1956-1987

431

3,549 in cohort

Wire codes

Feychting and Ahlbom 1994

Sweden

1960-1985

548

1,091

Wire codes, spot field measurements

a Interval over which cancer cases occurred.

b Number of eligible cases ascertained for the study.

c Number of controls ascertained for the study.

d Mode of obtaining data to address residential magnetic-field exposure.

Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Tables." National Research Council. 1997. Possible Health Effects of Exposure to Residential Electric and Magnetic Fields. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5155.
×

TABLE A5-2 Residential Electric-and Magnetic-Field Exposure and Cancer: Case and Control Selection

Study

Case Definition: Age Rangea

Type of Cancerb

Other Restrictionsc

Method of Control Selectiond

Studies of Childhood Cancer

Wertheimer and Leeper 1979

0-18 yr

All cancer deaths

Denver-area resident, Colorado birth certificate

Birth certificate

Fulton et al. 1980

0-20 yr

Leukemia

Patient in R.I. hospital

Birth certificate

Tomenius 1986

0-18 yr

All tumors

Born and diagnosed in Stockholm county

Birth registry

Savitz et al. 1988

0-14 yr

All cancers

Resident of metropolitan Denver

Random digit dialing

Coleman et al. 1989

All ages

Leukemia

Resident of four borough areas of London

Electoral roll of 1975 for population control, cancer registry for cancer controls

Myers et al. 1990

0-14 yr

Malignant tumors

Born in Yorkshire health region

Birth registry

London et al. 1991

0-10 yr

Leukemia

Resident of Los Angeles County

Friends of controls, random digit dialing

Feychting and Ahlbom 1993

0-15 yr

All cancers

Resident of homes during 1960-85 within 300 m of overhead power lines

Nested case-control study, random selection from study base

Olsen et al. 1993

0-14 yr

Leukemia, malignant lymphoma, tumors of central nervous system

Resident of Denmark

Danish population register

Petridou et al. 1993

 

 

 

 

Fajarado-Gutierrez et al. 1993

 

Leukemia

Referral hospitals

Hospital controls

Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Tables." National Research Council. 1997. Possible Health Effects of Exposure to Residential Electric and Magnetic Fields. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5155.
×

Studies of Adult Cancer

Verkasalo et al. 1993

0-19 yr

Leukemia, lymphoma, and tumors of the nervous system

Resident of home during 1970-89 that was within 500 m of power lines of field strength &ge; 0.01 µT

Finland national cancer rates for comparison

Wertheimer and Leeper 1982

>19 yr

All cancer deaths (lung cancer added) and life-threatening forms of cancer diagnosed >5 yr previously in persons living without recurrence in 1979

The sample comprised deaths occurring up to age 62 for all cancers except lung cancer; a fraction of the lung cancer deaths of persons over age 62 were used

For cancer deaths: neighborhood controls and death-certificate controls For cancer survivors: neighborhood controls and random sample from cohort of area residents

Severson et al. 1988

20-79 yr

Acute nonlymphocytic leukemia

Resident of three county areas of Washington state

Random digit dialing

Coleman et al. 1989

All ages

Leukemia

Resident of four borough areas of London

Electoral roll of 1975 for population control, cancer registry for cancer controls

Youngson et al. 1991

>15 yr

Leukemia and lymphoma

Resident of West RHA or Yorkshire RHA

Hospital-discharge records of other cancers and noncancers

Feychting and Ahlbom 1994

>15 yr

Leukemia and brain cancer

Resident of homes during 1960-85 within 300 m of overhead power lines

Nested case-control study, random selection from study base

a Age at diagnosis or death to be eligible for study.

b Cancer diagnoses eligible for inclusion.

c Exclusions from eligibility for reasons other than age or diagnosis.

d Sampling frame for generating controls.

Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Tables." National Research Council. 1997. Possible Health Effects of Exposure to Residential Electric and Magnetic Fields. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5155.
×

TABLE A5-3 Residential Electric-and Magnetic-Field Exposure and Cancer: Exposure Assessment

Study

Operational Definition of Exposurea

Blinding of Data Collectorb

Prevalence of Increased Exposure Among Controlsc

Residence of Interestd

Studies of Childhood Cancer

Wertheimer and Leeper 1979

Two exposure categories based on distance of home from substations or overhead power lines and on type of line

No

21.8% of control households

Birth and death residence when available

Fulton et al. 1980

Estimated field exposure for each household, based on the number, type, and distance of the wires from the house; exposure categories divided into quartiles based on controls

Not stated

50% of control households

All residences before diagnosis (analysis based on residences, not individuals)

Tomenius 1986

Magnetic-field measurements: low exposure at <0.3 µT and high exposure at &ge; 0.3 µT; five exposure categories based on type of electric construction and distance from the house

Yes

200 kV wire and =0.3 µT: 0.41% all control households; 200 kV wire: 1.34% all control households; = 0.3 µT 1.4% of control households

Residence at birth and at diagnosis

Savitz et al. 1988

Field measurements two categorization methods

Field measurements: no

Field measurements: >0.25 µT (at low power use): 4.3% of controls >0.25 µT (at high power use): 6.5% of controls >0.2 µT (low power use): 7.7% of controls >0.2 µT (high power use): 14.1% of controls

Residence at diagnosis

Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Tables." National Research Council. 1997. Possible Health Effects of Exposure to Residential Electric and Magnetic Fields. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5155.
×

 

Five exposure categories based on wire current configuration and distance from house

Wire codes: yes

Wire codes: Very high (at time of diagnosis): 3.2% of controls Very high (at 2 yr before diagnosis): 1.4% of controls

 

Coleman et al. 1989

Four exposure categories based on distance of nearest power source, power line, or substation

For cases and cancer controls: yes For population controls: no

Distance of nearest power line: <25 m, 0.1% of cancer controls

Residence at diagnosis

 

 

 

Distance of nearest substation: <25 m, 3.6% of cancer controls

 

 

Estimated field based on wire codes, peak electric load, and distance of electric source from home.

 

Estimated field for nearest substation: =500 kV, 14.4% of controls

 

 

 

 

Sum of all weighted exposure for all substations within 200 m: in the high category, 3.3% of controls

 

Myers et al. 1990

Six exposure categories based on distance of closest overhead line of any voltage

Yes

Distance from overhead line: <25 m, 2.9% of controls

Residence at birth

 

Estimated field based on distance of electric source and of maximum electric load

 

Estimated field: = 0.1 µT, 0.69% of controls

 

London et al. 1991

24-hr field measurements: four categories based on 50th, 75th, 90th percentiles of all study subjects

Yes

24-hr measurements: =0.268 µ;T, 7.6% of controls

Longest residence occupied during the period 9 mon before birth up to approximately 1 yr before diagnosis

Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Tables." National Research Council. 1997. Possible Health Effects of Exposure to Residential Electric and Magnetic Fields. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5155.
×

Study

Operational Definition of Exposurea

Blinding of Data Collectorb

Prevalence of Increased Exposure Among Controlsc

Residence of Interestd

Studies of Childhood Cancer

 

Spot field measurements: four categories based on 50th, 75th, 90th percentiles of all study subjects

 

Spot field measurements: =0.125 µT, 10.1% of controls

 

 

Wire codes: five categories based on distance of home from overhead lines and type of line or electric facility.

 

Wire codes: very high category, 11.7% of controls

 

Fajarado-Gutierrez et al. 1993

Distance from electric facilities

NA

<20 m from distribution lines, 10% of controls

 

Feychting and Ahlbom 1993

Estimated field exposure based on distance from electric towers, height of tower, distance between phases, ordering of phases, current load, distance from overhead line; (two categorization methods used)

Yes

Estimated fields: =0.3 µT, 32/554 = fraction of controls; = 0.2 µT, 46/554 = fraction of controls

Residence at diagnosis or last home occupied by case within the study area

 

Spot field measurements: used same exposure categories as for estimated field exposure method

 

Spot field measurements: = 0.2 µT, 70/344 = fraction of controls

 

 

Distance to power lines: high exposure: 0-5 m low exposure: >100 m

 

Distance from line: 34/554 = fraction of controls

 

Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Tables." National Research Council. 1997. Possible Health Effects of Exposure to Residential Electric and Magnetic Fields. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5155.
×

Olsen et al. 1993

Estimated average field and cumulative field dose based on distance of installation from home, type of line, distance between towers, height of line, distance between phases, current load, duration of exposure

Yes

Estimated fields: =0.25 µT, 11/4,788 = % controls; =0.40 µT, 3/4,788 = fraction of controls

All residences occupied 9 mon before birth

Verkasalo et al. 1993

Estimated field exposure and cumulative field exposure based on distance of home from power lines, type of line, distance between phases, current load, duration of exposure

Not stated

NA

Residence during 1979-89

Studies of Adult Cancer

Wertheimer and Leeper 1982

Four levels of exposure based on type of power line and distance of line from the home

Only for 12% of cases and controls

Very high current configuration, 6.3% of controls

Residence of longest duration 3-10 yr before diagnosis

McDowall 1986

Distance of electric installation from the house

NA

NA

Residence occupied in 1971 (0-12 yr before diagnosis)

Severson et al. 1988

Four exposure categories based on type of power line and distance from house

Wire codes: yes

Wire codes: very high (longest residence), 5.5% of controls; very high (for residence closest to reference date), 6.0% of controls

Field measurements: residence at diagnosis

 

Estimated field exposure based on type of line, distance from home, and current flow

Field measurements: no

Estimated fields: >0.2 µT (longest residence), 16.4% of controls; >0.2 µT (for residence closest to reference date), 15.7% of controls

Wire codes: residence of longest duration 3-10 yr before diagnosis

Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Tables." National Research Council. 1997. Possible Health Effects of Exposure to Residential Electric and Magnetic Fields. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5155.
×

Study

Operational Definition of Exposurea

Blinding of Data Collectorb

Prevalence of Increased Exposure Among Controlsc

Residence of Interestd

Studies of Adult Cancer

Youngson et al. 1991

Estimated field strength based on number, type of wire, distance from home, and current flow

Yes

Estimated field: =0.3 µT, 0.25% of controls

Residence at diagnosis

 

Five categories based on distance of home from nearest overhead power line

 

Distance from overhead line: <25 m, 2.0% of controls

 

Schreiber et al. 1993

Exposure categories based on distance of home from power line; high exposure defined as within 100 m; low exposure defined as greater than 100 m from power line

Not stated

NA

Residence occupied during follow-up

Feychting and Ahlbom 1994

Estimated field exposure based on distance from electric towers, height of tower, distance between phases, ordering of phases, current load, distance from overhead line; two categorization methods used

Yes

Estimated fields: =0.2 µT, 8% of controls

Residence at diagnosis or last home occupied by case within the study area

 

 

 

Cumulative exposure: =3 µT, 4% of controls

 

 

Spot field measurements: used same exposure categories as for estimated field exposure method

 

Spot measurements: =0.2 µT, 21% of controls

 

Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Tables." National Research Council. 1997. Possible Health Effects of Exposure to Residential Electric and Magnetic Fields. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5155.
×

 

Distance to power lines: high exposure, 0-5 m; low exposure, >100 m

 

Distance from power lines: <50 m, 6% of controls

 

a The actual definition of exposure used in the analysis that compared cases with controls.

b Whether the person ascertaining exposure was aware of whether the residence was occupied by a case or control.

c Proportion of controls for leukemia assigned to the high-exposure category.

d Time of occupancy for the residences considered in the analysis that compared cases with controls.

Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Tables." National Research Council. 1997. Possible Health Effects of Exposure to Residential Electric and Magnetic Fields. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5155.
×

TABLE A5-4 Residential Electric-and Magnetic-Field Exposure and Childhood Leukemia: Results

Study

Exposure Category

Number

of Cases

Number of Controls

Crude ORa

95% CIb

Adjusted ORc

Adjusted 95% CId

Potential Confounders Addressede

Wertheimer Leeper 1979

Birth addresses:

 

 

 

 

 

 

Age, sex, socioeconomic status (SES), urban residence, family pattern, traffic congestion, onset age

 

HCCf

52

29

2.3

1.3-3.9

 

 

 

 

LCCg

84

107

 

 

 

 

 

 

Death addresses:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

HCC

63

29

3.0

1.8-5.0

 

 

 

 

LCC

92

126

 

 

 

 

 

Fulton et al. 1980

Very high

47.5

56.3

1.0

0.6-1.8

 

 

Onset age, SES, age

 

High

55.4

56.3

1.2

0.7-2.1

 

 

 

 

Low

49.5

56.3

1.1

0.6-1.9

 

 

 

 

Very low

45.5

56.3

 

 

 

 

 

Tomenius 1996

Total residences:

 

 

 

 

 

 

Age, sex, church district of birth

 

=0.3 µT

4

10

0.3

0.1-1.1

 

 

 

 

<0.3 µT

239

202

 

 

 

 

 

Savitz et al. 1988

Field measurements for low-power conditions:

 

 

 

 

 

 

Maternal age, father's education, family income, maternal smoking in pregnancy, traffic density, age, sex, geographic area of residence

 

>0.2 µT

5

16

1.9

0.7-5.6

1.8-2.4

 

 

 

<0.2 µT

31

191

 

 

 

 

 

 

Field measurements for high-power conditions:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

>0.2 µT

7

29

1.4

0.6-3.5

 

 

 

 

<0.2 µT

30

172

 

 

 

 

 

 

Two-level wire codes:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

High

27

52

1.5

0.9-2.0

 

 

 

 

Low

70

207

 

 

 

 

 

 

Wire codes:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Very high

7

8

2.8

0.9-8.0

 

 

 

 

Very low

28

88

 

 

 

 

 

Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Tables." National Research Council. 1997. Possible Health Effects of Exposure to Residential Electric and Magnetic Fields. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5155.
×

Coleman et al. 1993

Distance from substation:

 

 

 

 

 

 

Age, sex, county of residence, year of diagnosis

 

0-24 m

3

3

1.6

0.3-8.4

 

 

 

 

25-49 m

11

12

1.5

0.6-3.6

 

 

 

 

50-99 m

22

48

0.7

0.4-1.4

 

 

 

 

=100 m

48

78

 

 

 

 

 

London et al. 1991

24-hr measurements:

 

 

 

 

 

 

Pesticide use, hair dryer use, black and white TV use, parental occupational exposures, other appliance use, other environment exposures, residence type, SES  

 

0-0.067 µT

85

69

 

 

 

 

 

 

0.068-0.118 µT 

35

42

0.7

0.4-1.2

0.7

0.4-1.2

 

 

0.119-0.267 µT

24

22

0.9

0.5-1.7

0.9

0.5-1.9

 

 

=0.268 µT

20

11

1.5

0.7-3.3

1.7

0.7-4.0

 

 

Spot measurements:

 

 

 

 

 

 

appliance use, other

 

0-0.031 µT

67

56

 

 

 

 

environmental

 

0.032-0.067 µT

34

28

1.0

0.6-1.9

 

 

 

 

0.068-0.124 µT

23

14

1.4

0.7-2.9

 

 

 

 

= 0.125 µT

16

11

1.2

0.5-2.8

 

 

 

 

Wire codes:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Buried

11

11

 

 

 

 

 

 

Very low

20

27

 

 

 

 

 

 

Low

58

75

1.0

0.5-1.7

0.8

0.4-1.5

 

 

High

80

68

1.4

0.8-2.6

1.5

0.8-2.7

 

 

Very high

42

24

2.2

0.5-1.7

1.7

0.8-3.7

 

Feychting and Ahlbom 1993

Estimated fields:

 

 

 

 

 

 

Sex, age, county, residence type, diagnosis year, SES NO2

 

= 0.3 µT

7

32

3.8

(1.4-9.3)

 

 

 

0.1-0.29 µT

4

47

1.5

(0.4-4.2)

 

 

 

= 0.2 µT

7

46

2.7

(1.0-6.3)

3.1

(1.1-8.6)

 

 

0.1-0.19 µT

4

33

2.1

(0.6-6.1)

1.5

(0.3-7.4)

 

 

<0.09 µT

27

475

 

 

 

 

 

Distance to power line:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

<51 m

6

34

2.9

(1.0-7.3)

 

 

 

51 m-100 m

6

89

1.1

(0.4-2.7)

 

 

 

=101 m

26

431

 

 

 

 

Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Tables." National Research Council. 1997. Possible Health Effects of Exposure to Residential Electric and Magnetic Fields. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5155.
×

Study

Exposure Category

Number of Cases

Number of Controls

Crude ORa

95% CIb

Adjusted ORc

Adjusted 95% CId

Potential Confounders Addressede

 

Spot measurements:

4

70

0.6

(0.2-1.8)

 

 

 

=0.2 µT

1

67

0.2

(0.0-0.9)

 

 

 

0.1-0.19 µT

19

207

 

 

 

 

 

<0.1 µT

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Olsen et al. 1993

Estimated Fields:

 

 

 

 

 

 

Sex, onset age, age

 

= 0.4 µT

3

1

6.0

(0.8-4.4)

 

 

0.1-0.39 µT

1

7

0.3

(0.0-2.0)

 

 

= 0.25 µT

5

4

1.5

(0.3-6.7)

 

 

0.1-0.24 µT

1

4

0.5

(0.1-4.3)

 

 

=0.1 µT

4

8

1.0

(0.3-3.3)

 

 

<0.1 µT

829

1658

 

 

Study

Exposure

Cases observed

Cases Expectedh

Standardized Incidence Ratio

95% CI

Potential Confounders Addressed

Verkasalo et al. 1993

= 0.2 µT

3

1.93

1.6

0.3-4.5

Age, sex

 

0.01-0.19 µT

32

36.1

0.9

0.6-1.3

 

 

= 0.4 µT-yr

3

 

 

1.2

0.3-3.6

 

 

0.01-0.39 µT-yr

32

 

 

0.9

0.6-1.3

 

a Odds ratio calculated without consideration of possible confounders (ratio of exposed to unexposed cases divided by the ratio of exposed to unexposed controls).

b 95% confidence intervals for the odds ratio calculated without consideration of possible confounders.

c Odds radio adjusted statistically for possible confounding factors.

d Corresponding confidence intervals calculated for the odds ratio adjusted for possible confounding factors.

e Includes all factors considered to be potential confounders whether or not statistical adjustments were made for them.

f HCC, high current configuration.

g LCC, low current configuration.

h Cases expected on the basis of incidence data for the disease in the general population.

Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Tables." National Research Council. 1997. Possible Health Effects of Exposure to Residential Electric and Magnetic Fields. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5155.
×

TABLE A5-5 Residential Electric-and Magnetic-Field Exposure and Childhood Brain Tumors: Results

Study

Exposure Category

Number of Cases

Number of Controls

Crude ORa

95% CIb

Adjusted ORc

Adjusted 95% CId

Potential Confounders Addressede

Wertheimer and Leeper 1979

Birth addresses:

 

 

 

 

 

 

Age of onset, sex,  socioeconomic status (SES), urban residence, family pattern, traffic congestion

 

HCCf

22

12

2.4

1.0-5.4

 

 

 

 

LCCg

35

45

 

 

 

 

 

 

Death addresses:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

HCC

30

17

2.4

1.2-5.0

 

 

 

 

LCC

36

49

 

 

 

 

 

Tomenius 1986

Total residences:

 

 

 

 

 

 

Age, sex, church district of

 

=0.3 µT

13

3

3.9

1.1-13.7

 

 

 

 

<0.3 µT

281

250

 

 

 

 

 

Savitz et al. 1988

Field measurements for low-power condition:

 

 

 

 

 

 

Maternal age, father's education, family income, maternal smoking in pregnancy, traffic density, age, sex geographic area of residence  

 

>0.2 µT

2

16

1.0

0.2-4.8

 

 

 

 

<0.2 µT

23

191

 

 

 

 

 

 

Field measurements for

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

high-power conditions:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

>0.2 µT

3

29

0.8

0.2-2.9

 

 

 

 

<0.2 µT

22

175

 

 

 

 

 

 

Two-level wire codes:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

High

20

52

2.0

1.1-3.8

 

 

 

 

Low

39

207

 

 

 

 

 

 

Wire codes:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Very high

3

8

1.9

0.5-8.0

 

 

 

 

Very low

17

88

 

 

 

 

 

Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Tables." National Research Council. 1997. Possible Health Effects of Exposure to Residential Electric and Magnetic Fields. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5155.
×

Study

Exposure Category

Number of Cases

Number of Controls

Crude ORa

95% CIb

Adjusted ORc

Adjusted 95% CId

Potential Confounders Addressede

Olsen et al. 1993

Estimated fields:

 

 

 

 

 

 

Sex, onset age, age

 

=0.4 µT

2

1

 

 

6.0

0.7-44

 

 

0.1-0.39 µT

1

8

 

 

0.4

0.1-2.8

 

 

=0.25 µT

2

6

 

 

1.0

0.2-5.0

 

 

0.1-0.24 µT

1

3

 

 

1.0

0.1-9.6

 

 

=0.1 µT

3

9

 

 

1.0

0.3-3.7

 

 

<0.1 µT

621

1,863

 

 

 

 

 

Feychting and Ahlbom 1993

Estimated fields:

 

 

 

 

 

 

Sex, age, county, residence type, diagnosis year, SES, NO2

 

=0.3 µT

2

32

1.0

(0.2-3.9)

 

 

 

 

0.1-0.29 µT

2

47

0.7

(0.1-2.6)

 

 

 

 

=0.2 µT

2

46

0.7

(0.1-2.7)

 

 

 

 

0.1-0.19 µT

2

33

1.0

(0.2-3.8)

 

 

 

 

<0.1 µT

29

475

 

 

 

 

Distance to power line:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

<50 m

1

34

0.5

(0.0-2.8)

 

 

 

 

50 m-100 m

7

89

1.4

(0.5-3.1)

 

 

 

 

>100 m

25

431

 

 

 

 

Spot measurements:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

>0.2 µT

5

70

1.5

(0.4-4.9)

 

 

 

 

0.1-0.2 µT

8

67

2.5

(0.9-6.6)

 

 

 

 

<0.1 µT

10

207

 

 

 

Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Tables." National Research Council. 1997. Possible Health Effects of Exposure to Residential Electric and Magnetic Fields. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5155.
×

Study

Exposure

Cases Observed

Cases Expectedh

Standardized Incidence Ratio

95% CI

Potential Confounders Addressed

Verkasalo et al. 1993

Estimated fields:

 

 

 

 

Age, sex

 

=0.2 µT

4

2.16

2.3

0.8-5.4

 

 

0.01-0.19 µT

34

39.82

0.9

0.6-1.2

 

 

=0.4 µT-yr

7

 

2.3

0.9-4.8

 

 

0.01-0.39 µT-yr

32

 

0.8

0.6-1.2

 

a Odds ratio calculated without consideration of possible confounders (ratio of exposed to unexposed cases divided by the ratio of exposed to unexposed controls).

b 95% confidence intervals for the odds ratio calculated without consideration of possible confounders.

c Odds radio adjusted statistically for possible confounding factors.

d Corresponding confidence intervals calculated for the odds ratio adjusted for possible confounding factors.

e Includes all factors considered to be potential confounders whether or not statistical adjustments were made for them.

f HCC, high current configuration.

g LCC, low current configuration.

h Cases expected on the basis of incidence data for the disease in the general population.

Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Tables." National Research Council. 1997. Possible Health Effects of Exposure to Residential Electric and Magnetic Fields. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5155.
×

TABLE A5-6 Residential Electric-and Magnetic-Field Exposure and Childhood Lymphoma: Results

Study

Exposure Category

Number of Cases

Number of Controls

Crude ORa

95% CIb

Adjusted ORc

Adjusted 95% CId

Potential Confounders Addressede

Wertheimer and Leeper 1979

Birth addresses:

 

 

 

 

 

 

Age of onset, sex, socioeconomic status (SES), urban residence, family pattern, traffic congestion

 

HCCf

10

5

2.5

0.7-8.4

 

 

 

 

LCCg

21

26

 

 

 

 

 

 

Death addresses:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

HCC

18

11

2.1

0.8-5.2

 

 

 

 

LCC

26

33

 

 

 

 

 

Tomenius 1986

Total residences:

 

 

 

 

 

 

Age, sex, church district of birth

 

=0.3 µT

2

1

1.8

0.2-19.8

 

 

 

 

<0.3 µT

130

115

 

 

 

 

 

Savitz et al. 1988

Field measurements for low-power conditions:

 

 

 

 

 

 

Maternal age, father's education, family income, maternal smoking in pregnancy, traffic density, age sex geographic area of residence  

 

>0.2 µT

2

16

2.2

0.5-10.3

3.2

 

 

 

<0.2 µT

11

191

 

 

 

 

 

 

Field measurements for high-power conditions:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

>0.2 µT

3

29

1.8

0.5-6.9

 

 

 

 

<0.2 µT

10

175

 

 

 

 

 

 

Two-level wire codes:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

High

5

52

0.8

0.3-2.2

 

 

 

 

Low

25

207

 

 

 

 

 

 

Wire codes:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Very high

3

8

3.3

0.8-13.7

 

 

 

 

Very low

10

88

 

 

 

 

 

Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Tables." National Research Council. 1997. Possible Health Effects of Exposure to Residential Electric and Magnetic Fields. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5155.
×

Olsen et al. 1993

Estimated field:

 

 

 

 

 

 

Sex, onset age, age

 

≥0.4 µT

1

1

 

 

5.0

0.3-82

 

 

0.1-0.39 µT

2

2

 

 

5.0

0.7-36

 

 

≥0.25 µT

1

1

 

 

5.0

0.3-82

 

 

0.1-0.24 µT

2

2

 

 

5.0

0.7-36

 

 

≥0.1 µT

3

3

 

 

5.0

1.0-25

 

 

<0.1 µT

247

1,247

 

 

 

 

 

Feychting  and Ahlbom 1993

Estimated fields:

 

 

 

 

 

 

sex, age, county, residence type, diagnosis year, SES, NO2

 

≥0.3 µT

1

32

0.9

0.0-5.4

 

 

 

 

0.1-0.29 µT

2

47

1.3

0.2-5.0

 

 

 

 

≥0.2 µT

2

46

1.3

0.2-5.1

 

 

 

 

0.1-0.19 µT

1

33

0.9

0.0-5.2

 

 

 

 

<0.09 µT

16

475

 

 

 

 

 

Study

Exposure

Cases Observed

Cases Expectedh

Standardized Incidence Ratio

95% CI

Potential Confounders Addressed

Verkasalo et al. 1993

≥0.2 µT

0

0.88

0.9

0-4.2

Age, sex

 

0.01-0.19 µT-yr

15

16.55

 

 

 

 

 

≥0.4 µT-yr

1

 

 

 

 

 

 

0.01-0.39 µT

14

 

 

 

 

 

a Odds ratio calculated without consideration of possible confounders (ratio of exposed to unexposed cases divided by the ratio of exposed to unexposed controls).

b 95% confidence intervals for the odds ratio calculated without consideration of possible confounders.

c Odds radio adjusted statistically for possible confounding factors.

d Corresponding confidence intervals calculated for the odds ratio adjusted for possible confounding factors.

e Includes all factors considered to be potential confounders whether or not statistical adjustments were made for them.

f HCC, high current configuration.

g LCC, low current configuration.

h Cases expected on the basis of incidence data for the disease in the general population.

Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Tables." National Research Council. 1997. Possible Health Effects of Exposure to Residential Electric and Magnetic Fields. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5155.
×

TABLE A5-7 Electric-and Magnetic-Field Exposure and Childhood Cancers Other than Leukemia and Brain Cancer: Results

Study

Exposure Category

Number of Cases

Number of Controls

Crude ORa

95% CIb

Potential Confounders Addressedc

Wertheimer and Leeper 1979

Birth addresses:

 

 

 

 

Age of onset, sex,  socioeconomic status, urban residence, family pattern, traffic congestion

 

HCCd

17

9

2.4

0.9-6.1

 

 

LCCe

31

39

 

 

 

 

Death addresses:

 

 

 

 

 

 

HCC

18

17

1.1

0.5-2.4

 

 

LCC

45

46

 

 

 

Tomenius 1996

Total residences:

 

 

 

 

Age, sex, church district of birth

 

=0.3 µT

11

0

 

 

 

 

<0.3 µT

352

309

 

 

 

Savitz et al. 1988

Field measurements for low-power conditions:

 

 

 

 

Maternal age, father's education, family income, maternal smoking in pregnancy, traffic density, age, sex, geographic area of residence

 

>0.2 µT

1

16

0.3

0.4-2.1

 

 

<0.2 µT

39

191

 

 

 

 

Field measurements for high-power conditions:

 

 

 

 

 

 

>0.2 µT

3

29

0.5

0.1-1.7

 

 

<0.2 µT

37

175

 

 

 

 

Two-level wire codes:

 

 

 

 

 

 

High

28

52

1.5

0.9-2.6

 

 

Low

74

207

 

 

 

 

Wire codes:

 

 

 

 

 

 

Very high

4

8

1.6

0.5-5.8

 

 

Very low

27

88

 

 

 

Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Tables." National Research Council. 1997. Possible Health Effects of Exposure to Residential Electric and Magnetic Fields. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5155.
×

Study

Exposure

Cases Observed

Cases Expectedf

Crude ORa

95% CIb

Potential Confounders Addressedc

Verkasalo et al. 1993

≥ 0.2 µT

3

2.42

1.2

0.3-3.6

Age, sex

 

0.01-0.19

48

44.7

1.1

0.8-1.4

 

 

≥0.4 µT-yr

4

 

1.0

0.3-2.6

 

 

0.01-0.39

47

 

1.1

0.8-1.4

 

a Odds ratio calculated without consideration of possible confounders (ratio of exposed to unexposed cases divided by the ratio of exposed to unexposed controls).

b 95% confidence interval for the odds ratio calculated without consideration of possible confounders.

c Includes all factors considered to be potential confounders whether or not statistical adjustments were made for them.

d HCC, high current configuration.

e LCC, low current configuration.

f Cases expected on the basis of incidence data for the disease in the general population.

Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Tables." National Research Council. 1997. Possible Health Effects of Exposure to Residential Electric and Magnetic Fields. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5155.
×

TABLE A5-8 Residential Electric-and Magnetic-Field Exposure and All Childhood Cancers: Results

Study

Exposure Category

Number of Cases

Number of Controls

Crude ORa

95% CIb

Adjusted ORc

Potential Confounders Addressedd

Wertheimer  and Leeper 1979

Birth address:

 

 

 

 

 

Age of onset, sex, traffic congestion, socioeconomic status (SES), urban residence, family pattern

 

HCCe

101

55

2.3

1.6-3.4

 

 

 

LCCf

171

217

 

 

 

 

 

Death address:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

HCC

129

74

2.2

1.6-3.1

 

 

 

LCC

199

254

 

 

 

 

Tomenius 1986

Total residences:

 

 

 

 

 

Age, sex, church district of birth, permanent vs. transient residence

 

≥0.3 µT

34

14

2.1

1.1-4.0

 

 

 

<0.3 µT

1,095

955

 

 

 

 

Savitz et al. 1988

Field measurements for low-power conditions:

 

 

 

 

 

Maternal age, father's education, family income, maternal smoking in pregnancy, traffic density, age, sex, geographic area of residence

 

>0.2 µT

13

16

1.4

0.6-2.9

(1.2-1.5)

 

 

<0.2 µT

115

191

 

 

 

 

 

Field measurements for high-power conditions:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

>0.2 µT

19

29

1.0

0.6-2.0

 

 

 

<0.2 µT

110

175

 

 

 

 

 

Two-level wire codes:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

High

89

52

1.5

1.0-2.3

 

 

 

Low

231

207

 

 

 

 

 

Wire codes:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Very high

19

8

2.2

1.0-5.2

 

 

 

Very low

95

88

 

 

 

 

Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Tables." National Research Council. 1997. Possible Health Effects of Exposure to Residential Electric and Magnetic Fields. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5155.
×

Myers et al. 1990

Distance to power line:

 

 

 

 

Age, sex, residence type, county of birth

 

<25 m

13

17

1.1

0.5-2.6

 

 

≥25 m <50 m

7

15

0.7

0.3-2.0

 

 

≥50 m <75 m

10

17

1.0

0.5-2.2

 

 

≥75 m <100 m

8

9

1.5

0.6-4.0

 

 

<100 m

38

58

1.0

0.6-1.7

 

 

≥100 m

336

530

 

 

 

 

Estimated field:

 

 

 

 

 

 

≥0.1 µT

1

4

0.4

0.04-4.1

 

 

≥0.03 µT <0.1 µT

8

4

2.6

0.8-9.0

 

 

≥0.01 µT <0.03 µT

7

13

1.0

0.4-2.5

 

 

≥0.01 µT <0.1 µT

15

17

1.4

0.6-3.0

 

 

≥0.01 µT

16

21

1.2

0.6-2.6

 

 

<0.01 µT

358

567

 

 

 

Feychting  and Ahlbom 1993

Estimated field:

 

 

 

 

Sex, age, county, residence type, diagnosis year, SES, NO2

 

≥0.3 µT

10

32

1.3

0.6-2.7

 

 

0.1-0.29 µT

14

47

1.2

0.6-2.3

 

 

≥0.2 µT

12

46

1.1

0.5-2.1

 

 

0.1-0.19 µT

12

33

1.5

0.7-2.9

 

 

<0.1 µT

117

475

 

 

 

Olsen et al. 1993

Estimated field:

 

 

 

 

Age, sex, age at diagnosis

 

≥0.4 µT

6

3

5.6

1.6-19

 

 

0.1-0.39 µT

4

17

0.7

0.2-2.0

 

 

≥0.25 µT

6

11

1.5

0.6-4.1

 

 

0.1-0.24 µT

4

9

1.3

0.4-4.1

 

 

≥0.1 µT

10

20

1.4

0.7-3.0

 

 

<0.1 µT

4

21

0.6

0.2-17

 

 

Not exposed, distant

16

49

0.9

0.5-1.6

 

 

Not exposed

1,677

4,698

 

 

 

Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Tables." National Research Council. 1997. Possible Health Effects of Exposure to Residential Electric and Magnetic Fields. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5155.
×

Study

Exposure Category

Cases Observed

Cases Expectedg

Standardized Incidence Ratio

95% CIb

Potential Confounders Addressedd

Verkasalo et al. 1993

≥ 0.2 µT

11

7.39

1.5

0.7-2.7

Age, sex

 

0.01-0.19 µT

129

137.17

0.9

0.8-1.1

 

 

≥ 0.4 µT-yr

15

 

1.4

0.8-2.3

 

 

0.01-0.39 µT-yr

125

 

0.9

0.8-1.1

 

a Odds ratio calculated without consideration of possible confounders (ratio of exposed to unexposed cases divided by the ratio of exposed to unexposed controls).

b 95% confidence intervals for the odds ratio calculated without consideration of possible confounders.

c Odds radio adjusted statistically for possible confounding factors.

d Includes all factors considered to be potential confounders whether or not statistical adjustments were made for them.

e HCC, high current configuration.

f LCC, low current configuration.

g Cases expected on the basis of incidence data for the disease in the general population.

Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Tables." National Research Council. 1997. Possible Health Effects of Exposure to Residential Electric and Magnetic Fields. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5155.
×

TABLE A5-9 Residential Electric-and Magnetic-Field Exposure and Cancer: Results of Cohort Studies Including Subjects of All Ages

Study

Exposure Description

Number of Cases Observed

SMRa

95% CIb

Potential Confounders Addressedc

McDowell 1986

Distance from power line for Leukemia:

 

 

 

Age, sex, calendar time

 

0-14 m

1

1.4

0.0-8.0

 

 

15-34 m

2

0.8

0.1-2.8

 

 

35-50 m

3

1.2

0.3-3.5

 

 

Lymphoma:

 

 

 

 

 

0-14 m

3

3.3

0.7-9.7

 

 

15-34 m

2

0.6

0.1-2.1

 

 

35-50 m

5

1.5

0.5-3.4

 

 

All cancers:

 

 

 

 

 

0-14 m

27

1.0

0.7-1.5

 

 

15-34 m

97

1.1

0.9-1.3

 

 

35-50 m

89

1.0

0.8-1.2

 

Schreiber et al. 1993

Wire codes:

 

 

 

Age, sex

 

High exposure

0

 

 

 

 

Low exposure

3

1.3

0.3-3.9

 

 

Hodgkin's disease:

 

 

 

 

 

High exposure

2

4.7

0.5-17.0

 

 

Low exposure

0

 

 

 

 

Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma:

 

 

 

 

 

High exposure

2

1.8

0.2-6.4

 

 

Low exposure

0

 

 

 

 

Brain tumors:

 

 

 

 

 

High exposure

0

 

 

 

 

Low exposure

3

2.0

0.4-5.7

 

Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Tables." National Research Council. 1997. Possible Health Effects of Exposure to Residential Electric and Magnetic Fields. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5155.
×

Study

Exposure Description

Number of Cases Observed

SMRa

95% CIb

Potential Confounders Addressedc

 

All cancers:

 

 

 

 

 

High exposure

46

0.9

0.6-1.1

 

 

Low exposure

65

0.9

0.7-1.2

 

a Standard mortality ratio, ratio of observed number of deaths to the number expected based on mortality in the general population.

b 95% confidence intervals for the odds ratio calculated without consideration of possible confounders.

c Includes all factors considered to be potential confounders whether or not statistical adjustments were made for them.

Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Tables." National Research Council. 1997. Possible Health Effects of Exposure to Residential Electric and Magnetic Fields. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5155.
×

TABLE A5-10 Residential Electric-and Magnetic-Field Exposure and Adult Leukemia: Results

Study

Exposure Description

Number of Cases

Number of Controls

Crude ORa

95% CIb

Potential Confounders Addressedc

 

Wire codes at time of longest residence:

Age, sex, family income, race, cigarette smoking

 

Very high

5

6

0.8

0.2-2.9

 

 

High

21

23

0.8

0.4-1.7

 

 

Low

21

37

0.6

0.3-1.2

 

 

Very low

42

44

 

 

 

 

Wire codes at residence closest to reference date:

 

 

Very high

5

7

0.8

0.2-2.9

 

 

High

24

19

1.4

0.6-3.0

 

 

Low

26

38

0.8

0.4-1.6

 

 

Very low

42

52

 

 

 

 

Estimated field at longest residence:

 

 

>0.2 µT

14

18

0.8

0.3-1.8

 

 

0.05-0.199 µT

46

64

0.7

0.4-1.3

 

 

0.0-0.05 µT

29

28

 

 

 

 

Estimated field at residence closest to reference date:

 

 

>0.2 µT

23

25

1.0

0.5-2.0

 

 

0.05-0.1992 µT

70

92

0.8

0.5-1.4

 

 

0.0-0.052 µT

40

42

 

 

 

Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Tables." National Research Council. 1997. Possible Health Effects of Exposure to Residential Electric and Magnetic Fields. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5155.
×

Study

Exposure Description

Number of Cases

Number of Controls

Crude ORa

95% CIb

Potential Confounders Addressedc

 

Field measurement mean exposure for low power:

 

 

>0.2 µT

 

 

1.5

0.5-4.7

 

 

0.05-0.1992 µT

 

 

1.2

0.5-2.6

 

 

0.0-0.052 µT

 

 

 

 

 

 

Field measurement mean exposure; for low power:

 

 

>0.2 µT

 

 

1.6

0.5-5.0

 

 

0.05-0.1992 µT

 

 

0.6

0.3-1.2

 

 

0.0-0.052 µT

 

 

 

 

 

Coleman et al. 1989

Distance to substation, using population controls:

 

 

0-24 m

4

4

1.3

(0.3-5.3)

 

 

25-49 m

11

13

1.1

(0.5-2.5)

 

 

50-99 m

63

69

1.2

(0.8-1.8)

 

 

≥100 m

112

145

 

Youngson et al. 1991

Distance from power line:

 

 

<25 m

77

62

1.3

(0.9-1.8)

 

 

≥25 m <50 m

60

47

1.3

(0.9-1.9)

 

 

≥50 m <75 m

52

50

1.1

(0.7-1.6)

 

 

≥75 m <100 m

47

53

0.9

(0.6-1.3)

 

 

<100 m

236

212

1.1

(0.9-1.4)

 

 

≥100 m

2,908

2,932

 

Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Tables." National Research Council. 1997. Possible Health Effects of Exposure to Residential Electric and Magnetic Fields. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5155.
×

Estimated magnetic field:

 

 

 

 

Age, sex, residence type

 

≥0.3 µT

15

8

1.9

(0.8-4.4)

 

 

≥0.1 µT

129

125

1.0

(0.7-1.5)

 

Feychting and Ahlbom 1994 

Estimated magnetic field:

Age, sex

 

≥0.2 µT

26

83

1.0

0.7-1.7

 

 

0.1-0.19 µT

20

76

0.9

0.5-1.5

 

 

>0.09 µT

278

924

 

a Odds ratio calculated without consideration of possible confounders (ratio of exposed to unexposed cases divided by the ratio of exposed to unexposed controls).

b 95% confidence intervals for the odds ratio calculated without consideration of the possible confounders.

c Includes all factors considered to be potential confounders whether or not statistical adjustments were made for them.

Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Tables." National Research Council. 1997. Possible Health Effects of Exposure to Residential Electric and Magnetic Fields. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5155.
×

TABLE A5-11 Residential Electric-and Magnetic-Field Exposure and Adult Cancer: Results

Study

Exposure Description

Number of Cases

Number of Controls

Crude ORa

Adjusted 95% CIb

Potential Confounders Addressedc

Wertheimer and Leeper 1892

Wire codes:

 

 

 

 

Sex, age, socioeconomic status, onset age, urban exposure

 

VHCCd

108

74

2.2

1.5-3.2

 

 

OHCCe

330

298

1.7

1.2-2.2

 

 

OLCCf

642

659

1.5

1.1-1.9

 

 

End poleg

99

148

 

 

 

a Odds ratio calculated without consideration of possible confounders (ratio of exposed to unexposed cases divided by the ratio of exposed to unexposed controls).

b 95% confidence intervals for the odds ratio calculated without consideration of possible confounders.

c Includes all factors considered as potential confounders whether or not statistical adjustments were made for them.

d VHCC, very high current configuration.

e OHCC, ordinary high current configuration.

f OLCC, ordinary low current configuration.

g End pole, very low current configuration.

Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Tables." National Research Council. 1997. Possible Health Effects of Exposure to Residential Electric and Magnetic Fields. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5155.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Tables." National Research Council. 1997. Possible Health Effects of Exposure to Residential Electric and Magnetic Fields. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5155.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Tables." National Research Council. 1997. Possible Health Effects of Exposure to Residential Electric and Magnetic Fields. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5155.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Tables." National Research Council. 1997. Possible Health Effects of Exposure to Residential Electric and Magnetic Fields. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5155.
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Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Tables." National Research Council. 1997. Possible Health Effects of Exposure to Residential Electric and Magnetic Fields. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5155.
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Next: Appendix B: Exposure Assessment in Residential Studies »
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Can the electric and magnetic fields (EMF) to which people are routinely exposed cause health effects? This volume assesses the data and draws conclusions about the consequences of human exposure to EMF. The committee examines what is known about three kinds of health effects associated with EMF: cancer, primarily childhood leukemia; reproduction and development; and neurobiological effects. This book provides a detailed discussion of hazard identification, dose-response assessment, exposure assessment, and risk characterization for each.

Possible Health Effects of Exposure to Residential Electric and Magnetic Fields also discusses the tools available to measure exposure, common types of exposures, and what is known about the effects of exposure. The committee looks at correlations between EMF exposure and carcinogenesis, mutagenesis, neurobehavioral effects, reproductive and developmental effects, effects on melatonin and other neurochemicals, and effects on bone healing and stimulated cell growth.

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