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Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1997. Possible Health Effects of Exposure to Residential Electric and Magnetic Fields. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5155.
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Index

A

A. See Ampere (A)

Abortions, spontaneous, 181

ac. See Alternating current (ac)

ß-actin, 65-66

Acute lethality. See Toxicologic studies

Acute lymphocytic leukemia. See Leukemia, in children

Acute myelogenous leukemia. See Leukemia, in adults

Acute myeloid leukemia. See Leukemia, in adults

Age of home, 159, 163, 206

Age of onset, 266, 268-270, 272, 274, 276

Air pollution, 118, 163, 174

Alkylating agents, 341

Alternating current (ac), 11n, 22-24, 338

animals able to detect, 74, 90-91, 93, 198

Ambient levels. See Environmental fields

Ampere (A), 338

per square meter, 339

Analgesia mediation effects, 92

Animal experiments, 7, 40-44, 73-106

applicability to humans, 75-76, 194

mammalian, 83-89

nonmammalian, 82-83, 87-88

Anisotropies, 51

defined, 338

Anti-CD3 antibody, 60-61

Appliances, electric, 1, 4, 11, 16-17, 29-31

fields associated with, 12-13, 29-30, 50, 171, 176-179, 183-184, 204, 255, 295

Artifacts. See Experimental artifacts, potential

ATPase activity, 61

Attenuation, field, 4, 58

B

Baboons, studies of, 240, 253

Behavioral effects, 3, 7, 10, 13-14, 73-74, 90-94, 185-189, 238-239

from electric fields, 90-91, 247

from magnetic fields, 91-93, 244-247

Bias, 126, 147.

See also Information bias;

Selection bias

Bifilar windings, 42

defined, 338

Biologic effects, 4-8, 14-16, 46-51

importance of, 17

research needs, 206-208

Biophysical modeling, research needs, 205, 207

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1997. Possible Health Effects of Exposure to Residential Electric and Magnetic Fields. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5155.
×

Bipartite thoracic centra, 338

Birth defects. See Reproductive studies

Blankets, electric. See Electric blankets

Blood melatonin concentration effects. See Melatonin concentration effects

Bone.

See also Skeletal anomalies

cell biology of, 108-109

electromagnetic properties of, 109-110

Bone density, enhancing, 109

Bone healing, 2, 6, 8, 53, 71-72, 74, 106-115

appliances for, 111

possible mechanisms of, 112, 115

research needs, 207

Brain tumors, 169, 172, 177-179, 195, 279

in adults, 171, 180-181

in children, 269-271

Breast cancer, 179, 181, 223-225

in animals, 7, 73, 81, 116, 193, 208

Building codes, 2

C

C. See Coulomb (C)

Cable radiant heating. See Electric heating, of homes

Calcium concentrations, intracellular, changes in, 52-53, 58, 60, 64, 66-72, 112, 220-222

efflux, 67-70, 221, 227

oscillations in, 71

Calculations. See Field calculations

Cancellation in three-phase transmission lines, 32

Cancers, 1-3, 10, 14, 17-18, 127, 255-265, 279, 338

in adults, 126, 263-265.

See also Brain tumors;

Leukemia;

Nervous system tumors;

Testicular cancer

in animals. See Animal experiments;

Breast cancer

case and control selection, 258-259

in children, 126, 146-158, 170, 185, 202, 204, 258-263, 266-278.

See also Leukemia;

Lymphomas

exposure assessment. See Exposure assessment

ovarian, treating. See Trenimon

structure of studies, 255-257

Carcinogenicity, 52, 54-55, 73, 79-81, 223-225.

See also Toxicologic studies

Carcinogens.

See also 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA)

animals treated with, 7

defined, 79-80, 338-339

magnetic field interactions with, 79

Cats, studies of, 239, 242

Cattle, studies of, 87, 226

Causality, establishing, 119, 123-126, 163-165

Cell culture studies. See In vitro studies

Cell growth effects, 13, 106-115

Cell membranes. See Membranes

Cell metabolism effects, 13

Cellular phones, 10

Central nervous system effects, 18, 55, 95

Chemicals, hazardous, 180

Chickens, studies of, 67-70, 83, 87-88, 226-228, 232, 243, 245

Childhood leukemia. See Leukemia

Chondrogenesis, 112-114

Chromatid exchanges. See Sister chromatid exchanges (SCE)

Chromodacryorrhea, 104, 338

Chromosomal aberrations, 55-56, 210-219

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia. See Leukemia, in adults

Chronic myelogenous leukemia. See Leukemia, in adults

Chronic toxicity. See Toxicologic studies

CI. See Confidence interval (CI)

Circadian cycle. See Melatonin concentration effects

CIRRPC. See Committee on Interagency Radiation Research and Policy Coordination (CIRRPC)

c-myc, 64-66

Cocarcinogenicity. See Toxicologic studies

Combined probability test, 136

Committee on Interagency Radiation Research and Policy Coordination (CIRRPC), 338

Commuter trains. See Trains, intercity

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1997. Possible Health Effects of Exposure to Residential Electric and Magnetic Fields. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5155.
×

Concanavalin-A (Con-A), 60, 72

Conduction currents, induced, 46

Confidence interval (CI), 126, 141-142, 338

Configuration, wiring. See Wire codes;

Wiring configuration

Confounders, 122-123, 125-128, 158-163, 174-175, 266-284

research needs, 202-203

Consumption levels of electric energy, 159

rising through time, 175-176

Control-selection bias, 155

Copromotion studies. See Toxicologic studies

Copulatory behavior reduced in animals, 84, 227

Cost factors. See Electromagnetic fields (EMF), cost to control

Coulomb (C), 338

per second, 338

per square meter, 23, 338

Counts per minute (cpm), 338

Coupled fields, 4, 13, 23

cpm. See Counts per minute (cpm)

Current densities

endogenous, 5, 22, 51

induced. See Induced fields and currents

Current flows, 4, 339.

See also Impedance

Cut points, 135, 141-143, 168, 174, 206

D

Day-care exposures, 171

dc. See Direct current (dc)

DEB. See Diethylbenzene (DEB)

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), 63, 194, 197, 339

agents interacting with, 55, 57, 80

double-strand breaks in, 217

repair, 215

single-strand breaks in, 213-216, 218-219

synthesis increased, 114

unscheduled synthesis, 215

Depression, 187-188

Developmental studies, 1, 10, 14, 73, 82-90, 181-185, 199, 226-237.

See also Skeletal anomalies;

Toxicologic studies

developmental retardation, 237

Developmental toxins, 55

Diagnostic Inventory Survey, 188

Dielectric constant, 23

Dielectric properties of tissues and cells, 46

Diethylbenzene (DEB), 57

7,12-Dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA), 80-82, 224-225, 339

Direct current (dc), 22, 69, 112, 339

Disease.

See also Wire codes

diagnoses, 3

shift of interest to magnetic fields, 11, 36, 105

unclear linkage of fields to, 5, 40, 53

Displacement

currents, 339

induced, 46

vector, 23, 338

Distribution lines. See Transmission and distribution lines

DMBA. See 7,12-Dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)

DNA. See Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

Dose-response relationship, 47, 74-75, 98, 125, 145-146, 173-174, 201, 248

assessment of, 193, 196

research needs, 207

E

Earth's static magnetic field, 4, 13, 16-17, 69, 339

experimental corrections for, 46

Eddy currents, 48, 101

Effect modification, 122-123

Electric appliances. See Appliances, electric

Electric blankets, 11, 30, 102, 123, 171, 177-178, 183-184

Electric fields

defined, 11-13, 22-25

easily attenuated, 4, 13.

See also Perturbation effects

exposure to, 1-2, 3-8, 14-15, 27-28, 40-41, 44, 47-48, 210-243, 248 -249, 253-284.

See also Wire codes

strength of, 4, 23-27

time rate of change, 339

Electric flux density, 23, 338

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1997. Possible Health Effects of Exposure to Residential Electric and Magnetic Fields. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5155.
×

Electric heating

of beds, 177, 184

of homes, 28, 183

Electric power lines. See Transmission and distribution lines

Electrical Power Research Institute (EPRI), 27, 31-32, 34-35, 290293

Electrocardiogram, 4

Electrode types, 44

implanted in bone, 110

microelectrodes, 70

Electroencephalogram, 4

Electromagnetic fields (EMF).

See also Spot measurements

cost to control, 17-18

defined, 11-13, 23, 339

mystery surrounding, 17

therapeutic effects of. See Bone healing

time-weighted average measurements, 39-40

Electromagnetic properties of bone. See Bone, electromagnetic properties of

Electromagnetic spectrum, 12

ELF. See Extremely low frequency (ELF)

Embryo. See Sternebra

EMF. See Electromagnetic fields (EMF)

Endogenous current densities. See Current densities, endogenous

Energy Policy Act of 1992, 208

Environmental fields, 21, 31-32, 200, 267.

See also Earth's static magnetic field

research needs, 204-206

Enzyme activities, 59.

See also Membranes

Epidemiological studies, 2-3, 14-15, 36-46, 117-190, 199, 291

reliability issues, 3, 118-126, 156, 199

research needs, 200-204

EPRI. See Electrical Power Research Institute (EPRI)

Experimental artifacts, potential, 22, 42

Exposure assessment, 14-15, 21-51, 121-122, 126-127, 193, 196, 260 -265.

See also Electric fields;

Magnetic fields;

Risk assessment

methods, 25-27

reliability issues, 166-167

Exposure meters, 27

Extremely low frequency (ELF), 4, 12, 127, 182, 184, 339

F

F0.See Permeability, of free space (F0)

Fail-safe N, 136, 142, 145

False negatives. See Information bias

Faraday's law, 48

Fetal abnormalities. See Terata

Field attenuation. See Attenuation, field

Field calculations, 27, 39, 143

Field cancellation, partial, 41

Field measurements, 266, 269, 272, 274, 276, 282

Field strength. See Electric fields;

Magnetic fields

Fields. See Coupled fields;

Electric fields;

Electromagnetic fields (EMF);

Independent fields;

Induced fields and currents;

Magnetic fields;

Rotating fields;

Spatially-varying fields;

Time-varying fields;

Unchanging fields

Fish, studies of, 82-83, 228

Fixed-effects model, 136-137

Fluorescent lights, 33

Flux density. See Electric flux density;

Magnetic flux density

fos, 53, 64, 339

Fourier analysis, 24

Frequency, 11n, 23, 24, 26, 339.

See also Extremely low frequency (ELF);

Harmonics;

High frequency;

Low frequency;

Very low frequency (VLF)

G

G. See Gauss (G)

g. See Permittivity, medium (g)

g0.See Permittivity, of free space (g0)

Gauss (G), 12-13, 23-24, 339

Gene expression, changes in, 6, 13, 52-53, 58, 63-66.

See also Signal-transduction pathways, changes in

Generating stations, 8.

See also Transmission and distribution lines

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1997. Possible Health Effects of Exposure to Residential Electric and Magnetic Fields. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5155.
×

Genes, early response, 53.

See also fos;

jun;

myc

Genotoxicity, 52-55, 56-58, 210-219.

See also Chromosomal aberrations;

Mutations

GH. See Growth hormone (GH) effects

Glandular effects. See Neuroendocrine responses

Gray (Gy), 339

Grounding system, residential, 28, 205, 295, 301

Growth hormone (GH) effects, 104, 114

Growth retardation, fetal. See Reproductive studies

Gy. See Gray (Gy)

H

Hamsters, studies of, 252

Harmonics, 25

defined, 5, 339

Hazard identification, 192-195

Hazardous chemicals. See Chemicals, hazardous

Headaches, 187-189

Health effects. See Behavioral effects;

Cancer;

Central nervous system effects;

Developmental studies;

Disease;

Learning disabilities;

Reproductive studies

Heating, electric. See Electric heating

Helmholtz coils, 41, 45, 111

Herbicides, 174

Heritable changes, 55-58

Hertz (Hz), 11n, 339

Heterogeneity, 22, 136-137, 143

defined, 339

High frequency, 13, 35

High-voltage transmission lines. See Transmission and distribution lines

HIOMT. See Hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase (HIOMT)

HIV-LTR expression, 219

Hodgkin's disease, 279

Home appliances. See Appliances, electric

Home exposures. See Age of home;

Residential exposures

Home wiring, 4, 28.

See also Transmission and distribution lines

Homogeneity, 143

defined, 339

Hormonal changes. See Neuroendocrine responses

Humans, studies of, 245, 254

6-Hydroxy melatonin sulfate, urinary, 254

Hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase (HIOMT), 98, 249, 339

Hz. See Hertz (Hz)

I

ICR. See Ion cyclotron resonance (ICR) model

Impedance, 23, 339

In vitro studies, 15, 43, 55-72, 210-219.

See also Mammalian cells;

Prokaryotic cells

defined, 339

on exposure, 6, 44-46, 52-72

extrapolations from, 55

limits of, 53-54

possible effects. See Calcium concentrations, intracellular, changes in;

Carcinogenicity;

Gene expression, changes in;

Genotoxicity

reliability issues, 57, 61, 63

In vivo studies, 15

defined, 339

on exposure, 6-8, 40-44

Independent fields, 4

Induced fields and currents, 4, 22, 41, 46-51

Helmholtz induction, 111

Influence analysis, 136-137

Information bias, 120-122, 155-158, 170, 187

Inheritable changes, 55-58

Instrumentation, 26-27

research needs, 204

unavailability of, 164

Intermittent exposure, 56

Interspecies scaling, 44, 48-50

Intracellular calcium concentrations. See Calcium concentrations, intracellular, changes in

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1997. Possible Health Effects of Exposure to Residential Electric and Magnetic Fields. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5155.
×

Intrinsic impedance. See Impedance

Ion cyclotron resonance (ICR) model, 70-71

Ion pump activity, 61

Ionizing radiation, 12

absorbed dose of, 339

Isotropic, defied, 339

J

Joule, 339

jun, 53, 64, 339

L

Laboratory studies, 15, 204-208

Leading edge, 24

Learning disabilities, 10, 13-14, 185

Lethality, acute. See Toxicologic studies

Leukemia, 169, 172, 195, 223, 279

in adults, 126, 162, 171, 177, 179-181

in children, 2-3, 11, 25, 117-118, 122-123, 126-146, 160-163, 174, 178, 197, 255-257, 266-268

Light, velocity of, 12

Long-term average measurements. See Electromagnetic fields (EMF), time-weighted average measurements

Low frequency, 8, 13, 23, 35, 68, 70.

See also Extremely low frequency (ELF);

Very low frequency (VLF)

Low-voltage lines, 29

Lymphocytic leukemia. See Leukemia, in children

Lymphomas, 179-180, 223, 279

in children, 126, 134, 272-273

lyn kinase, 62

M

Magnetic fields

ambient levels. See Environmental fields

cancellation of, 32

defined, 22-25, 11-13

difficult to attenuate, 4, 36

exposure to, 1-2, 3-8, 14-15, 28-36, 41-46, 48-53, 127-128, 163-172 , 210-239, 244-247, 250-284.

See also Wire codes

research needs, 203-204

shielding from, 13, 41

strength of, 2, 3-4, 15-17, 22-23, 26-27, 126, 156, 165-170, 290-301 , 339

Magnetic flux density, 23, 26-27, 35, 338-339.

See also Gauss (G);

Tesla (T)

Magnetite in bodily tissues, 23

Malformations, children with, 184

Malignant melanoma, 179.

See also Skin tumors

Mammalian cells, 54, 63

Mammary tumors. See Breast cancer

Marijuana smoking, 161

Maxwell's equations, 12-13, 22, 46, 48

Media bridges, 44

Medical X-ray exposures, 123

Melanoma, malignant. See Malignant melanoma

Melatonin concentration effects, 7-8, 62-63, 74, 95-102

on animals, 96-102, 105, 248-249, 250-253

on humans, 102, 254

suppression of secretions, 105-107

Membranes, 60

cell, 58-62, 112, 113

proteins in, 59

Meta-analyses, 128-146

defined, 128-129

methodology, 134-137

summarized, 140, 255-257

5-Methosytryptophol, 248

Mice, studies of, 83-84, 88, 114, 223-224, 228-232, 237, 240, 242247

Micronuclei, 213, 218-219

Military exposure, 10

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, 188

Misclassification. See Information bias

Mitogens, 61-62

Mobility of residents, 154, 157, 159, 168, 188, 276

Molecular biologic investigation. See Carcinogenicity;

Genotoxicity

Monkeys, studies of, 238, 247

Morphine, analgesic effects mediated, 92, 244

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1997. Possible Health Effects of Exposure to Residential Electric and Magnetic Fields. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5155.
×

Morphologic studies, 250

mRNA transcripts, 63-66

Mutations, 55-56, 210

myc, 53, 64-65, 340

Myelogenous leukemia. See Leukemia, in adults

Myeloid leukemia. See Leukemia, in adults

N

Na, K-ATPase, 61

N-Acetyltransferase activity (NAT), 97-99, 248-249, 340

NAT. See N-Acetyltransferase activity (NAT)

National Radiological Protection Board (NRPB), 18, 129, 134

Neoplastic transformations, 216

Nerve stimulation, 13

Nerve tissue electric activity, 4-5

Nervous system tumors, 134

Neurobehavioral effects. See Behavioral effects

Neurobiologic dysfunction, 1, 10, 240-243

Neurochemical studies, 94-102

reliability issues, 105-106

Neuroendocrine responses, 7-8, 13, 73-74, 84, 94, 103-105, 199, 241

Neurohormonal changes. See Neuroendocrine responses

Neuropsychologic performance, 189

Nitrites in processed meats, 161

NMU. See N-nitroso-N-methylurea (NMU)

N-nitroso-N-methylurea (NMU), 57, 82, 224, 340

NOEL. See No-observable-effect level (NOEL)

Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, 279

Nonionizing radiation, 18

Nonparticipation bias. See Participation rates

No-observable-effect level (NOEL), 77

NRPB. See National Radiological Protection Board (NRPB)

Nucleus, 340.

See also Prokaryotic cells

O

Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU) report, 18, 24-25, 154-155

Occupational exposures, 33-36, 40, 108, 162, 171-172, 179-181, 184 , 188-189, 198

ODC. See Ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity

Odds ratio (OR), 129, 134, 141-144, 162, 168, 170, 340

Office environment. See Occupational exposures

Office of Technology Assessment, 18

Opiate mediation effects, 93

OR. See Odds ratio (OR)

ORAU. See Oak Ridge Associated Universities (ORAU) report

Ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity, 53, 61-62, 115

Ossification, 340

primordial points of. See Bipartite thoracic centra;

Semipartite thoracic centra

Osteogenesis, 222.

See also Bone healing

Osteonecrosis, treating, 111

Osteoporosis.

See also Bone density, enhancing

disuse, 111, 113

P

Parathyroid hormone effects (PTH), 114-115

Participation rates, 150-151, 154

PCB. See Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) leakage

PCR. See Polymerase-chain-reaction (PCR) analysis

Permeability

of free space (F0), 23, 339

medium, 23

Permittivity, 340

of free space (g0), 23, 339

medium (g), 23, 339

Perturbation effects, 25, 47

Pesticide use, 267

Phorbol ester. See12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA)

Phosphenes, endogenous, 91

Piezoelectric, defined, 340

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1997. Possible Health Effects of Exposure to Residential Electric and Magnetic Fields. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5155.
×

Piezoelectric properties of bone. See Bone, electromagnetic properties of

Pigeons, studies of, 242-243

Pineal gland function effects, 7-8, 62-63, 74, 95-99, 105, 248-253

PKC. See Protein kinase C (PKC)

Plasma membrane. See Membranes

Police exposure, 10

Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) leakage, 174

Polymerase-chain-reaction (PCR) analysis, 65-66

Power line fields. See Alternating current (ac)

Power lines. See Transmission and distribution lines

Power stations. See Transmission and distribution lines

Primaries, distribution. See Transmission and distribution lines

Primordial ossification points. See Bipartite thoracic centra;

Semipartite thoracic centra

Probabilities. See Combined probability test

Prokaryotic cells, 54, 340

Protein kinase C (PKC), 64, 115, 340

activation of, 53, 62

Proximity to power lines. See Transmission and distribution lines, distance from

Prudent avoidance, policy of, 18-19

PTH. See Parathyroid hormone effects (PTH)

Pulsed fields

electric, 72, 112

exposure to, 57

magnetic, 8, 74, 88-89, 99, 112

Q

Quantification. See Risk assessment

R

Rabbits, studies of, 110, 114, 241

Radar operator exposure, 10

Radiant heating. See Electric heating, of homes

Radiation. See Ionizing radiation;

Nonionizing radiation

Railroads, electric. See Subways;

Trains, intercity

Random digit dialing, 152-154, 157

reliability issues, 202

Random error, 119-120, 128, 157

Random-effects model, 136-137, 143-144

Rats, studies of, 84-86, 89, 104, 223-227, 229-230, 232-245, 247-252

Rectangular waveforms. See Waveforms, rectangular

''Red tears." See Chromodacryorrhea

Relative risk (RR), 340

Repeated-dose studies. See Toxicologic studies

Representativeness

of cases, 147-152

of controls, 152-154

Reproductive studies, 1, 3, 10, 14, 73, 82-90, 181-185, 199, 226-237.

See also Toxicologic studies

birth defects, 182

fetal growth retardation, 183, 229

low birth weight, 226

premature termination of pregnancy, 14, 182, 226-227, 231

Research needs, 193, 197, 200-208

Residential exposures, 1, 5, 28-33, 36-40, 53, 108, 117-118, 126-127 , 156-158, 182-183, 287-301.

See also Appliances, electric;

Home wiring

multi-family residences, 158

Residential mobility. See Mobility of residents

Resonant effects, testing for, 45

Revertancy, 210-211, 213

Risk assessment, 1, 15-16, 191-199

stages of, 192-193

Risk characterization, 193, 197

rms. See Root mean square (rms) measurements

Root mean square (rms) measurements, 5, 26, 340

Rotating fields, 89, 100

RR. See Relative risk (RR)

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1997. Possible Health Effects of Exposure to Residential Electric and Magnetic Fields. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5155.
×

S

Scaling species. See Interspecies scaling

SCE. See Sister chromatid exchanges (SCE)

School exposures, 171, 204

Secondaries, distribution.

See also Transmission and distribution lines

open first-span, 164-165, 170

spun (wrapped), 170

Segments I/II/III tests, 77-78

Selection bias, 122, 146-155, 157, 185

use of friend controls, 153

Semipartite thoracic centra, 340

Sensitivity analysis, 154

Serotonin effects, 92, 95.

See also Melatonin concentration effects

Serum melatonin concentration effects. See Melatonin concentration effects

Service drops. See Transmission and distribution lines

SES. See Socioeconomic status (SES)

Sheep, studies of, 253

Shielding, 27.

See also Magnetic fields, shielding from

electrostatic, 43

Shock currents, 9, 28, 41

Short-term tests, 78

SI. See Systeme International (SI) units

Signal transduction pathways, changes in, 6, 52, 58-63.

See also Ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity

in bone, 108, 112-114

research needs, 207

Sinusoidal field exposure, 56-57, 74, 100, 248-253

Sinusoidal waveforms. See Alternating current (ac)

Sister chromatid exchanges (SCE), 56-57, 210, 212-216, 218-219, 340

Skeletal anomalies, 89

Skin tumors, 224

Smoking. See Marijuana smoking;

Tobacco smoking

Socioeconomic status (SES), 152, 157-159, 163, 187, 266-267, 269-270 , 272-274, 276, 284

Solenoidal coils, 44

Soma, defined, 340

Spatially-varying fields, 5, 25

Species, scaling of. See Interspecies scaling

Spot measurements, 5, 39, 142-145, 169, 173, 201, 255-257, 267-268 , 270, 290, 292

Static fields. See Unchanging fields

Sternebra, 340

Streaming potential, 341

Stress responses, 103-104, 338

Subchronic toxicity. See Toxicologic studies

Substations, 32.

See also Transmission and distribution lines

Subways, 17

Suicide, 186-187

Surrogate assessment means, 341

Swine, studies of, 86-87, 235-236, 241

Switched equipment, 35, 201-202, 301.

See also Transients

Switchyard workers, 184

Systeme International (SI) units, 340

T

T. See Tesla (T)

Target organs, 76

Telephone workers, 181

Temporal changes in fields. See Time-varying fields

Terata, 340

Teratogenicity, 78, 85-86

Tesla (T), 12-13, 23, 339-340

Testicular cancer, 177

12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA), 53-54, 61-62, 80, 115, 224, 341

inducing early-response genes, 53, 341

Thoracic vertebra, 338, 340

Three-phase transmission lines. See Transmission and distribution lines

Thymic lymphocytes, 60, 72

Time-varying fields, 3-5, 13, 23, 25, 105, 110

Time-weighted average measurements. See Electromagnetic fields (EMF)

Tissue culture studies. See In vitro studies

Tissue healing, 13.

See also Bone healing

Tissue-air interface, 46

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1997. Possible Health Effects of Exposure to Residential Electric and Magnetic Fields. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5155.
×

Tobacco smoking, 123, 161, 163, 281

in pregnancy, 266, 269, 272, 274, 276

Toxicologic studies, 75-79

acute lethality, 76

chronic toxicity, 77

cocarcinogenicity, 78-79, 198, 207

copromotion studies, 78-79, 197

developmental studies, 77-78

repeated-dose studies, 76-77

reproductive studies, 77-78

subchronic toxicity, 77

TPA. See 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA)

Trailing edge, 24

Trains, intercity, 17, 35, 164.

See also Subways

Transcript activity, increased, 63

Transformers. See Transmission and distribution lines

Transient changes (biologic), 55, 58-72, 240, 243

Transients (electric), 5, 24, 34-36, 39, 300-301, 341

research needs, 204

Transmission and distribution lines, 1, 3-5, 11-12, 16-17, 287-290

distance from, 5, 15-16, 32-33, 36-40, 117, 164, 255-257, 267, 270 , 276, 279, 282

safe, 28

three-phase, 32, 176, 287-288, 301

underground, 32-33, 158, 176

Transportation systems, 17, 34-35

Trenimon, 57, 341

Tumors

initiation of, 81, 223

promotion of, 13, 54, 80-82, 106, 116, 224

24-hr measurements, 169, 173, 255-256, 267, 300

Tyrosine protein kinases, 62.

See also lyn kinase;

Protein kinase C (PKC)

U

Unchanging fields, 4, 13

Underground power lines. See Transmission and distribution lines

U.S. Department of Energy, 1, 9

U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 111

V

V. See Volt (V)

VDT. See Video display terminals (VDTs)

Vector quantities, 22, 341

Very low frequency (VLF), 13, 18, 71-72, 182, 197, 341

Video display terminals (VDTs), 10, 181-182, 184

Vietnam Experience Study, 188

Viral exposure, 174

VLF. See Very low frequency (VLF)

Volt (V), 341

per meter, 23

Vote counting, 136

unweighted, 142

W

Waveforms

rectangular, 24

saw-toothed, 88-89

sinusoidal. See Alternating current (ac)

Wavelength, 11-12, 24

Weighted risk factors. See Risk assessment

Wire codes, 3, 22, 36-40, 117-118, 127-176, 184, 195-198, 287-301, 255-257, 341

low-current configuration, 138, 142

and distance, 139, 142-143

refinements in, 170-171, 296

reliability issues ("wire-code paradox"), 37-38, 156, 165-170, 299 -300

research needs, 202-203, 205-206

Wiring. See Home wiring

Wiring configuration, 24.

See also Wire codes

Workplace exposures. See Occupational exposures

World War II, 10

X

X-ray exposures, 123

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Can the electric and magnetic fields (EMF) to which people are routinely exposed cause health effects? This volume assesses the data and draws conclusions about the consequences of human exposure to EMF. The committee examines what is known about three kinds of health effects associated with EMF: cancer, primarily childhood leukemia; reproduction and development; and neurobiological effects. This book provides a detailed discussion of hazard identification, dose-response assessment, exposure assessment, and risk characterization for each.

Possible Health Effects of Exposure to Residential Electric and Magnetic Fields also discusses the tools available to measure exposure, common types of exposures, and what is known about the effects of exposure. The committee looks at correlations between EMF exposure and carcinogenesis, mutagenesis, neurobehavioral effects, reproductive and developmental effects, effects on melatonin and other neurochemicals, and effects on bone healing and stimulated cell growth.

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