Below are the first 10 and last 10 pages of uncorrected machine-read text (when available) of this chapter, followed by the top 30 algorithmically extracted key phrases from the chapter as a whole.
Intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text on the opening pages of each chapter.
Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.
Do not use for reproduction, copying, pasting, or reading; exclusively for search engines.
OCR for page 505
-->
Index
OCR for page 506
This page in the original is blank.
OCR for page 507
-->
Index
A
Abortion, 5, 30, 48, 87-88, 219
maternal deaths from, 5, 72-74
rates of, 5, 65, 69, 70, 71-72, 73, 75-76, 77
reporting of, 92-93n
unsafe and illegal, 5, 71-74, 87
worldwide, 68, 71-75, 77
Abstinence, 31, 80, 93n.
See also Periodic abstinence
Acidic buffers, 443
Acrosin, 153, 432-433
Acrosome development, 145, 390-391
Acrosome reaction induction, 433
inhibition of, 13, 147, 344, 420-421
premature, 14, 146-147, 148-149, 345, 396-397
Activin, 353
Adhesion molecules, 135, 138, 367, 373-374
Africa, 65, 68, 76, 83, 167, 172, 174, 194, 195, 214, 224
Agency for International Development (USAID), 19, 114, 212, 235n, 238, 278-279, 288, 290
American Caduceus Industries, 237
American Home Products Corporation, 259, 274, 293n, 320
Anti-androgens, 148
Antiestrogens, 13, 344, 364
Anti-implantation methods, 15, 137-139, 343, 364-368
Antiprogestins, 35, 117-118, 124n, 134, 139, 269, 270
controversy over, 14-15, 118, 272
as menses-inducers, 13, 117-118, 140, 141, 344, 364, 373
see also Mifepristone
Apoptosis, 131, 133, 354-356, 361
Asia, 65, 68, 76, 167, 172, 194, 195, 215, 251
Avanti condom, 106, 240
Azoospermia, 120, 381, 382, 385
B
Bacterial infections, 45n , 79, 81, 93n, 433, 434.
See also Chancroid;
Chlamydia;
Gonorrhea;
Syphilis
Barrier methods, 13, 98, 105-106, 179, 344, 496
chemical, 105, 115-117, 431
mechanical, 105-106, 114-115, 431
OCR for page 508
-->
protection against infections, 81, 98, 114-116, 179, 430-432
research and development, 10, 12, 13, 114-117, 343, 430-444
see also Cervical cap;
Condoms;
Diaphragms;
Microbicides;
Spermicides
Basal body temperature (BBT), 108, 267
Basic science and research, 9, 10-12, 19, 125-130, 342-343, 345, 346
on barrier methods, 10, 12, 13, 343, 430-444
on female methods, 10, 13, 344, 351-374
on immunocontraception, 12-13, 14, 343, 401-425
on male methods, 10, 14, 345, 381-399
on monthly methods and menses-inducers, 10, 13, 14-15, 134-135, 139 -141, 343, 344, 373
"woman-centered agenda" in, 10, 19, 32-33, 342, 346
Beagle tests, 297, 339n
Bellagio Conference, 38-39
Biodegradable formulations, 113, 271, 459
Biological science, 11, 125-130, 343
"Biologic sexism," 80
Biomaterials suppliers, liability, 21, 311, 317-318
Biotechnology industry, 240-244, 245, 248-253
globalization of market, 250-251, 253
noncontraceptive research and development, 274-277
Blastocyst implantation, 13, 135-136, 137, 165n, 340, 344, 361-362, 366, 499.
see also Anti-implantation methods
Boston Women's Health Book Collective, 299
Buffer gels, 115-116
Burroughs Wellcome Fund, 284, 287
C
Cairo conference, 32, 40-41
Calendar rhythm method (CM), 99, 107-108, 189
Cancer, protection against, 96, 102, 111, 178, 181, 220, 407
Cell-mediated immune (CMI) responses, 461-462, 463
Center for Population Research (CPR), 114, 238, 278, 288
Cervical cancer, 78, 193, 195, 220
Cervical cap, 98, 114, 189, 261, 268, 431-432, 496
Chancroid, 78, 194, 496
Chemical barrier methods, 105, 115-117, 431
China, 65, 67, 68, 82, 112, 167, 170, 251
Chlamydia, 78, 79, 157, 193, 194, 195, 496
Chlorhexidine, 439, 441
Cholera toxin, 458
Ciba, 237
Clinical trials, 11, 19, 20, 299-300, 346
c-mos proteins, 143, 144, 389
Coitus interruptus (withdrawal), 100, 172n, 189, 504
Colony-stimulating factor (CSF-1), 136, 368-369
Combined oral contraceptives (COCs), 96, 100, 102, 109, 189, 268
Condoms, 98, 105-106, 171, 175, 177, 179, 189, 381, 497
female, 25, 93n, 98, 105, 106, 179, 189, 240, 431
firms making and distributing, 260, 261, 262, 263, 265
nonlatex, 106, 240
protection against infections, 31, 34, 80, 81, 98, 179, 192, 224, 431
sales and market shares, 201-202, 203, 204, 206, 264
worldwide use and supply, 169, 170, 172-173, 174, 212, 214-215
Consortium for Industrial Collaboration in Contraceptive Research (CICCR), 19, 281, 287, 346
Consumer decisions and preferences, 23, 170, 186, 195-198
of men, 234n
Consumer education, 24-25, 328-329
Contraceptive and Reproductive Evaluation Branch, 278
OCR for page 509
-->
Contraceptive Development Branch (CDB), 278
Contraceptive Research and Development (CONRAD) program, 114, 238, 280
"Contraceptive revolution," 29-30, 236-237
development of a second, 16, 34-35, 45n
Contraceptive use, 167-171, 175, 177, 200-201
worldwide, 167-170, 172-173, 174, 207
see also Discontinuation of methods
Contract research organizations (CROs), 248-250, 291
Copper T 380A IUD, 97, 104, 109, 123n, 189, 217, 226, 234n, 240
Costs and cost-effectiveness, 8, 54-55, 201-203, 213, 216-228
of infection prevention, 219-220
of labeling improvements, 25-26
societal, 16-17, 54, 55
C31G, 441
Cytokines, 136, 138-139, 359, 368-372
D
Dalkon Shield, 23, 182, 190, 237, 315-316
Defensins, 443
Demand,
see Market demand;
Unmet needs for contraception
Depo-medroxyprogesterone acetate (Depo-Provera, DMPA), 23, 97, 102 , 104, 112, 113, 189, 190, 203, 237, 263, 497
regulatory issues, 21, 295, 297, 338-339n
Detergents and surfactants, 434, 437, 439
Developing countries
abortion in, 65, 72, 73, 74
contraceptive use in, 18, 30, 167, 168, 169, 170, 173, 174, 176, 181, 207, 217, 223
discontinuation, 183-187
failure of methods, 184-185
family planning in, 45n, 54, 68-69, 213, 216
impacts of U.S. regulatory actions, 295, 338n
market demand in, 203-208
maternal deaths in, 72, 73, 74, 76
pharmaceutical industry in, 39, 238
sources of contraceptive supply, 17, 18, 51, 206, 208, 214-215, 343
Diaphragms, 98, 172n, 174, 175, 177, 189, 204, 497
firms making and distributing, 260, 262, 263, 264, 265
protection against infections, 81, 431-432
Diethylstilbestrol (DES), 315, 339-340n
Discontinuation of methods, 170, 183-190
failure as factor in, 185, 187
side effects as factor in, 6, 183, 186, 187, 197
Djerassi, Carl, 2, 236
Docosanol, 442
Dow Coming, 317, 340n
Drug delivery systems, 112-114, 134, 141, 269, 422, 457-460.
See also Hormone-releasing IUDs;
Implants;
Injectables;
Vaginal methods
Dual use, 192-193
Duty of care, 305, 307
E
Early conceptus antigens, 14, 150-151, 154, 345, 406, 409-412
Ectopic pregnancy, 137, 219, 224, 363, 497-498
Effectiveness,
see Failure and efficacy
Efficacy,
see Failure and efficacy
Egg surface antigens, 151, 152, 406, 412-413
Eli Lilly, 239
Emergency contraception, 24, 100-101, 109-110, 182, 261, 363
basic research for, 134-135
costs and savings, 217, 218-219
IUD used in, 101, 109
OCR for page 510
-->
mifepristone used in, 101, 109, 117, 134, 135, 364
pill used as, 100-101, 109, 124n, 182, 234n, 363-364
Emergency contraceptive pills (ECP), 100-101, 109, 124n, 182, 234n, 363-364
Endometrial cancer, 96, 102, 111, 178, 220
Enzyme inhibitors, 13, 135, 344
Epididymal function, 14, 146, 147-148, 345, 383, 384-385, 390, 394 -396
Epostane, 135, 365
Estradiol, 134, 260
Estrogen receptor, 134, 360
Europe, 76, 77, 170, 172, 174, 194, 195, 206, 208, 214, 251
Express warranty, 306
F
Failure and efficacy, 7, 24, 48, 183, 188-190, 196, 234n
of anti-infectives, 20, 346
as factor in discontinuance, 185, 187
by method, 96-101
regulatory requirements, 105, 297-298
and unintended pregnancy, 30, 96-101, 189
of vaginal preparations, 437-438
Family Health International (FHI), 119, 238, 280
Family planning
in developing countries, 45n, 54, 68-69, 213, 216
effect on population growth, 5-6, 45n
in integrated reproductive health system, 17, 45n, 344
men's involvement in, 82-83, 84-85, 86, 87, 181
Federal standards defense,
see Government standards defense
Female condom, 25, 93n, 98, 105, 106, 179, 189, 240, 297-298, 329, 431
firms making and distributing, 261, 263
Female methods, 96-101
immunocontraception, 11, 12, 14, 150-157 passim, 199-200, 345, 405-408
protection against infection, 10, 13, 48, 342, 344, 430-432
research and development, 10, 130-141, 342, 344, 351-374
see also Barrier methods;
Cervical cap;
Diaphragms;
Emergency contraception;
Female condom;
Fertility Awareness Methods;
Implants;
Injectables;
Intrauterine devices;
Lactation Amenorrhea Method;
Menses-inducers;
Microbicides;
Oral contraceptives;
Ovulation inhibition;
Periodic abstinence;
Postimplantation technologies;
Spermicides;
Tubal sterilization;
Vaginal methods
FemCap, 114
Fertilin, 147, 393, 398
Fertility Awareness Methods (FAMs), 100, 108
Fertility preferences,
see Reproductive preferences
Fetal exposure, 20, 346
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs), 136, 371-372
Fibronectin, 135
Fogarty, John E., International Center, 279
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), 128, 142, 352, 360, 384, 385, 406-407, 498
immunogens, 152, 155, 408-409
inhibition, 14, 119, 129-131, 132, 133, 144, 345, 353, 355-356, 357 -358, 386-388
Follicular atresia, 13, 131, 344, 354-355
Follicular development, 133, 354, 361
Follicular rupture, 13, 131, 344, 356, 361
Follistatin, 132, 353
Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 20, 23, 25, 105, 254, 296-298, 339n
class labeling of oral contraceptives, 112
OCR for page 511
-->
and emergency contraceptive pills, 109-110, 234n
IUD approval, 123n
and multicomponent drugs, 155, 300-301, 423-424
reform proposals, 20, 301-302
Formularies, 242-243, 244
Fraudulent representation, 306
Frivolous lawsuits, 312
G
Gamete interaction inhibition, 147, 148-149, 397-398
Gene therapy, 145, 360, 389-390, 424-425
Genetics, 11, 126-128, 343, 422
gamete development, 14, 345, 358-359
and sperm development, 143, 145, 389-391
Germ cell nuclear factor (GCNF), 133, 359
Global Contraceptive Commodity
Programme, 18, 344-345
Glycoproteins, 135, 366-367, 384, 412
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and receptors, 128, 130, 139 , 142, 351-352, 360, 385
agonists, 128, 129, 132, 352-353
antagonists, 13, 128, 132, 137, 344, 353, 374
immunogens, 152, 155, 352, 406-408
Gonorrhea, 78, 79, 157, 193, 194, 195
Gossypol, 116, 120, 498
Government standards defense, 20, 22, 23, 311, 312, 314-315, 346
Government support, 218, 227-228
for contraceptive supply, 17, 18, 206, 208, 212-213, 214-215, 343
of research and development, 18-19, 29-30, 39, 40-41, 237-238, 273 , 278-279, 283, 286-290, 345-346
gp130 protein, 370-371
Granulosa cell layer, 357-358
Growth factors, 136, 138-139, 360, 371-371
Guidelines,
see Regulation
H
Health maintenance organizations (HMOs), 17, 55, 225-226
Heparin-binding epidermal growth factor (HB-EGF), 136, 367
Hepatitis B virus (HBV), 79
Herpes simplex virus (HSV), 14, 78, 79, 345
High-molecular-weight (MW) glycoprotein, 135
Hormonal methods, 35, 96-97
protection against infections, 81, 96-97, 102, 103, 178
see also Implants;
Injectables;
Oral contraceptives
Hormone-releasing IUDs, 113
Hughes, Howard, Medical Institute (HHMI), 284
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), 150-151, 154, 409-412, 423
inhibition, 139, 372
Human Immunodeficiency Network (HIV/NET), 114, 115
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), 14, 78, 79, 80, 219, 345, 431, 434-436
Human papilloma virus (HPV), 14, 78, 79, 193, 195, 345
Hydrogen peroxide, 444
I
Iatrogenic reproductive tract infections, 45n, 93n
Immune-stimulating complexes (ISCOMs), 458-459
Immunocontraception, 234-235n
basic research, 12-13, 14, 343, 401-425
female methods of, 11, 12, 14, 150-157 passim, 199-200, 345, 405-408
male methods of, 119, 152, 155, 405-409
reproductive hormones as antigens, 14, 152, 155-156, 345, 406
OCR for page 512
-->
research and development, 149-157, 199-200, 267, 269, 270
see also Early conceptus antigens;
Egg surface antigens;
Mucosal immunology;
Sperm antigens
Implantation,
see Anti-implantation methods;
Blastocyst implantation;
Postimplantation technologies
Implants, 21, 96, 103, 112-113, 178, 189
firms making and distributing, 260, 263
Infections,
see Bacterial infections;
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID);
Reproductive tract infections (RTIs);
Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs);
Viral infections
Informed choice, 23-25, 326-328
and packaging information, 24, 25-26, 328-329, 346-347
Informed consent, 24, 307-308, 318, 325, 327, 340n
Inhibin, 132, 267, 353
Injectables, 97, 104, 112, 113-114, 237, 240, 263, 269, 270, 499
worldwide use and supply, 169, 172-173, 174, 178, 214
Inserts, 26, 328-329
Institute for International Studies in Natural Family Planning (IISNFP) , 238
Institutional Review Boards (IRBs), 318, 325
Insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1), 136, 371
Insurance
contraceptive coverage under, 17, 225-227
product liability, 304, 318, 323
Integrins, 135, 366
Interleukin-1 (IL-1), 136, 368
International agencies, 18-19, 273, 282, 287, 291.
See also Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs);
World Health Organization (WHO)
International Conference on Population and Development (Cairo conference) , 32, 40-41
International Planned Parenthood Federation, 235n
Intrauterine devices (IUDs), 20, 23, 29, 35, 45n, 97, 104, 113, 123 -124n, 171, 177, 178, 189, 190, 191-192, 205, 315-316, 500
as emergency contraceptive, 101, 109
firms making and distributing, 237, 260, 261, 264, 265
and infections, 45n, 81, 93n, 182
worldwide use and supply, 169, 170, 172-173, 174, 176, 212, 214-215
see also Copper T 380A IUD;
Dalkon Shield;
Progesterone T IUD
J
Japan, 65, 67, 68, 82, 112
Johns Hopkins University, 115
K
''KAP (knowledge, attitudes, practice)-gap," 51, 68, 92n
L
Labels and labeling, 25-26, 328-329, 346-347
Lactation Amenorrhea Method (LAM), 99, 107
Lactobacillus, 457-458
Latin America and the Caribbean, 65, 68, 76, 167, 173, 174, 185, 194, 208, 215, 251
LDH-C4 (LDH-X) protein, 153, 154, 415-417
Lea's Shield, 114, 240, 271
Legal issues,
see Product liability;
Regulation;
Tort law
Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), 136, 138-139, 369-370, 374
Levonorgestrel (LNg)
implant, 96, 102, 112, 321-322
injectable, 113-114
IUD, 97, 104, 189, 234n
OCR for page 513
-->
Life cycles and life spans, 55-58
women's reproductive life span, 31, 48, 56-58, 60-63, 86-87
Liposomes, 459-460
Long-loop feedback system, 142, 144, 384, 385
Luteinizing hormone (LH), 128, 142, 352, 353, 356, 360, 384, 385, 406, 500
inhibition, 14, 119, 129, 134, 345
Luteolytic agents, 13, 139, 362, 372-372
M
Male methods, 31, 48, 81-83
basic research, 10, 14, 345, 381-399
immunocontraception, 119, 152, 155, 405-409
research and development, 10, 83, 119-120, 142-149, 269, 271, 342
see also Condoms;
Vasectomy;
Withdrawal
Managed care industry, 55
and pharmaceutical industry, 225, 242-243, 246
Marital status, 69, 70, 71, 74, 75
Market capitalization, 241, 242, 252
Market demand, 6, 48-49
in developing countries, 203-208
indicators of, 6-9, 49, 200-213
and subsidized procurements, 210-213
and unmet needs, 15-19, 166-167, 343-346
Maternal deaths, 48, 74, 76, 78, 93n
Maturation promoting factor (MPF), 132
Mead Johnson, 239, 260, 262
Mechanical barrier methods, 105-106, 114-115, 431
Medicaid, 227, 228
Meiosis interventions, 14, 131, 132, 143, 144, 345, 356-357, 388-389
Melatonin, 111, 133
Mellon, Andrew W., Foundation, 284, 287, 288
Men, involvement in family planning, 82-83, 84-85, 86, 87, 181.
See also Male methods
Menopause, 45n, 58, 61, 63, 500
Menses-inducers, 10, 13, 14-15, 134-135, 139-141, 342, 343, 344, 373
Merck,, 237, 241, 266, 269
Microbicides, 80, 81, 115-116, 431, 434, 436-445 passim
regulatory issues, 20, 346
Middle East and Arab States, 65, 68, 76, 167, 172, 174, 194, 195, 208, 214
Mifepristone (RU 486), 117, 139, 141, 253, 365-366, 373
controversy over, 14, 118, 272
as emergency contraceptive, 101, 109, 117, 134, 135, 364
Milk fatty acids, 439
Minipill,
see Progestin-only pill
Mistimed pregnancy, 59, 64, 65, 66-67, 68, 69
Molecular biology, 11, 125-128
Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), 245, 444, 445
Monthly methods, 13, 118, 139, 342, 344, 372
research, 10, 13, 14-15, 134-135, 139-141, 343, 344, 373
Morning-after pill,
see Emergency contraceptive pills (ECP)
Muc-1 (episialin), 135, 367
Mucosal immunology, 156-157, 446-451, 462-463
compartmentalization in, 455
in females, 156-157, 451-453, 460-461, 462-463
in males, 453-455, 461, 462-463
oral administration, 157, 456-460
Müllerian inhibiting substance (MIS), 359
Multideterminant immunogens, 155-156, 414-420
Multilateral purchasing pools, 18, 211, 344-345
N
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease (NIAID), 115
OCR for page 514
-->
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), 19, 114, 115, 238, 278, 288
National Institutes of Health (NIH), 278, 279, 288, 290
National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG), 58-59, 92n, 234n
National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program (NVICP), 23, 310-311, 331-332
National Women's Health Network, 299
Natural family planning, 81, 99.
See also Non-commodity-based methods;
Periodic abstinence
Needs,
see Market demand;
Unmet needs for contraception
Neem oil, 116, 442
Negligence, 305, 307-308
New chemical entities (NCEs), 253-255
New drug applications (NDAs), 299, 301, 339n
Non-commodity-based methods, 99-100, 106-108.
See also Natural family planning;
Periodic abstinence
Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), 214-215, 273
Nonoxynol-9, 105, 115, 439
Nonprofit organizations
partnerships with pharmaceutical industry, 15, 19, 240, 266, 267-271, 343
research support, 15, 40-41, 238, 273, 277, 279-281, 283, 286, 287 , 288, 290, 343
Norethindrone, 113, 114, 236
Norplant, 21, 96, 102, 103, 112-113, 170, 189, 202, 203, 205, 240, 269, 340n
firms making and distributing, 260, 263
litigation and controversy, 23, 103, 182, 203, 319-322
O
Off-label use, 109-110, 234n
Oocyte maturation inhibitor (OMI), 132
Oral contraceptives (OC, Pill), 29, 96, 171, 175, 178-179, 181, 183 , 188, 189, 190, 226, 500
as an emergency (postcoital) method, 100-101, 109, 124n, 182, 234n, 363-364
combination pill, 96, 100, 102, 109, 189, 268
firms making and distributing, 237, 260, 261, 262, 263, 264, 265, 266
progestin-only (minipill), 96, 101, 103, 109, 123n, 189, 267, 270, 363
protection against infections, 96, 102, 178, 181
research and development, 110-112, 237, 238, 267, 268, 270
sales and market shares, 201, 202-203, 204, 264
worldwide use and supply, 169, 170, 172-173, 174, 176, 202, 212, 214-215
Organon International, 46n, 237, 238, 239, 259, 260, 262, 264, 266 , 269, 272
Orphan receptors, 131, 133, 358-359
Ortho Pharmaceutical Corporation, 46n, 234n, 237, 239, 259, 260, 262, 264, 266, 269
Outsourcing, 248-250
Ovarian cancer, 96, 102, 111, 178, 220
Oviductal transport and retention, 137-138, 362-363
Ovulation inhibition, 13, 111, 131, 137, 139, 140, 344, 351-361
Ovulation method (OM, cervical mucus method), 99, 108, 189
Oxytocic agents, 134
P
Packaging information, 24, 25-26, 328-329, 346-347
Parke-Davis, 237, 239, 260, 262, 264
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), 195, 224, 501
abortion as cause of, 74-75
IUDs as cause of, 45n, 123n, 178
OCR for page 515
-->
methods protecting against, 81, 96-97, 102, 111, 178
Periodic abstinence, 99, 107-108, 172n, 174, 175, 188, 189, 190, 501.
See also Natural family planning;
Non-commodity-based methods
Pharmaceutical industry, 242-244, 246-247, 259, 264, 290-291
factors affecting research involvement, 14-15, 16, 34-37, 46n, 236 -244, 253-272
and managed care industry, 225, 242-243, 246
partnerships with nonprofit organizations, 15, 19, 240, 266, 267-271, 343
revenues and sales, 241, 252, 265, 266
small firms, 15, 19, 239-240, 346
see also Biotechnology industry
Pharmacy benefit management organizations (PBMs), 242-243
PH-20 protein, 147, 149, 151, 153, 154, 393, 398, 419
Physical barriers,
see Mechanical barrier methods
Pill,
see Oral contraceptives
Point of service (POS) networks, 226
Political controversy, 36, 290, 329-333
over abortion, 14, 331
over antiprogestins, 14-15, 118, 272
over postimplantation methods, 14, 15, 331, 343
Population Council, 45n, 83, 116, 238, 280-281
and mifepristone, 14, 118
Population growth, effect of family planning on, 5-6, 45n
Postcoital methods, 48, 109-110, 363-364
emergency contraceptive pills, 100-101, 109, 124n, 182, 234n, 363-364
research and development, 117-118, 134-137
Postimplantation technologies, 15, 361-374
controversy over, 14, 15, 331, 343
see also Menses-inducers
Postmarketing surveillance, 23, 346
Postovulatory methods, 48, 137-141
Preferences,
see Consumer decisions and preferences;
Reproductive preferences;
Unintended pregnancy
Preferred provider organizations (PPOs), 226
Pregnancy, 56, 57, 65, 70, 79, 302.
See also Ectopic pregnancy;
Maternal deaths;
Reproductive preferences;
Unintended pregnancy
Private sector,
see Nonprofit organizations;
Pharmaceutical industry
Product liability, 21-23, 237-238, 303-304
for biomaterials suppliers, 21, 311, 317-318
breast implant litigation, 317, 340n
DES litigation, 315, 340n
injuries to offspring, 308-309
insurance, 304, 318, 323
and research, 21-23, 257, 305, 307-308, 318-319
rules of, 304-309
see also Tort law
Progestasert, 97, 104, 191, 238
Progesterone antibodies, 135, 365
Progesterone synthesis inhibitors, 135, 365, 366
Progesterone T IUD, 97, 104, 189, 234n
Progestin-only pill (POP, minipill), 96, 101, 103, 109, 123n, 189, 267, 270, 363
Program for Applied Research in Fertility Regulation (PARFR), 238
Program for the Topical Prevention of Conception and Disease (TOPCAD) , 281
Program in Appropriate Technology (PATH), 281
Prostaglandin synthase2 gene (PGS-2), 131, 134
Prostate cancer, 407
Protectaid, 115
Public sector,
see Government support;
International agencies
Punitive damages, 310, 311, 312, 316-317
OCR for page 516
-->
R
Reality female condom, 25, 105, 106, 240, 297-298, 329
Regulation, 20, 237, 346
of anti-infective methods, 20, 297-298, 346
of combination products, 155, 300-301, 423-424
international harmonization, 20, 39
reforms, 20, 301-302
safety data requirements, 296-297
Reproductive biology, 19, 128-130, 291
Reproductive hormones, as antigens, 14, 152, 155-156, 345, 406
Reproductive preferences, 50-51, 60-61, 66-67, 68-69, 86, 192
and actual birth control practices, 51, 68, 92n
Reproductive tract infections (RTIs), 45n, 93n
sexually transmitted, 45n, 78-81, 93n, 223-225
Reprogen, 156
Research and development, 15, 16, 34-37, 46n, 236-244, 253-272
anti-implantation methods, 15, 137-139, 343, 364-368
barrier methods, 10, 12, 13, 114-117, 343, 430-444
costs and returns, 253-258
drug delivery systems, 112-114, 134, 141, 269, 422, 457-460
female methods, 10, 130-141, 342
government support of, 18-19, 29-30, 39, 40-41, 237-238, 273, 278-279, 283, 286-290, 345-346
immunocontraception, 149-157, 199-200, 267, 269, 270
informed consent of subjects, 307-308, 318, 325, 327, 340n
international agency support of, 18-19, 273, 282, 287, 291
liability issues, 21-23, 257, 305, 307-308, 318-319
male methods, 10, 83, 119-120, 142-149, 269, 271, 342
and multilateral purchasing pools, 18, 344-345
nonprofit organization support of, 15, 40-41, 238, 273, 277, 279-281, 283, 286, 287, 288, 290, 343
see also Basic science and research
Research Triangle Institute (RTI), 279
Risks,
see Side effects and health risks
Robins, AH, 237, 315
Rockefeller Foundation, 39, 284, 287, 288, 293n
Contraception 21 Initiative, 38, 198
Roe v. Wade Supreme Court decision, 75, 331
Roussel Uclaf, 14, 46n, 118, 239, 253, 270, 272
RSA-1 protein, 153, 417-418
RU486,
see Mifepristone
S
Safety and dangers, 196, 296-297
of selected methods, 96-101
see also Side effects and health risks
Salk Institute, 279
Saturation mutation, 126-127, 502
Schering AG, 46n, 109, 237, 238, 239, 260, 263, 264, 270
Schering Plough, 260, 263
Schmid, 237, 260
Science,
see Basic science and research;
Research and development
Searle, 237, 239, 260, 263, 264, 315
Serine proteinase inhibitors, 442-443
Sexuality, 330
Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), 33-34, 195, 433-434, 502
anti-infective research and development, 10, 11-12, 276-277, 342
costs and benefits of prevention, 80, 219, 223-225
female reproductive tract infections, 45n, 78-81, 93n, 223-225
as indicator of contraceptive demand, 7-8, 48, 192-193
OCR for page 517
-->
protection against, 31, 80-81, 96-98, 114-116, 179-180, 297-298, 430-432, 434, 437
worldwide rates, 193-195
see also Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
SF-1 (steroidogenic factor 1), 132, 133, 359
Side effects and health risks, 24, 170, 171-173, 176, 178-180, 181 -183, 196, 502
as factors in discontinuance, 6, 183, 186, 187, 197
by method, 96-101, 178-180
Silicone medical implants, 21, 103, 317, 321, 340n
Social climate, 9, 26, 36-37, 290, 329-331
Sperm antigens, 12, 14, 146, 151, 153, 154-156, 345, 396, 406, 413-421
Sperm development disruption, 14, 119-120, 142-143, 144-146, 147-148, 345, 382-384
acrosome and tail formation, 143, 145, 390-392
epididymal function, 14, 146, 147-148, 345, 383, 384-385, 390, 394 -396
genetic manipulation, 143, 145, 389-391
surface protein alteration, 145-146, 392-394
Sperm-egg fusion, 13, 149, 344, 361, 397-398
Spermicides, 13, 98, 105, 115-116, 180, 189, 205, 344, 436-445, 503
firms making and distributing, 260, 261, 262, 263, 264, 265
protection against infections, 81, 181
regulatory issues, 20, 346
see also Microbicides
Sperm transport, 13, 344
sp56 protein, 153
Sponge, 115, 172n, 240, 263, 293n, 503
SP-10 protein, 153, 154, 156, 419-420, 422
Squalamine, 116, 442
State government, 227, 228
STD,
see Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)
Sterilization, 74, 169, 174, 175, 189, 191-192, 217, 226, 238-239, 271
and availability of reversible methods, 191, 192
as indicator of contraceptive demand, 7, 30-31, 48, 204-206
worldwide use, 169, 172-173, 174, 176, 204-206, 212, 214-215
see also Tubal sterilization;
Vasectomy
Steroid hormone receptors, 111, 134, 137, 360, 361
Strategic alliances and partnerships, 248, 250, 251, 267-271
Strict liability, 307, 308, 323
Sulfated polymers, 440, 443
Superagonists, 352-353
Symptothermal method (STM), 99, 108
Syntex, 237, 239, 260, 263, 264
Syphilis, 78, 79, 193, 194
T
Tamoxifen, 134, 360
Tcte-1 protein, 153, 418-419
Teenagers, 188, 190
abortions among, 75
pregnancy, 71, 87, 92n, 217, 219
sexually transmitted diseases, 195
Third-party payers, 17, 51, 54, 55, 214-215, 225-227, 343.
See also Government support
Title X, funding of contraceptive services, 227, 228
Today sponge, 21, 240
TOPCAD,
see Program for the Topical Prevention of Conception and Disease
Tort law, 304-309
government standards defense, 20, 22, 23, 311, 312, 314-315, 346
and informed consent, 324-325
punitive damages under, 310, 311, 312, 316-317
reform proposals, 20, 309-319, 322-324
OCR for page 518
-->
and scientific evidence, 304, 339n
time limits under, 312, 313
see also Product liability
Traditional methods,
see Non-commodity-based methods
Treponema pallidum,
see Syphilis
Trichomoniasis, 193, 194, 195
Tripterygium wilfordii, 120
Tubal sterilization, 167, 170, 174, 191, 226
2-D electrophoresis, 423
U
UNFPA,
see United Nations Population Fund
Unintended pregnancy, 3-5, 30, 58-59, 92n, 170
and abortion, 70, 71-76
from contraceptive failure, 30, 96-101, 189
costs and cost avoidance, 54, 188, 213, 217, 218, 222
rates of, 4-5, 59, 64-71, 75
worldwide, 59, 64-67, 68-69
United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), 211, 212, 235n, 282
Universities, 238, 277, 281
Unmet needs for contraception, 49-50, 52-53
indicators of, 4-6, 30-31, 86-88
and market demand, 15-19, 166-167, 343-346
Unwanted pregnancy, 59, 64, 65, 66-67, 68, 69
Upjohn Company, 237, 239, 263, 270, 297
USAID,
see Agency for International Development
V
Vaccines, 208-213, 331-333, 401-402
injury compensation program, 310-311, 331-332
see also Immunocontraception
Vaginal methods, 157, 432
hormonal delivery, 113, 134, 270, 363
protection against infection, 116, 431, 434, 436-438
regulatory issues, 20, 298-300, 346
research and development, 13, 344, 436-444
Vaginal ring, 113, 240, 270
Vaginal sponge, 115, 172n, 240, 263, 293n, 503
Value,
see Costs and cost-effectiveness
Vasectomy, 119, 174, 177, 226, 240, 381-382, 398
Vectorial labeling, 423
Viral infections, 45n, 79, 81, 93n, 193, 434.
See also Hepatitis B virus;
Herpes simplex virus (HSV);
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV);
Human papilloma virus (HPV)
Virtual integration, 248, 249
Virtual partnerships, 19, 291
W
Wanted pregnancy, 65, 66-67
Whitehall, 259, 260, 263, 271, 293n
Withdrawal (coitus interruptus), 100, 172n, 189, 504
"Woman-centered agenda," 2-3, 31-33, 198-200, 342
in setting research priorities, 10, 19, 32-33, 342, 346
Women
in clinical trials, 302, 308-309, 325, 326-327, 340n
reproductive life span of, 31, 48, 56-58, 60-63, 86-87
see also Abortion;
Female methods;
Maternal deaths;
Pregnancy;
Reproductive tract infections;
"Woman-centered agenda"
Women's Global Network for Reproductive Rights (WGNRR), 199
World Bank, 282
OCR for page 519
-->
World Health Organization (WHO), 119, 151, 235n
and approval guidelines development, 20, 346
Special Programme of Research, Development, and Research Training in Human Reproduction (WHO/HRP), 114, 199-200, 238, 282, 364, 366
Wrongful life, birth, or death, 309
Wyeth-Ayerst, 237, 238, 239, 259, 260, 263, 264, 266, 271, 319-320
Y
Yuzpe Regimen, 109, 363
Z
Zona pellucida (ZP) proteins, 146-147, 148, 151, 152, 396-397, 398 , 412
Zona receptor kinase (ZRK), 147, 148, 149, 396, 398
Representative terms from entire chapter:
barrier methods
