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Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1996. Contraceptive Research and Development: Looking to the Future. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5156.
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Index

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1996. Contraceptive Research and Development: Looking to the Future. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5156.
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Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1996. Contraceptive Research and Development: Looking to the Future. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5156.
×

Index

A

Abortion, 5, 30, 48, 87-88, 219

maternal deaths from, 5, 72-74

rates of, 5, 65, 69, 70, 71-72, 73, 75-76, 77

reporting of, 92-93n

unsafe and illegal, 5, 71-74, 87

worldwide, 68, 71-75, 77

Abstinence, 31, 80, 93n.

See also Periodic abstinence

Acidic buffers, 443

Acrosin, 153, 432-433

Acrosome development, 145, 390-391

Acrosome reaction induction, 433

inhibition of, 13, 147, 344, 420-421

premature, 14, 146-147, 148-149, 345, 396-397

Activin, 353

Adhesion molecules, 135, 138, 367, 373-374

Africa, 65, 68, 76, 83, 167, 172, 174, 194, 195, 214, 224

Agency for International Development (USAID), 19, 114, 212, 235n, 238, 278-279, 288, 290

American Caduceus Industries, 237

American Home Products Corporation, 259, 274, 293n, 320

Anti-androgens, 148

Antiestrogens, 13, 344, 364

Anti-implantation methods, 15, 137-139, 343, 364-368

Antiprogestins, 35, 117-118, 124n, 134, 139, 269, 270

controversy over, 14-15, 118, 272

as menses-inducers, 13, 117-118, 140, 141, 344, 364, 373

see also Mifepristone

Apoptosis, 131, 133, 354-356, 361

Asia, 65, 68, 76, 167, 172, 194, 195, 215, 251

Avanti condom, 106, 240

Azoospermia, 120, 381, 382, 385

B

Bacterial infections, 45n , 79, 81, 93n, 433, 434.

See also Chancroid;

Chlamydia;

Gonorrhea;

Syphilis

Barrier methods, 13, 98, 105-106, 179, 344, 496

chemical, 105, 115-117, 431

mechanical, 105-106, 114-115, 431

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1996. Contraceptive Research and Development: Looking to the Future. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5156.
×

 

protection against infections, 81, 98, 114-116, 179, 430-432

research and development, 10, 12, 13, 114-117, 343, 430-444

see also Cervical cap;

Condoms;

Diaphragms;

Microbicides;

Spermicides

Basal body temperature (BBT), 108, 267

Basic science and research, 9, 10-12, 19, 125-130, 342-343, 345, 346

on barrier methods, 10, 12, 13, 343, 430-444

on female methods, 10, 13, 344, 351-374

on immunocontraception, 12-13, 14, 343, 401-425

on male methods, 10, 14, 345, 381-399

on monthly methods and menses-inducers, 10, 13, 14-15, 134-135, 139 -141, 343, 344, 373

"woman-centered agenda" in, 10, 19, 32-33, 342, 346

Beagle tests, 297, 339n

Bellagio Conference, 38-39

Biodegradable formulations, 113, 271, 459

Biological science, 11, 125-130, 343

"Biologic sexism," 80

Biomaterials suppliers, liability, 21, 311, 317-318

Biotechnology industry, 240-244, 245, 248-253

globalization of market, 250-251, 253

noncontraceptive research and development, 274-277

Blastocyst implantation, 13, 135-136, 137, 165n, 340, 344, 361-362, 366, 499.

see also Anti-implantation methods

Boston Women's Health Book Collective, 299

Buffer gels, 115-116

Burroughs Wellcome Fund, 284, 287

C

Cairo conference, 32, 40-41

Calendar rhythm method (CM), 99, 107-108, 189

Cancer, protection against, 96, 102, 111, 178, 181, 220, 407

Cell-mediated immune (CMI) responses, 461-462, 463

Center for Population Research (CPR), 114, 238, 278, 288

Cervical cancer, 78, 193, 195, 220

Cervical cap, 98, 114, 189, 261, 268, 431-432, 496

Chancroid, 78, 194, 496

Chemical barrier methods, 105, 115-117, 431

China, 65, 67, 68, 82, 112, 167, 170, 251

Chlamydia, 78, 79, 157, 193, 194, 195, 496

Chlorhexidine, 439, 441

Cholera toxin, 458

Ciba, 237

Clinical trials, 11, 19, 20, 299-300, 346

c-mos proteins, 143, 144, 389

Coitus interruptus (withdrawal), 100, 172n, 189, 504

Colony-stimulating factor (CSF-1), 136, 368-369

Combined oral contraceptives (COCs), 96, 100, 102, 109, 189, 268

Condoms, 98, 105-106, 171, 175, 177, 179, 189, 381, 497

female, 25, 93n, 98, 105, 106, 179, 189, 240, 431

firms making and distributing, 260, 261, 262, 263, 265

nonlatex, 106, 240

protection against infections, 31, 34, 80, 81, 98, 179, 192, 224, 431

sales and market shares, 201-202, 203, 204, 206, 264

worldwide use and supply, 169, 170, 172-173, 174, 212, 214-215

Consortium for Industrial Collaboration in Contraceptive Research (CICCR), 19, 281, 287, 346

Consumer decisions and preferences, 23, 170, 186, 195-198

of men, 234n

Consumer education, 24-25, 328-329

Contraceptive and Reproductive Evaluation Branch, 278

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1996. Contraceptive Research and Development: Looking to the Future. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5156.
×

 

Contraceptive Development Branch (CDB), 278

Contraceptive Research and Development (CONRAD) program, 114, 238, 280

"Contraceptive revolution," 29-30, 236-237

development of a second, 16, 34-35, 45n

Contraceptive use, 167-171, 175, 177, 200-201

worldwide, 167-170, 172-173, 174, 207

see also Discontinuation of methods

Contract research organizations (CROs), 248-250, 291

Copper T 380A IUD, 97, 104, 109, 123n, 189, 217, 226, 234n, 240

Costs and cost-effectiveness, 8, 54-55, 201-203, 213, 216-228

of infection prevention, 219-220

of labeling improvements, 25-26

societal, 16-17, 54, 55

C31G, 441

Cytokines, 136, 138-139, 359, 368-372

D

Dalkon Shield, 23, 182, 190, 237, 315-316

Defensins, 443

Demand,

see Market demand;

Unmet needs for contraception

Depo-medroxyprogesterone acetate (Depo-Provera, DMPA), 23, 97, 102 , 104, 112, 113, 189, 190, 203, 237, 263, 497

regulatory issues, 21, 295, 297, 338-339n

Detergents and surfactants, 434, 437, 439

Developing countries

abortion in, 65, 72, 73, 74

contraceptive use in, 18, 30, 167, 168, 169, 170, 173, 174, 176, 181, 207, 217, 223

discontinuation, 183-187

failure of methods, 184-185

family planning in, 45n, 54, 68-69, 213, 216

impacts of U.S. regulatory actions, 295, 338n

market demand in, 203-208

maternal deaths in, 72, 73, 74, 76

pharmaceutical industry in, 39, 238

sources of contraceptive supply, 17, 18, 51, 206, 208, 214-215, 343

Diaphragms, 98, 172n, 174, 175, 177, 189, 204, 497

firms making and distributing, 260, 262, 263, 264, 265

protection against infections, 81, 431-432

Diethylstilbestrol (DES), 315, 339-340n

Discontinuation of methods, 170, 183-190

failure as factor in, 185, 187

side effects as factor in, 6, 183, 186, 187, 197

Djerassi, Carl, 2, 236

Docosanol, 442

Dow Coming, 317, 340n

Drug delivery systems, 112-114, 134, 141, 269, 422, 457-460.

See also Hormone-releasing IUDs;

Implants;

Injectables;

Vaginal methods

Dual use, 192-193

Duty of care, 305, 307

E

Early conceptus antigens, 14, 150-151, 154, 345, 406, 409-412

Ectopic pregnancy, 137, 219, 224, 363, 497-498

Effectiveness,

see Failure and efficacy

Efficacy,

see Failure and efficacy

Egg surface antigens, 151, 152, 406, 412-413

Eli Lilly, 239

Emergency contraception, 24, 100-101, 109-110, 182, 261, 363

basic research for, 134-135

costs and savings, 217, 218-219

IUD used in, 101, 109

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1996. Contraceptive Research and Development: Looking to the Future. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5156.
×

 

mifepristone used in, 101, 109, 117, 134, 135, 364

pill used as, 100-101, 109, 124n, 182, 234n, 363-364

Emergency contraceptive pills (ECP), 100-101, 109, 124n, 182, 234n, 363-364

Endometrial cancer, 96, 102, 111, 178, 220

Enzyme inhibitors, 13, 135, 344

Epididymal function, 14, 146, 147-148, 345, 383, 384-385, 390, 394 -396

Epostane, 135, 365

Estradiol, 134, 260

Estrogen receptor, 134, 360

Europe, 76, 77, 170, 172, 174, 194, 195, 206, 208, 214, 251

Express warranty, 306

F

Failure and efficacy, 7, 24, 48, 183, 188-190, 196, 234n

of anti-infectives, 20, 346

as factor in discontinuance, 185, 187

by method, 96-101

regulatory requirements, 105, 297-298

and unintended pregnancy, 30, 96-101, 189

of vaginal preparations, 437-438

Family Health International (FHI), 119, 238, 280

Family planning

in developing countries, 45n, 54, 68-69, 213, 216

effect on population growth, 5-6, 45n

in integrated reproductive health system, 17, 45n, 344

men's involvement in, 82-83, 84-85, 86, 87, 181

Federal standards defense,

see Government standards defense

Female condom, 25, 93n, 98, 105, 106, 179, 189, 240, 297-298, 329, 431

firms making and distributing, 261, 263

Female methods, 96-101

immunocontraception, 11, 12, 14, 150-157 passim, 199-200, 345, 405-408

protection against infection, 10, 13, 48, 342, 344, 430-432

research and development, 10, 130-141, 342, 344, 351-374

see also Barrier methods;

Cervical cap;

Diaphragms;

Emergency contraception;

Female condom;

Fertility Awareness Methods;

Implants;

Injectables;

Intrauterine devices;

Lactation Amenorrhea Method;

Menses-inducers;

Microbicides;

Oral contraceptives;

Ovulation inhibition;

Periodic abstinence;

Postimplantation technologies;

Spermicides;

Tubal sterilization;

Vaginal methods

FemCap, 114

Fertilin, 147, 393, 398

Fertility Awareness Methods (FAMs), 100, 108

Fertility preferences,

see Reproductive preferences

Fetal exposure, 20, 346

Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs), 136, 371-372

Fibronectin, 135

Fogarty, John E., International Center, 279

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), 128, 142, 352, 360, 384, 385, 406-407, 498

immunogens, 152, 155, 408-409

inhibition, 14, 119, 129-131, 132, 133, 144, 345, 353, 355-356, 357 -358, 386-388

Follicular atresia, 13, 131, 344, 354-355

Follicular development, 133, 354, 361

Follicular rupture, 13, 131, 344, 356, 361

Follistatin, 132, 353

Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 20, 23, 25, 105, 254, 296-298, 339n

class labeling of oral contraceptives, 112

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1996. Contraceptive Research and Development: Looking to the Future. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5156.
×

 

and emergency contraceptive pills, 109-110, 234n

IUD approval, 123n

and multicomponent drugs, 155, 300-301, 423-424

reform proposals, 20, 301-302

Formularies, 242-243, 244

Fraudulent representation, 306

Frivolous lawsuits, 312

G

Gamete interaction inhibition, 147, 148-149, 397-398

Gene therapy, 145, 360, 389-390, 424-425

Genetics, 11, 126-128, 343, 422

gamete development, 14, 345, 358-359

and sperm development, 143, 145, 389-391

Germ cell nuclear factor (GCNF), 133, 359

Global Contraceptive Commodity

Programme, 18, 344-345

Glycoproteins, 135, 366-367, 384, 412

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and receptors, 128, 130, 139 , 142, 351-352, 360, 385

agonists, 128, 129, 132, 352-353

antagonists, 13, 128, 132, 137, 344, 353, 374

immunogens, 152, 155, 352, 406-408

Gonorrhea, 78, 79, 157, 193, 194, 195

Gossypol, 116, 120, 498

Government standards defense, 20, 22, 23, 311, 312, 314-315, 346

Government support, 218, 227-228

for contraceptive supply, 17, 18, 206, 208, 212-213, 214-215, 343

of research and development, 18-19, 29-30, 39, 40-41, 237-238, 273 , 278-279, 283, 286-290, 345-346

gp130 protein, 370-371

Granulosa cell layer, 357-358

Growth factors, 136, 138-139, 360, 371-371

Guidelines,

see Regulation

H

Health maintenance organizations (HMOs), 17, 55, 225-226

Heparin-binding epidermal growth factor (HB-EGF), 136, 367

Hepatitis B virus (HBV), 79

Herpes simplex virus (HSV), 14, 78, 79, 345

High-molecular-weight (MW) glycoprotein, 135

Hormonal methods, 35, 96-97

protection against infections, 81, 96-97, 102, 103, 178

see also Implants;

Injectables;

Oral contraceptives

Hormone-releasing IUDs, 113

Hughes, Howard, Medical Institute (HHMI), 284

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), 150-151, 154, 409-412, 423

inhibition, 139, 372

Human Immunodeficiency Network (HIV/NET), 114, 115

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), 14, 78, 79, 80, 219, 345, 431, 434-436

Human papilloma virus (HPV), 14, 78, 79, 193, 195, 345

Hydrogen peroxide, 444

I

Iatrogenic reproductive tract infections, 45n, 93n

Immune-stimulating complexes (ISCOMs), 458-459

Immunocontraception, 234-235n

basic research, 12-13, 14, 343, 401-425

female methods of, 11, 12, 14, 150-157 passim, 199-200, 345, 405-408

male methods of, 119, 152, 155, 405-409

reproductive hormones as antigens, 14, 152, 155-156, 345, 406

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1996. Contraceptive Research and Development: Looking to the Future. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5156.
×

 

research and development, 149-157, 199-200, 267, 269, 270

see also Early conceptus antigens;

Egg surface antigens;

Mucosal immunology;

Sperm antigens

Implantation,

see Anti-implantation methods;

Blastocyst implantation;

Postimplantation technologies

Implants, 21, 96, 103, 112-113, 178, 189

firms making and distributing, 260, 263

Infections,

see Bacterial infections;

Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID);

Reproductive tract infections (RTIs);

Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs);

Viral infections

Informed choice, 23-25, 326-328

and packaging information, 24, 25-26, 328-329, 346-347

Informed consent, 24, 307-308, 318, 325, 327, 340n

Inhibin, 132, 267, 353

Injectables, 97, 104, 112, 113-114, 237, 240, 263, 269, 270, 499

worldwide use and supply, 169, 172-173, 174, 178, 214

Inserts, 26, 328-329

Institute for International Studies in Natural Family Planning (IISNFP) , 238

Institutional Review Boards (IRBs), 318, 325

Insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1), 136, 371

Insurance

contraceptive coverage under, 17, 225-227

product liability, 304, 318, 323

Integrins, 135, 366

Interleukin-1 (IL-1), 136, 368

International agencies, 18-19, 273, 282, 287, 291.

See also Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs);

World Health Organization (WHO)

International Conference on Population and Development (Cairo conference) , 32, 40-41

International Planned Parenthood Federation, 235n

Intrauterine devices (IUDs), 20, 23, 29, 35, 45n, 97, 104, 113, 123 -124n, 171, 177, 178, 189, 190, 191-192, 205, 315-316, 500

as emergency contraceptive, 101, 109

firms making and distributing, 237, 260, 261, 264, 265

and infections, 45n, 81, 93n, 182

worldwide use and supply, 169, 170, 172-173, 174, 176, 212, 214-215

see also Copper T 380A IUD;

Dalkon Shield;

Progesterone T IUD

J

Japan, 65, 67, 68, 82, 112

Johns Hopkins University, 115

K

''KAP (knowledge, attitudes, practice)-gap," 51, 68, 92n

L

Labels and labeling, 25-26, 328-329, 346-347

Lactation Amenorrhea Method (LAM), 99, 107

Lactobacillus, 457-458

Latin America and the Caribbean, 65, 68, 76, 167, 173, 174, 185, 194, 208, 215, 251

LDH-C4 (LDH-X) protein, 153, 154, 415-417

Lea's Shield, 114, 240, 271

Legal issues,

see Product liability;

Regulation;

Tort law

Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), 136, 138-139, 369-370, 374

Levonorgestrel (LNg)

implant, 96, 102, 112, 321-322

injectable, 113-114

IUD, 97, 104, 189, 234n

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1996. Contraceptive Research and Development: Looking to the Future. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5156.
×

 

Life cycles and life spans, 55-58

women's reproductive life span, 31, 48, 56-58, 60-63, 86-87

Liposomes, 459-460

Long-loop feedback system, 142, 144, 384, 385

Luteinizing hormone (LH), 128, 142, 352, 353, 356, 360, 384, 385, 406, 500

inhibition, 14, 119, 129, 134, 345

Luteolytic agents, 13, 139, 362, 372-372

M

Male methods, 31, 48, 81-83

basic research, 10, 14, 345, 381-399

immunocontraception, 119, 152, 155, 405-409

research and development, 10, 83, 119-120, 142-149, 269, 271, 342

see also Condoms;

Vasectomy;

Withdrawal

Managed care industry, 55

and pharmaceutical industry, 225, 242-243, 246

Marital status, 69, 70, 71, 74, 75

Market capitalization, 241, 242, 252

Market demand, 6, 48-49

in developing countries, 203-208

indicators of, 6-9, 49, 200-213

and subsidized procurements, 210-213

and unmet needs, 15-19, 166-167, 343-346

Maternal deaths, 48, 74, 76, 78, 93n

Maturation promoting factor (MPF), 132

Mead Johnson, 239, 260, 262

Mechanical barrier methods, 105-106, 114-115, 431

Medicaid, 227, 228

Meiosis interventions, 14, 131, 132, 143, 144, 345, 356-357, 388-389

Melatonin, 111, 133

Mellon, Andrew W., Foundation, 284, 287, 288

Men, involvement in family planning, 82-83, 84-85, 86, 87, 181.

See also Male methods

Menopause, 45n, 58, 61, 63, 500

Menses-inducers, 10, 13, 14-15, 134-135, 139-141, 342, 343, 344, 373

Merck,, 237, 241, 266, 269

Microbicides, 80, 81, 115-116, 431, 434, 436-445 passim

regulatory issues, 20, 346

Middle East and Arab States, 65, 68, 76, 167, 172, 174, 194, 195, 208, 214

Mifepristone (RU 486), 117, 139, 141, 253, 365-366, 373

controversy over, 14, 118, 272

as emergency contraceptive, 101, 109, 117, 134, 135, 364

Milk fatty acids, 439

Minipill,

see Progestin-only pill

Mistimed pregnancy, 59, 64, 65, 66-67, 68, 69

Molecular biology, 11, 125-128

Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), 245, 444, 445

Monthly methods, 13, 118, 139, 342, 344, 372

research, 10, 13, 14-15, 134-135, 139-141, 343, 344, 373

Morning-after pill,

see Emergency contraceptive pills (ECP)

Muc-1 (episialin), 135, 367

Mucosal immunology, 156-157, 446-451, 462-463

compartmentalization in, 455

in females, 156-157, 451-453, 460-461, 462-463

in males, 453-455, 461, 462-463

oral administration, 157, 456-460

Müllerian inhibiting substance (MIS), 359

Multideterminant immunogens, 155-156, 414-420

Multilateral purchasing pools, 18, 211, 344-345

N

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease (NIAID), 115

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1996. Contraceptive Research and Development: Looking to the Future. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5156.
×

 

National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), 19, 114, 115, 238, 278, 288

National Institutes of Health (NIH), 278, 279, 288, 290

National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG), 58-59, 92n, 234n

National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program (NVICP), 23, 310-311, 331-332

National Women's Health Network, 299

Natural family planning, 81, 99.

See also Non-commodity-based methods;

Periodic abstinence

Needs,

see Market demand;

Unmet needs for contraception

Neem oil, 116, 442

Negligence, 305, 307-308

New chemical entities (NCEs), 253-255

New drug applications (NDAs), 299, 301, 339n

Non-commodity-based methods, 99-100, 106-108.

See also Natural family planning;

Periodic abstinence

Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), 214-215, 273

Nonoxynol-9, 105, 115, 439

Nonprofit organizations

partnerships with pharmaceutical industry, 15, 19, 240, 266, 267-271, 343

research support, 15, 40-41, 238, 273, 277, 279-281, 283, 286, 287 , 288, 290, 343

Norethindrone, 113, 114, 236

Norplant, 21, 96, 102, 103, 112-113, 170, 189, 202, 203, 205, 240, 269, 340n

firms making and distributing, 260, 263

litigation and controversy, 23, 103, 182, 203, 319-322

O

Off-label use, 109-110, 234n

Oocyte maturation inhibitor (OMI), 132

Oral contraceptives (OC, Pill), 29, 96, 171, 175, 178-179, 181, 183 , 188, 189, 190, 226, 500

as an emergency (postcoital) method, 100-101, 109, 124n, 182, 234n, 363-364

combination pill, 96, 100, 102, 109, 189, 268

firms making and distributing, 237, 260, 261, 262, 263, 264, 265, 266

progestin-only (minipill), 96, 101, 103, 109, 123n, 189, 267, 270, 363

protection against infections, 96, 102, 178, 181

research and development, 110-112, 237, 238, 267, 268, 270

sales and market shares, 201, 202-203, 204, 264

worldwide use and supply, 169, 170, 172-173, 174, 176, 202, 212, 214-215

Organon International, 46n, 237, 238, 239, 259, 260, 262, 264, 266 , 269, 272

Orphan receptors, 131, 133, 358-359

Ortho Pharmaceutical Corporation, 46n, 234n, 237, 239, 259, 260, 262, 264, 266, 269

Outsourcing, 248-250

Ovarian cancer, 96, 102, 111, 178, 220

Oviductal transport and retention, 137-138, 362-363

Ovulation inhibition, 13, 111, 131, 137, 139, 140, 344, 351-361

Ovulation method (OM, cervical mucus method), 99, 108, 189

Oxytocic agents, 134

P

Packaging information, 24, 25-26, 328-329, 346-347

Parke-Davis, 237, 239, 260, 262, 264

Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), 195, 224, 501

abortion as cause of, 74-75

IUDs as cause of, 45n, 123n, 178

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1996. Contraceptive Research and Development: Looking to the Future. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5156.
×

 

methods protecting against, 81, 96-97, 102, 111, 178

Periodic abstinence, 99, 107-108, 172n, 174, 175, 188, 189, 190, 501.

See also Natural family planning;

Non-commodity-based methods

Pharmaceutical industry, 242-244, 246-247, 259, 264, 290-291

factors affecting research involvement, 14-15, 16, 34-37, 46n, 236 -244, 253-272

and managed care industry, 225, 242-243, 246

partnerships with nonprofit organizations, 15, 19, 240, 266, 267-271, 343

revenues and sales, 241, 252, 265, 266

small firms, 15, 19, 239-240, 346

see also Biotechnology industry

Pharmacy benefit management organizations (PBMs), 242-243

PH-20 protein, 147, 149, 151, 153, 154, 393, 398, 419

Physical barriers,

see Mechanical barrier methods

Pill,

see Oral contraceptives

Point of service (POS) networks, 226

Political controversy, 36, 290, 329-333

over abortion, 14, 331

over antiprogestins, 14-15, 118, 272

over postimplantation methods, 14, 15, 331, 343

Population Council, 45n, 83, 116, 238, 280-281

and mifepristone, 14, 118

Population growth, effect of family planning on, 5-6, 45n

Postcoital methods, 48, 109-110, 363-364

emergency contraceptive pills, 100-101, 109, 124n, 182, 234n, 363-364

research and development, 117-118, 134-137

Postimplantation technologies, 15, 361-374

controversy over, 14, 15, 331, 343

see also Menses-inducers

Postmarketing surveillance, 23, 346

Postovulatory methods, 48, 137-141

Preferences,

see Consumer decisions and preferences;

Reproductive preferences;

Unintended pregnancy

Preferred provider organizations (PPOs), 226

Pregnancy, 56, 57, 65, 70, 79, 302.

See also Ectopic pregnancy;

Maternal deaths;

Reproductive preferences;

Unintended pregnancy

Private sector,

see Nonprofit organizations;

Pharmaceutical industry

Product liability, 21-23, 237-238, 303-304

for biomaterials suppliers, 21, 311, 317-318

breast implant litigation, 317, 340n

DES litigation, 315, 340n

injuries to offspring, 308-309

insurance, 304, 318, 323

and research, 21-23, 257, 305, 307-308, 318-319

rules of, 304-309

see also Tort law

Progestasert, 97, 104, 191, 238

Progesterone antibodies, 135, 365

Progesterone synthesis inhibitors, 135, 365, 366

Progesterone T IUD, 97, 104, 189, 234n

Progestin-only pill (POP, minipill), 96, 101, 103, 109, 123n, 189, 267, 270, 363

Program for Applied Research in Fertility Regulation (PARFR), 238

Program for the Topical Prevention of Conception and Disease (TOPCAD) , 281

Program in Appropriate Technology (PATH), 281

Prostaglandin synthase2 gene (PGS-2), 131, 134

Prostate cancer, 407

Protectaid, 115

Public sector,

see Government support;

International agencies

Punitive damages, 310, 311, 312, 316-317

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1996. Contraceptive Research and Development: Looking to the Future. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5156.
×

R

Reality female condom, 25, 105, 106, 240, 297-298, 329

Regulation, 20, 237, 346

of anti-infective methods, 20, 297-298, 346

of combination products, 155, 300-301, 423-424

international harmonization, 20, 39

reforms, 20, 301-302

safety data requirements, 296-297

Reproductive biology, 19, 128-130, 291

Reproductive hormones, as antigens, 14, 152, 155-156, 345, 406

Reproductive preferences, 50-51, 60-61, 66-67, 68-69, 86, 192

and actual birth control practices, 51, 68, 92n

Reproductive tract infections (RTIs), 45n, 93n

sexually transmitted, 45n, 78-81, 93n, 223-225

Reprogen, 156

Research and development, 15, 16, 34-37, 46n, 236-244, 253-272

anti-implantation methods, 15, 137-139, 343, 364-368

barrier methods, 10, 12, 13, 114-117, 343, 430-444

costs and returns, 253-258

drug delivery systems, 112-114, 134, 141, 269, 422, 457-460

female methods, 10, 130-141, 342

government support of, 18-19, 29-30, 39, 40-41, 237-238, 273, 278-279, 283, 286-290, 345-346

immunocontraception, 149-157, 199-200, 267, 269, 270

informed consent of subjects, 307-308, 318, 325, 327, 340n

international agency support of, 18-19, 273, 282, 287, 291

liability issues, 21-23, 257, 305, 307-308, 318-319

male methods, 10, 83, 119-120, 142-149, 269, 271, 342

and multilateral purchasing pools, 18, 344-345

nonprofit organization support of, 15, 40-41, 238, 273, 277, 279-281, 283, 286, 287, 288, 290, 343

see also Basic science and research

Research Triangle Institute (RTI), 279

Risks,

see Side effects and health risks

Robins, AH, 237, 315

Rockefeller Foundation, 39, 284, 287, 288, 293n

Contraception 21 Initiative, 38, 198

Roe v. Wade Supreme Court decision, 75, 331

Roussel Uclaf, 14, 46n, 118, 239, 253, 270, 272

RSA-1 protein, 153, 417-418

RU486,

see Mifepristone

S

Safety and dangers, 196, 296-297

of selected methods, 96-101

see also Side effects and health risks

Salk Institute, 279

Saturation mutation, 126-127, 502

Schering AG, 46n, 109, 237, 238, 239, 260, 263, 264, 270

Schering Plough, 260, 263

Schmid, 237, 260

Science,

see Basic science and research;

Research and development

Searle, 237, 239, 260, 263, 264, 315

Serine proteinase inhibitors, 442-443

Sexuality, 330

Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), 33-34, 195, 433-434, 502

anti-infective research and development, 10, 11-12, 276-277, 342

costs and benefits of prevention, 80, 219, 223-225

female reproductive tract infections, 45n, 78-81, 93n, 223-225

as indicator of contraceptive demand, 7-8, 48, 192-193

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1996. Contraceptive Research and Development: Looking to the Future. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5156.
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protection against, 31, 80-81, 96-98, 114-116, 179-180, 297-298, 430-432, 434, 437

worldwide rates, 193-195

see also Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

SF-1 (steroidogenic factor 1), 132, 133, 359

Side effects and health risks, 24, 170, 171-173, 176, 178-180, 181 -183, 196, 502

as factors in discontinuance, 6, 183, 186, 187, 197

by method, 96-101, 178-180

Silicone medical implants, 21, 103, 317, 321, 340n

Social climate, 9, 26, 36-37, 290, 329-331

Sperm antigens, 12, 14, 146, 151, 153, 154-156, 345, 396, 406, 413-421

Sperm development disruption, 14, 119-120, 142-143, 144-146, 147-148, 345, 382-384

acrosome and tail formation, 143, 145, 390-392

epididymal function, 14, 146, 147-148, 345, 383, 384-385, 390, 394 -396

genetic manipulation, 143, 145, 389-391

surface protein alteration, 145-146, 392-394

Sperm-egg fusion, 13, 149, 344, 361, 397-398

Spermicides, 13, 98, 105, 115-116, 180, 189, 205, 344, 436-445, 503

firms making and distributing, 260, 261, 262, 263, 264, 265

protection against infections, 81, 181

regulatory issues, 20, 346

see also Microbicides

Sperm transport, 13, 344

sp56 protein, 153

Sponge, 115, 172n, 240, 263, 293n, 503

SP-10 protein, 153, 154, 156, 419-420, 422

Squalamine, 116, 442

State government, 227, 228

STD,

see Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)

Sterilization, 74, 169, 174, 175, 189, 191-192, 217, 226, 238-239, 271

and availability of reversible methods, 191, 192

as indicator of contraceptive demand, 7, 30-31, 48, 204-206

worldwide use, 169, 172-173, 174, 176, 204-206, 212, 214-215

see also Tubal sterilization;

Vasectomy

Steroid hormone receptors, 111, 134, 137, 360, 361

Strategic alliances and partnerships, 248, 250, 251, 267-271

Strict liability, 307, 308, 323

Sulfated polymers, 440, 443

Superagonists, 352-353

Symptothermal method (STM), 99, 108

Syntex, 237, 239, 260, 263, 264

Syphilis, 78, 79, 193, 194

T

Tamoxifen, 134, 360

Tcte-1 protein, 153, 418-419

Teenagers, 188, 190

abortions among, 75

pregnancy, 71, 87, 92n, 217, 219

sexually transmitted diseases, 195

Third-party payers, 17, 51, 54, 55, 214-215, 225-227, 343.

See also Government support

Title X, funding of contraceptive services, 227, 228

Today sponge, 21, 240

TOPCAD,

see Program for the Topical Prevention of Conception and Disease

Tort law, 304-309

government standards defense, 20, 22, 23, 311, 312, 314-315, 346

and informed consent, 324-325

punitive damages under, 310, 311, 312, 316-317

reform proposals, 20, 309-319, 322-324

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1996. Contraceptive Research and Development: Looking to the Future. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5156.
×

 

and scientific evidence, 304, 339n

time limits under, 312, 313

see also Product liability

Traditional methods,

see Non-commodity-based methods

Treponema pallidum,

see Syphilis

Trichomoniasis, 193, 194, 195

Tripterygium wilfordii, 120

Tubal sterilization, 167, 170, 174, 191, 226

2-D electrophoresis, 423

U

UNFPA,

see United Nations Population Fund

Unintended pregnancy, 3-5, 30, 58-59, 92n, 170

and abortion, 70, 71-76

from contraceptive failure, 30, 96-101, 189

costs and cost avoidance, 54, 188, 213, 217, 218, 222

rates of, 4-5, 59, 64-71, 75

worldwide, 59, 64-67, 68-69

United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), 211, 212, 235n, 282

Universities, 238, 277, 281

Unmet needs for contraception, 49-50, 52-53

indicators of, 4-6, 30-31, 86-88

and market demand, 15-19, 166-167, 343-346

Unwanted pregnancy, 59, 64, 65, 66-67, 68, 69

Upjohn Company, 237, 239, 263, 270, 297

USAID,

see Agency for International Development

V

Vaccines, 208-213, 331-333, 401-402

injury compensation program, 310-311, 331-332

see also Immunocontraception

Vaginal methods, 157, 432

hormonal delivery, 113, 134, 270, 363

protection against infection, 116, 431, 434, 436-438

regulatory issues, 20, 298-300, 346

research and development, 13, 344, 436-444

Vaginal ring, 113, 240, 270

Vaginal sponge, 115, 172n, 240, 263, 293n, 503

Value,

see Costs and cost-effectiveness

Vasectomy, 119, 174, 177, 226, 240, 381-382, 398

Vectorial labeling, 423

Viral infections, 45n, 79, 81, 93n, 193, 434.

See also Hepatitis B virus;

Herpes simplex virus (HSV);

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV);

Human papilloma virus (HPV)

Virtual integration, 248, 249

Virtual partnerships, 19, 291

W

Wanted pregnancy, 65, 66-67

Whitehall, 259, 260, 263, 271, 293n

Withdrawal (coitus interruptus), 100, 172n, 189, 504

"Woman-centered agenda," 2-3, 31-33, 198-200, 342

in setting research priorities, 10, 19, 32-33, 342, 346

Women

in clinical trials, 302, 308-309, 325, 326-327, 340n

reproductive life span of, 31, 48, 56-58, 60-63, 86-87

see also Abortion;

Female methods;

Maternal deaths;

Pregnancy;

Reproductive tract infections;

"Woman-centered agenda"

Women's Global Network for Reproductive Rights (WGNRR), 199

World Bank, 282

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1996. Contraceptive Research and Development: Looking to the Future. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5156.
×

 

World Health Organization (WHO), 119, 151, 235n

and approval guidelines development, 20, 346

Special Programme of Research, Development, and Research Training in Human Reproduction (WHO/HRP), 114, 199-200, 238, 282, 364, 366

Wrongful life, birth, or death, 309

Wyeth-Ayerst, 237, 238, 239, 259, 260, 263, 264, 266, 271, 319-320

Y

Yuzpe Regimen, 109, 363

Z

Zona pellucida (ZP) proteins, 146-147, 148, 151, 152, 396-397, 398 , 412

Zona receptor kinase (ZRK), 147, 148, 149, 396, 398

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1996. Contraceptive Research and Development: Looking to the Future. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5156.
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Contraceptive Research and Development: Looking to the Future Get This Book
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The "contraceptive revolution" of the 1960s and 1970s introduced totally new contraceptive options and launched an era of research and product development. Yet by the late 1980s, conditions had changed and improvements in contraceptive products, while very important in relation to improved oral contraceptives, IUDs, implants, and injectables, had become primarily incremental. Is it time for a second contraceptive revolution and how might it happen?

Contraceptive Research and Development explores the frontiers of science where the contraceptives of the future are likely to be found and lays out criteria for deciding where to make the next R&D investments.

The book comprehensively examines today's contraceptive needs, identifies "niches" in those needs that seem most readily translatable into market terms, and scrutinizes issues that shape the market: method side effects and contraceptive failure, the challenge of HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases, and the implications of the "women's agenda."

Contraceptive Research and Development analyzes the response of the pharmaceutical industry to current dynamics in regulation, liability, public opinion, and the economics of the health sector and offers an integrated set of recommendations for public- and private-sector action to meet a whole new generation of demand.

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