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Preventing and Mitigating AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa: Research and Data Priorities for the Social and Behavioral Sciences
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Index
A
Abortion, 191, 217
Abstinence, sexual, 59, 62, 117, 119, 120, 135, 151, 188
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome. See AIDS
Adolescents.
See also Girls
AIDS stigmatization, 140
coercive sex, 8, 154
condom use, 147, 150
definition of, 182
interventions, 169-173, 198-203
peer information and pressures, 183
premarital pregnancy, 116
sexual behavior, 187
Africa Region Private Enterprise Development project, 238, 239
African Medical Research Foundation, 325
Age
and condom use, 126, 142
asymmetric matching of sexual partners, 61, 62, 77, 113, 116
and risk of HIV infection, 5, 126
and seroprevalence, 75, 76, 77, 79-80, 81
and sexual behavior, 126
Agriculture, impact of AIDS/HIV, 213, 233-234
AIDS
care for people with, 15, 185-186, 209-211, 318
database, 18
and discrimination, 187-188, 209
morbidity and mortality, 14, 69, 76, 216-218
number of cases, 1, 46, 70
origin, 70
AIDS awareness
asymptomatic transmission, 138
attitudes toward sufferers, 52, 140-141, 187-188
and behavior change, 9, 126, 137, 156, 228
modes of transmission, 136-137
perceptions of risk, 126, 138-140, 151, 212
and testing, 141
AIDS control programs, 49, 264
AIDS International Training Research Program, 260
Alcohol use, and risk of HIV infection, 94, 131
Anal sex, 8, 84, 92, 134
Awareness. See AIDS awareness
AZT, 14, 103, 192, 197
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B
Bacterial vaginosis, 90, 101, 196
Behavior change
AIDS awareness and, 9, 126, 137, 156, 228
assessment of, 148-151
information/education campaigns and, 9, 156, 324-325
interventions, 9, 165
requirements, 158-159
vaccination and, 94
Botswana
HIV/AIDS epidemiology, 46-47, 48, 73, 75
prevention efforts, 177-178, 179-180
sexual behavior, 62, 63, 113
Blood screening, 45, 97, 98
Blood transfusions, 82, 83, 97-98
Breastfeeding, 94-96, 135, 191
Burkina Faso
HIV/AIDS epidemiology, 48, 78-79, 82-83
prevention efforts, 171
STDs, 90-91
Burundi
AIDS awareness, 137, 138
condom use, 142-144, 146
HIV/AIDS epidemiology, 83, 121
impact of AIDS, 206, 207, 208-209, 233
prevention of AIDS, 142-144
sexual behavior, 114, 117, 121, 122-123, 126
C
Cameroon
AIDSCAP project, 330-332
HIV/AIDS epidemiology, 328
panel visit to, 328-332, 338-339
prevention efforts, 171, 245, 328-332
research capacity, 255, 257
sexual behavior, 63, 114, 129, 134, 135, 150
social and behavioral research, 332
STDs, 89, 129
Cameroon Psychology Forum, 332
Cape Verde, 78
CARE, 329
Casual sex, 110, 119-122, 127-128, 129, 151, 228-229
Central African Republic
AIDS awareness, 137
HIV/AIDS epidemiology, 73
sexual behavior, 114, 116, 117, 126, 143-144, 149
STDs, 89
Cervical ectopy, 91, 92, 184
Cervical inflammation, 87
Chancroid, 84, 85, 88, 130
Childbearing.
See also Pregnancy and pregnant women
premarital, 62
social contexts for, 61, 120, 183
Children
blood transfusions, 97
coercive sex with, 132
definition of, 182
educational impact of AIDS, 235
mitigation strategies for, 320-321
mortality rates, 96-97, 216, 218, 219, 220, 223
neonatal effects of STDs, 90
orphans, 14, 50, 97, 183, 186, 205, 214, 216, 223, 318, 320-321, 322
seroprevalence, 71, 94
Vitamin A therapy, 192-193
Chlamydia, 12, 67, 84, 85, 87, 89, 90, 100, 195
Circumcision, female, 130
Circumcision, male, 69, 92, 130-131
Civil unrest and wars, 66, 79, 132
Coercive sex, 8, 65, 132, 152, 154
Commercial sex, incidence of, 122-123
Commercial sex industry/workers
condom use, 142, 145, 166
definitions, 63, 110, 122
economic factors in, 68, 124-125, 131
HIV seroprevalence, 65, 71-72, 74, 75, 79-81, 168, 180, 187
HIV-2 in, 78, 80, 82
interventions targeting, 63, 165, 166, 173, 178-179, 198-201, 331
migration and, 64, 65
and risk of infection, 93, 125-126, 136, 139
sexual contacts, 62-63
sexual practices, 134
STDs, 83, 85, 86-87, 129, 145, 179
surveys of, 112
women's status and, 61, 130
Community-based interventions. See Interventions
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Condoms
access to, 66, 142, 145, 148
age of users, 126, 142
AIDS awareness and, 136
attitudes toward, 6, 8, 63, 64, 120, 141-142, 145-148, 167, 180
breastfeeding and, 135
female, 13, 174, 196
promotion of, 45, 155, 164, 165, 166, 167, 169, 170, 185, 324, 331-332
research recommendations, 8, 154
and sexual behavior, 141-148
and STD/HIV prevention, 92, 145, 178
use, 2, 63-64, 99, 112, 126, 136, 139, 142-145, 150, 152, 166, 167-168, 175, 178, 180, 190, 223
Congo, 89, 94, 96
Contraceptives, 13, 63, 91, 135, 167, 196, 223.
See also Condoms
Côte d'Ivoire
AIDS awareness, 137, 139
condom use, 143-144, 147, 148
HIV/AIDS epidemiology, 47, 48, 71, 73, 75, 78-79, 81, 82-83, 121
impact of AIDS, 206, 216-217, 233
prevention efforts, 171, 245
sexual behavior, 114, 116, 117, 121, 122, 127, 149
sex ratios, 65
D
Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS), 101, 110
Demography
of HIV infection, 76-77
societal impacts of AIDS, 216-225
Drug abuse (injected), 98
Dry sex, 8, 92, 133-134
E
Economic factors
agricultural sector, 213, 233-234
business sector, 235-240
childbearing, 120
education sector, 234-235
family hardships, 211-214
family planning, 225-228
individual hardship due to HIV, 49-59, 209
and interventions, 156
health sector, 67, 205, 213-214, 231-233
per capita income effects, 50, 225-231
research constraints, 265-266
sectoral impacts of HIV/AIDS, 67-68, 231-235
in sexual behavior, 120, 124-125
structural adjustment programs, 68
Education (schooling).
See also Information/education on HIV/AIDS
access to, 184-185
and AIDS awareness, 137
and condom use, 142
higher-education systems, 257-258, 264-265
impact of AIDS/HIV, 234-235, 257-258
and risk of HIV infection, 127, 228-230
and sexual behavior, 116, 127
Epidemic
extent of, 2, 46-47
societal contexts of, 3-4
spread of, 14, 47, 48, 64-66, 75, 93, 218;
see also Transmission of HIV
status of, 70-83, 204
Epidemiology
behavioral data limitations, 98-100
biological factors, 69
demography of HIV infection, 4-5, 20, 76-77, 100, 216-225
geographic patterns, 1-2, 46-47, 65, 69, 79-80
social/behavioral research and, 100-101
statistics on AIDS/HIV, 70-76
Ethical issues, in STD/HIV research, 101-103
Ethiopia, 171, 187-188
Evaluation of AIDS programs, 162-163
Extramarital sex, 106, 119-122
F
Families
impact of AIDS on, 186, 211-216
organization, 58-61, 107, 110
Family AIDS Education and Prevention Through Imams Project, 186
Family planning, 9, 13, 63, 142, 156, 167, 190, 220-221, 223, 225-228, 229
Fertility/infertility, 63, 89, 90, 113, 130, 183, 191
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G
Gabon, 89
The Gambia
HIV/AIDS epidemiology, 78, 79, 81, 82, 83
sexual behavior, 109, 112, 142, 145
Gardnerella vaginalis, 90
Gender equality, 11, 167, 174-175, 194.
See also Women's status
Genital ulcer disease, 66, 81, 85, 86-87, 90, 91, 92, 178
Ghana
AIDS stigmatization, 140, 208
HIV/AIDS epidemiology, 48, 82-83
impact of AIDS, 236, 237, 238
prevention efforts, 166, 172-173, 198-199
sexual behavior, 63, 108, 114, 116, 121, 128, 129, 132, 133, 135
Girls
coercive sex with, 133, 152, 184
HIV incidence, 10
interventions, 184-185
risk of HIV infection, 91, 184
sexual behavior, 133
sugar daddies, 57-58, 112, 122, 184
Gonorrhea, 12, 67, 84, 85, 87, 88, 89, 90, 100, 130, 178, 195
Guinea-Bissau
AIDS awareness, 136, 137, 138, 141
condom use, 143-144, 145, 149-150
HIV/AIDS epidemiology, 78, 79, 81, 82
prevention efforts, 198-199
sexual behavior, 108, 112, 114, 122, 126, 136
H
Health care
access to, 12, 66
AIDS treatment, 15, 209-211, 213-214, 231, 232, 318
costs, 213-214, 231, 232
economic issues, 204-205, 231-233, 266-267
HIV serological counseling, 66
insurance, 242
rationing, 232
STD treatment, 12, 66
Hemophilus ducreyi, 85
Herpes, 84
High-risk groups. See Risk of HIV infections, core populations
Home-based care. See Health care, AIDS treatment
Homosexuality, 84, 93, 134, 254
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
See also Seroprevalence
Asia, 93
counseling, 13-14, 66, 102-103, 164, 165 n.4, 191, 197, 319, 331
cross-reactive immunity, 82
demographics of, 5, 76-77, 127
high-risk populations, 65, 71-72, 79
HIV-2 versus HIV-1, 52, 75, 77-83
incidence, 5, 80, 104
infectiousness, 82, 83-84, 91, 92, 145
isolation from genital ulcers, 86-87
latency period, 80, 212-213, 221, 224-225
and stigmatization, 208-209
susceptibility to, 4, 69
types and subtypes, 77-78
I
Impacts of AIDS/HIV.
See also Mitigation of HIV/AIDS impacts
demographic, 14, 216-225
economic, 14, 49-50, 205, 209, 225-240
evaluation of, 15
family and friends of AIDS sufferers, 50, 186, 211-216
individuals infected, 207-211
projected, 50, 218-223
Information/education on HIV/AIDS
and behavior change, 9, 45, 156
effectiveness, 3, 48, 51, 57, 164, 170, 172, 254
messages, 10, 155, 157, 171, 172, 193, 254
peer programs, 165, 179-180, 319, 330-331
in schools, 183-184, 187-190
targeting, 104
workplace programs, 319, 325
Institution-based interventions. See Interventions
Interagency Working Group on AIDS, 218
Interventions
adolescents (youth), 182-190, 198-203
behavioral, 2, 62, 160-161, 185
capacity-building for, 161
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case studies, 169-173, 178-182, 187-190
characteristics of reported programs, 198-203, 331-332
commercial sex industry, 63, 165, 166, 173, 178-179, 198-203
community-based programs, 13, 88, 163, 165-166, 198-201
contextual, 9, 53, 57-58, 150, 152, 156-157
effectiveness, 9-10, 54, 155-156, 164, 166, 172, 188-189, 221
empowerment of women, 176-178, 184-185, 194
evaluation of, 9, 10, 48, 54, 101-102, 162-163, 173, 188-189, 193-194, 242, 243
gender equality promoted in, 11, 151, 176
guiding principles, 160-161
institution-based programs, 13, 163, 164-165, 198-203
national programs, 18
need for, 2-3
population-based programs, 163, 166, 198-201
sexually active men, 166-173
sexually active women, 173-182
targeting, 76-77, 104, 160, 161, 168, 176, 185
typology of programs, 163-166, 169
K
Kenya
AIDS awareness, 137
HIV/AIDS epidemiology, 2, 47, 72, 73, 86-87, 88, 92, 94, 97, 103
impact of AIDS, 215, 232, 233, 236, 237, 238, 245
response to AIDS, 264
sexual behavior, 62, 108, 113, 114, 117, 125, 127, 134, 135, 143-144
STDs, 85, 86-87, 88, 89, 90-91
L
Lesotho
AIDS awareness, 137, 138
condom use, 143-144, 146
sexual behavior, 114, 117, 126, 127, 128, 149
Liberia, sexual behavior, 115
Life expectancies, 2, 14, 15, 47, 205, 218, 220, 223, 243
Lower-risk groups. See Risk of HIV infection, core populations
M
Malawi
HIV/AIDS epidemiology, 46-47, 65, 73, 96
impact of AIDS, 220, 229, 232, 233
prevention efforts, 192, 198-199
sexual behavior, 63, 133-134
Mali
HIV/AIDS epidemiology, 47, 82-83
sexual behavior, 115
Marital status
and commercial sex, 124-125
and risk of HIV infection, 73, 81, 82-83, 127, 139
Marriage
abstinence within, 117, 119
age differences in, 62
changes in social contexts, 61, 128
Levirate, 135-136
and sexual behavior, 58-59, 61-62, 108, 110, 112-113, 116-119, 121-122, 151, 181
virginity at, 107, 113, 116
Medical and program factors, 66-67
Menses, sex during, 92, 134, 135
Migration/migrants
and behavioral change, 62
civil unrest and, 66
interventions targeting, 12, 195, 202-203
and risk of HIV infection, 128-129
and sexual behavior, 117, 128-129, 134
spread of HIV, 75, 82-83
rural-urban, 64-65, 66, 68, 76
young males, 64, 76
Military, interventions targeting, 164, 200-201
Mitigation of HIV/AIDS impacts
cost-effectiveness of, 206, 242-243
counseling initiatives, 247-249, 319, 331-332
evaluation of interventions, 242, 243
health care, 210-211
orphan programs, 186, 320-321
providers, 16, 241-242, 244, 245-246
resource allocation to, 205-206
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targeting of assistance, 15-16, 241, 243-244
types of help, 186, 326-327, 242-243, 247
research recommendations, 14-16, 54-55, 243-244
Models/moderling, transmission of HIV and STDs, 91-94, 100, 171, 218
Monitoring HIV/AIDS
behavioral/demographic variables in, 104
HIV incidence studies, 104
surveillance systems, 5, 103-104
Mortality
AIDS, 14, 47, 204, 216-218, 223-225
infant/child, 96-97, 204, 216, 218, 219, 220
STD, 89
Mozambique, 66, 134
Mycobacteria hominis, 90
N
Namibia, 48
Neisseria gonorrhoaea, 85, 89
Niger, 47, 115
Nigeria
AIDS awareness, 136
condom use, 142, 145, 147
HIV/AIDS epidemiology, 48, 75
prevention efforts, 166, 198-199
sexual behavior, 62-63, 108, 109, 113, 115, 116, 120, 122, 123, 128 , 130, 132, 133, 134, 136
STDs, 130
Nongovernmental organizations.
See also individual organizations
intervention activities, 325-326
mitigation activities of, 245-250
social and behavioral research, 332
O
Oral sex, 8, 134
Orphans. See Children
P
Parenteral transmission of HIV, 82, 83, 97-98
Pelvic inflammatory disease, 88, 89
Perinatal transmission of HIV, 13-14, 71, 78, 83, 90, 94-97, 103, 190-193, 197, 205, 216, 218
Polygyny, 59-60, 62, 113, 116, 117, 122, 128, 167, 168
Population growth, 14, 221-223, 225-228, 229, 230
Population Services International, 168, 324
Population-based interventions. See Interventions
Pregnancy and pregnant women
adolescent premarital, 116
cesarean section, 191
and HIV counseling programs, 13-14, 191, 197
HIV infection, 72-75, 81, 91, 174
immunosuppression of, 91
and STDs, 67, 85, 89-90, 91
vaginal lavage, 191-192
Premarital sex, 62, 63, 107, 112-116
Prevention of HIV/AIDS.
See also Blood screening;
Condoms;
Information/education on HIV/AIDS;
Interventions;
Sexual transmission of HIV
cost-effectiveness, 2, 13, 47, 196
donor fatigue, 3
economic conditions and, 156
initiatives, 45, 323-326
perinatal transmission, 14, 190-193
sexual transmission, 160-190
traditional healer component, 320
women's status and, 10
Private sector
impact of AIDS/HIV on, 235-240
prevention efforts, 171
Prostitutes and prostitution. See Commercial sex industry/workers
R
Rape. See Coercive sex
Recommendations. See Research recommendations
Research in Africa.
See also Social and behavioral research
assessment of needs, 262-263
capacity-building, 16-19, 55, 251-270
community-based, 101-102
constraints on, 253-267
coordination, 18, 16, 19, 260-263, 270
databases, 254, 261, 269, 327
donor policies and practices, 16-17, 18, 19, 258-260, 263, 270
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economic conditions and, 265, 266-267
education systems and, 264-265
ethical issues in, 101-103
funding, 17, 19, 253-257, 262-263, 268
gender-specific, 175
infrastructure, 16, 265
international linkages, 17-18, 268
local resource use, 18-19, 269-270
manpower, 18, 255, 257-258, 268-269
political climate and, 19, 263-264, 270
prioritizing, 269
recommendations, 17-19, 267-270
social and behavioral, 19-20, 263-267, 321-322
validation of, 7
Research recommendations
condoms, 8, 154, 196
cost-effectiveness studies, 13, 196
evaluation of interventions, 10-11, 193-194
HIV incidence studies, 5, 12, 104
impacts of HIV/AIDS, 15
interventions targeting migrants and disenfranchised, 12, 195
interventions targeting women and adolescents, 10, 193
female-controlled barrier contraceptives, 13, 196
gender equality interventions, 194
mitigation of HIV/AIDS impact, 15-16, 243-244
multidisciplinary approach, 5-6
operations research, 13, 196
pregnancy-related HIV counseling programs, 13-14, 197
research capacity-building in Africa, 17-19, 267-270
sexual behavior information collection, 7-8, 153-154
sexual networks, 152-153
STDs, 8, 12, 154, 195-196
surveillance systems for monitoring STDs/HIV, 5, 103-104
vaccination, 8, 154
vaginal microbiocide, 11, 194-195
Risk of HIV infection
age and, 126
core populations, 65, 71-72, 93
economic conditions and, 68
education and, 127
models/modeling, 91-94
perceived, 126, 138-140
perinatal, 83, 94
residence, and, 71, 127-128
sex-related, 83-84, 125-131
structural adjustment programs and, 68
by type of STD, 86-88, 92
Roads, major, as corridors for HIV, 65-66, 75
Rwanda
AIDS awareness, 138, 139-140
HIV/AIDS epidemiology, 50, 71, 83, 92, 94, 138, 223
impact of AIDS, 207, 233, 234
mitigation initiatives, 210
prevention efforts, 164, 165, 198-201
sexual behavior, 108, 115, 121-122, 125
S
Sahel region, 135
Scarification, cosmetic, 98
Senegal
HIV/AIDS epidemiology, 78, 80, 81, 82
sexual behavior, 112
Seroprevalence
age and, 75, 76, 79-80, 81
blood donors, 97
commercial sex workers, 65, 71-72, 74, 75, 79-81, 168, 187
heterogeneity in, 4-5, 71, 75-76
and mortality rates, 223-225
pregnant women, 72-75, 81, 174
surveillance systems, 71, 103-104
trends, 14, 70-71
urban-rural differentials, 71, 73, 79, 223
young males, 2, 45
WHO estimates, 1, 69, 70-71
Sex education, 190
Sex ratios, 64-65, 128
Sexual behavior in sub-Saharan Africa.
See also individual behaviors
AIDS awareness and, 136-141
assumptions about, 59
beliefs and practices, 7-8, 99, 131-136, 151-152, 153, 183
change in, 148-151
coital frequency, 92, 111, 112, 118
condoms and, 141-148
data collection methods, 7, 106-112
implications of, 151-152
information on, 98-100, 106, 153-154
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initiation of sexual activity, 7, 111, 112-116, 128, 153
number of partners, 125-126
patterns of sexual activity, 62, 112-125, 153-154
perceived risk and, 126
reporting, 152
research needs, 7-8, 54, 153-154
risk factors in, 125-131
urban-rural differences, 127-128, 221
vaccination and, 154
women's status and, 174-175
Sexual networks.
See also Marriage;
Polygyny
abstinence and, 135
elements of, 60, 61
and HIV transmission, 6, 61-62, 93
mapping, 150
research needs, 98-99, 152-153
Sexual transmission of HIV
age factors, 61, 77
female-to male, 77, 84
male-to-female, 77, 83-84
models of, 91-94, 171
prevention strategies, 160-190
risk factors in, 4, 76-77, 83-84, 125-131, 158-159
sexual networks and, 61-62
STDs and, 2, 4, 12, 54, 69, 81, 82, 83, 84-94, 129-130, 132, 195
Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs).
See also individual diseases and organisms
attitudes and beliefs about, 8, 67, 130, 133, 154
control measures, 67, 142, 325
deliberate transmission of, 150
diagnosis and treatment, 12, 45, 66, 67, 87, 100-101, 129, 130, 145 , 164, 165, 169, 171, 172, 175, 181, 195-196
ethical issues in research, 103
health consequences, 51, 88-91, 130
and HIV transmission, 1, 2, 4, 54, 72, 79, 81, 82, 83, 84-94, 129-130, 132, 195
interventions, 12, 102
models of transmission, 91-94
monitoring, 103-104
prevalence and incidence in Africa, 64, 84-86, 179
reporting of, 67
research recommendations, 12
rural-urban migration and, 64, 65
socioeconomic implications, 90
synergy of HIV and, 85-88, 195
Sierra Leone, 214-215
Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), 78
Social and behavioral research
education system and, 264-265
environment for, 263-267
epidemiological research combined with, 100-101, 104
initiatives in Africa, 321-322, 327-328, 332
limitations of existing data, 98-100
need for, 19-20, 50-51, 98-100
South Africa
HIV prevalence, 65
impact of AIDS, 213-214
mitigation of AIDS, 210-211
sexual behavior, 65, 109, 116, 133, 134
Stigmatization, 8, 64, 67, 84, 140-141, 208-209
Sudan, 130, 134, 266
Surveys.
See also individual surveys
age cut-offs, 110-111
behavioral, 7, 106-107, 110, 149
bias, 110, 112
fertility, 89, 110
methodology, 106-111, 149
validation of, 110, 111-112, 153
Swaziland, 128
Syphilis, 84, 85, 89, 90, 125, 130
T
Tanzania
AIDS awareness, 137, 138-139, 140, 208
AIDS Control Program, 324-326
HIV/AIDS epidemiology, 47, 48, 65, 71, 73, 83, 88, 92, 103, 168, 183, 323
impact of AIDS, 207, 213, 214, 215, 229, 232, 233, 234, 235
mitigation initiatives, 210, 245
panel visit to, 323-328, 338
prevention efforts, 88, 142, 164-165, 172-173, 200-201, 323-326
research capacity, 254-257, 261-262, 327-328
sexual behavior, 111, 115, 117, 122-123, 126, 127, 128, 129, 142, 143-144
STDs, 2, 45, 88
Tattooing, 98
Testing for HIV
attitudes about, 99, 141
and counseling, 102-103
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infants, 95
methods, 100, 104
Togo
AIDS awareness, 136, 137
condom use, 143-144, 146, 147
sexual behavior, 115, 117, 126
Traditional medicine and healers, 98, 130, 165, 320
Transmission of HIV.
See also Parenteral transmission of HIV;
Perinatal transmission of HIV;
Sexual transmission of HIV
asymptomatic, 138
awareness about, 136-138, 156
deliberate, 150
primary mode, 4
Traumatic sex, 92.
See also Coercive sex;
Dry sex
Trichomonas vaginalis, 85, 90, 195-196
Trichomoniasis, 12, 84, 85, 87, 101, 178
Truck drivers, 65, 164-165, 200-201, 325
U
Uganda
AIDS awareness, 140, 141, 150
condom use, 148
HIV/AIDS epidemiology, 2, 45, 46-47, 48, 50, 65-66, 71, 73, 76, 77 , 85, 93, 94, 96, 103, 168, 183, 216, 221 n.4
impact of AIDS, 206, 207, 213, 215, 217, 225, 233, 234
mitigation initiatives, 210, 211
prevention efforts, 165, 166, 186, 190, 200-201, 223
research capacity, 254, 257, 258, 261, 266
sexual behavior, 62, 93, 108, 109, 120, 127, 131, 133, 134, 136, 150
STDs, 85, 89
United Nations Children's Fund, 49, 318, 322, 329
United Nations Development Program, 49
United Nations Programme on AIDS, 3, 19, 270
Urbanization, 64, 128
Ureaplasma urealyticum, 90
U.S. Agency for International Development, 318, 324, 325, 328, 329
V
Vaccination, HIV, 2, 8, 45-46, 51, 94, 139, 154, 267
Vaginal microbiocide, 11, 174, 194-195
Vas deferens occlusion, 89
Virginity, 107, 113, 116, 126
Vitamin A therapy, 192-193, 197
W
West Africa.
See also individual countries
AIDS awareness, 136
HIV/AIDS epidemiology, 75
impact of AIDS, 207
sexual behavior, 116
women, 60-61
Women's status
adolescent girls, 184
autonomy, 10, 60-61, 136
economic conditions and, 68
and HIV prevention, 10, 151, 173, 194
labor force participation, 60-61
marital status and, 61
and sexual behavior, 174-175, 184
widow inheritance, 136
World Bank, 49, 68, 207, 235, 318, 323
World Fertility Surveys, 89, 110
World Health Organization
Global Programme on AIDS, 3, 49, 106, 187
seroprevalence estimates, 1
Y
Young males
interventions, 169-173
migrants, 64, 76, 128
seroprevalence, 2, 45
Z
Zaire
AIDS awareness, 138, 140, 141
HIV/AIDS epidemiology, 47, 48, 50, 68, 73, 75, 87, 94, 96, 180
impact of AIDS, 207, 213, 214, 215, 216-217, 232
OCR for page 356
Preventing and Mitigating AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa: Research and Data Priorities for the Social and Behavioral Sciences
prevention efforts, 166, 169-173, 178-179, 200-201, 264
sexual behavior, 68, 108, 133
STDs, 87, 89, 179
Zambia
AIDS awareness, 137, 138-139, 141
HIV/AIDS epidemiology, 2, 46-47, 48, 83, 94, 168, 223, 316-317
impact of AIDS, 215, 232, 234, 236
mitigation initiatives, 210, 211, 245, 319-321
panel visit to, 316-322, 337-338
prevention efforts, 142, 171, 183-184, 200-201, 317-319
research capacity, 262, 321-322
sexual behavior, 63, 115, 117, 126, 132, 133, 134, 142, 143-144, 151
STDs, 89-90
Zimbabwe
AIDS awareness, 138
HIV/AIDS epidemiology, 2, 47, 48, 88, 96, 184
impact of AIDS, 214, 220, 221, 232, 236, 237, 238, 245
prevention efforts, 164-165, 166, 172-173, 202-203
research capacity, 261
sexual behavior, 62, 109, 112, 115, 123, 132, 133
STDs, 88
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