INDEX
A
See also Arctic T;
B Ration;
Rations and terms beginning with "Ration";
T Ration
Aberdeen, Scotland. See Rowett Research Institute
Acclimation
definition, 7
Acclimation, altitude. See Altitude simulation studies
Acclimation, cold, 17
cold-induced diuresis, 165
skin temperature, 130
thermogenesis, 143
Acetazolamide, 34
Acetylcholine (ACh), 445.
See also Cognitive performance
Acute mountain sickness (AMS), 2, 29, 31-33, 47, 75-76, 97, 293, 351
AMS-cerebral (AMS-C), 443-444
cognitive effects, 442
CMNR identifies research needs for, 74
CMNR recommendations regarding, 72
high incidence of, 45
performance and, 27
studies and, 333
symptoms, 305-306
time and, 442-443
treatments, 34
water loss and, 69, 73, 298, 306, 332, 342
See also Carbohydrates;
Fat;
Subacute mountain sickness;
Water and water discipline
Adaptogens
chemical composition and efficacy, 44
environmental stress and, 481-484 passim.
See also CIHP
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), 224, 225, 234-235, 248, 249, 395
Adrenergic agonists, β. See Ephedrine; Thermogenic agents
Adrenocorticoids, 34
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), 344-346
Alaska
Alaska Army National Guard, 117
nutritional requirements of troops in, 191
vitamin and mineral needs, 240
See also Rations and terms beginning with "Ration"
Aldosterone, 343-345
Altitude acclimatization, 1, 4, 5, 7, 30, 32, 45, 304-305, 319, 381 -382, 453
adrenocorticoid therapy, 34
appetite and, 27, 42-44, 61, 38, 359
basal energy rate and, 36-38, 66, 372-373
cardiac response, 30, 303, 322, 324
cognition, 42-43, 435, 444-445, 453
energy expenditure, 37
glycogen and, 38
hypobaric hypoxia and, 42, 83, 384, 399
indices of, 303-304
military operations and, 45
mood states, 438
nutrients and, 46, 64, 75, 235
physical performance, 60, 319-330
sleep and, 298
training and, 97-98
weight loss and gains, 306, 312, 358, 359, 368, 372
See also AMS;
Cardiovascular system;
Desert Storm;
HVR;
Hypothermia;
MCR;
Water and water discipline
Altitude simulation studies, 439-449.
See also Operation Everest II
American Medical Research Expedition on Everest
efficacy, 241
Amphetamines. See Thermogenic agents
Anaerobic threshold. See Oxidative stress
Andes Mountains, 304
Anemia, 248-249.
See also Minerals, iron
Annapurna
oxidative stress study, 402, 409
See also Oxidative stress
Anorexia. See Food and food discipline
Antarctica
expeditions, 181
Mawson Australian Antarctic expedition, 218
vitamin and mineral requirements, 240
weight and appetite in, 20, 210
Anthropometry, 139-140.
See also Thermoregulation
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), 31, 163, 176, 342-343, 347.
See also Diuresis
Anti-obesity compounds, 263.
See also Thermogenic agents
Antioxidants. See Oxidative stress
Aphasia, 325
Apraxia, 325
Arctic
C-130 crash, 182
expeditions, 181, 207-212, 231
field exercises, 196
food intake, 190, 193, 199, 211
scurvy during expeditions, 231
weight gain during expeditions, 209-210
Arctic Aeromedical Laboratory, 83-86
Arctic T Ration, 8, 62, 112, 122
augmentation of Tray Pack, 104
tactical mission needs, 109
See also A Ration;
B Ration;
Rations and terms beginning with "Ration";
T Ration
Army Field Feeding System (AFFS). See Field feeding
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), 342-343, 437-448, 350.
See also Water and water discipline
B
See also Rations and terms beginning with "Ration"
Baffin Island, Northwest Territory, Canada, 195
Bakan vigilance task, 439-440.
See also Cognitive performance
at altitude, 30, 39, 45, 293, 361, 364-365, 367, 372, 374, 382, 387
caloric consumption, 35
defined, 19
nutrition, 5 (table)
shivering and, 22
See also BMR;
Shivering;
Thermoregulation
Basal energy requirement. See Basal energy needs
Basal metabolic rate (BMR), 364-366
age and gender, 36
cold and altitude exposure, 66-67
energy expenditure and, 204
hypoxia and, 382
nutrition, 37
thermal balance, 246
weight loss and starvation, 358, 369-370
work intensity, 381
See also Basal energy needs;
Nutrition
Biological clocks
circadian oscillators, 150-152
infradian cycles, 150
military operations, 149
ultradian clocks, 150
See also Sleep
Blood
blood urea nitrogen (BUN), 24
flow, oxidative stress and, 303-304, 407-410
gases, 322-323
volume, 340-341
See also ERPF;
PV;
RBF
Body temperature pressure saturated (BTPS)
insensible water loss measured, 298
See also Water and water discipline
Bolivia
nutrient studies, 219, 225-226, 228, 237
Bosnia
See also Equipment and clothing
Brown adipose tissue (BAT). See Nonshivering thermogenesis
C
Caffeine
CMNR identifies research needs for, 74-75
high altitude, 463
thermogenesis, 16, 259, 263-266
See also Methylxanthines;
Thermogenic agents
Calories. See Carbohydrates; Energy; Fat; Nutrition
Canadian forces
C-130 crash, 182
survival rations, 260
See also Carbohydrates;
Rations
Carbohydrates
anorexia, 309
appetite, 364
basal energy requirement, 22, 45
body reserves, 385
CMNR conclusions regarding, 75-77
CMNR identifies research needs for, 74
CMNR recommendations regarding, 71
cold versus high altitude, 85
Eskimo diets, 210
intake, 74, 190, 217, 375, 380, 387
rations, 11, 104, 108, 192, 312, 361, 384
sleep, 154
thermogenesis, 16, 23, 36-39, 46, 60, 62, 65, 66, 69, 71, 133-134, 143, 182, 204-205, 215, 260, 262-264, 267, 372, 386
utilization, 20-21, 23, 25, 198-199, 201, 224-225
See also AMS;
Canadian forces;
Fat;
Food and food discipline;
Shivering;
Thermoregulation
Cardiovascular system
diet and, 63
exercise in cold, 138
nutrients and, 65
See also Altitude acclimatization
Carotenoids
β-carotene, 398-399
See also Vitamins
Catecholamines, 249-250, 348, 455-463.
See also TYR
Central nervous system (CNS), 9, 14, 15, 325, 454, 462
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), 456
China
ancient experience, 295
selenium deficiency in, 246
subacute infantile mountain sickness, 332
Cholinergic system, 461.
See also ACh
Chukchi people (Siberia)
vitamin C deficiency, 231
See also Vitamins
CIHP, 481-482.
See also Adaptogens
Circadian clocks. See Biological clocks; Sleep
Circadian oscillators. See Biological clocks; Sleep
Clothing. See Equipment and clothing
Clyde Mood Scale, 436, 439-440.
See also Mood states
Cognitive performance, 42-43, 96
CHIP and, 482-483
effect of high altitude, 435-436, 438, 449
enhancing, 125
hippocampal NE, 456-458
hypoxia and, 297
military operations, 171-173
neurotransmitters, 445
time and, 442-447
See also ACh;
Altitude acclimatization;
Clyde Mood Scale;
Eight-arm radial maze;
ESQ;
Memory; Mood states;
MWM;
Porsolt swim test
Cold acclimatization, 13
aging and gender, 144
anthropometric factors, 139
human, 13
sleep, 153
See also Thermoregulation
Cold Buster sport bar, 260-261, 268.
See also Thermogenic agents
Cold-induced diuresis (CID), 17-18, 68, 125, 163-166, 171, 176.
See also Diuresis
Cold-induced injuries, 130, 174, 176
Cold-induced vasodilation (CIVD), 9, 130.
See also Thermoregulation
Committee on Military Nutrition Research (CMNR)
adaptogens, 44
answers to Army questions, 60-70
Army questions to, 5 (table), 6
conclusions of, 75-77
dietary guidelines, 25, 62, 69-73, 75-77, 90
identifying research needs, 72-75
previous reports of, 61, 70, 87
ration consumption, 61
recommendations of, 70-72
task from the Army, 1, 4-6, 59
Convective heat transfer. See Thermoregulation; Vasomotor responses
Cushing's syndrome, 258
D
Dehydration
CMNR recommendations regarding, 70-71, 73
cold-induced, 125-126, 163-176 passim., 412
decreases in performance from, 18, 112, 162
high altitudes and, 32, 297, 310
See also Water and water discipline
Denver, 337.
See also Water and water discipline
Desert Storm
acclimatization and, 4
Detoxification enzymes, 397
Diuresis, 46, 66, 84, 293, 342, 351, 370, 374-377
anti-diuresis, 31-32
cardiovascular responses, 30
defined, 7
food and, 372
hematologic response, 324
weight loss and, 35-36, 358, 368, 371, 373
See also CID;
Hypodipsia;
Water and water discipline
Division Support Command (DISCOM)
ration request procedures, 121
Doubly-labeled water (DLW) method
caloric consumption, 384
and energy needs, 19, 361, 381
food intake, 191-192
use, 194-195
See also Water and water discipline
Dysbarism, 308-309.
See also Hypobaric hypoxia
E
Effective renal plasma flow (ERPF), 31, 349.
See also Blood
Eight-arm radial maze, 462.
See also Cognitive performance
Electroencephalogram (EEG), 14, 151.
See also Cognitive performance;
Sleep
Electromyogram (EMG), 151.
See also Cognitive performance;
Sleep
Electrooculogram (EOG), 151.
See also Cognitive performance;
Sleep
Endocrine system, 258
Endoxidation. See Oxidative stress
Endurance. See Physical activity and performance
Energy
CMNR conclusions regarding, 75-77
CMNR identifies research needs for, 73, 75
CMNR recommendations regarding, 71
measurements, 190, 192, 360-361
physiology and, 395
shivering and, 133-134
See also ATP
Ensure diet, 309.
See also Nutrition
Environmental Symptoms Questionnaire (ESQ), 443-444.
See also Cognitive performance
Ephedrine
CMNR identifies research needs for, 74
See also Thermogenic agents
Equipment and clothing
hobbling effect of, 103, 196-197
increased energy requirement, 103, 197
respiratory water loss and, 167-169, 176
sleeping bags, 156-158
technically advanced, 98-99
See also Bosnia;
ECWCS;
Physical activity and performance
Eskimo diet. See food and food discipline
Extracellular volume (ECV) (of water), 336-337, 339.
See also Water and water discipline
F
Fat, 85, 144, 212, 215, 312-313, 363, 372, 375
age and gender, 12, 13, 36, 142
anorexia, 309
appetite, 364
cardiovascular system and, 61-63
CMNR conclusions regarding, 75, 76
CMNR identifies research needs for, 74
CMNR recommendations regarding, 71
cold-induced stress and, 139-140
digestibility, 310-311
hormones, 250
hypothermia and, 155
hypoxia, 399
metabolism, 311-312
MRDAs, 192
ration content of, 10-11, 104, 108, 110, 194
thermoregulation and, 129, 133-136, 139-141, 184-185, 204-205, 257 , 324, 401
utilization and, 20-25, 36, 38-39, 47, 60, 63, 65, 69, 71, 74, 182 -183, 190-191, 195, 198-199, 201, 220, 385-387
weight loss and, 35, 362, 367-368
See also AMS;
Carbohydrates;
Food and food discipline;
Himalayan Medical and Mountaineering Expedition;
Nutrition;
Protein;
Rations and terms beginning with ''Ration";
TEF
Fat-soluble vitamins. See Vitamins, A, D, E, K
Army Field Feeding System (AFFS), 120
cold weather rations, 103
environmental extremes, 45
U.S. Army regulations and standards, 101, 116, 120
weight loss and performance, 201
See also Food and food discipline;
Rations and terms beginning with "Ration"
Field Rations. See Rations
Finnish Skolt. See Lapps
Fluids and fluid balance. See Water and water discipline
Food and food discipline
anorexia, 38-39, 69, 74, 309, 358, 364, 373, 383, 447-448
appetite, 26-27, 61, 203-212 passim., 293, 364, 384
CMNR conclusions regarding intake, 76
CMNR recommendations regarding intake, 71-72
Eskimos, 20, 23, 191, 198, 204, 207-208, 210, 230-231, 233
intake, 19-20, 37-38, 65, 68, 125, 190, 413
sharing of ration packs, 195-196, 200-201
starvation, 358-359
See also Carbohydrates;
CMNR, previous reports of;
Fat;
Nutrition;
Physical activity and performance;
Rations;
TEF;
Water and water discipline
Food packet, 116.
See also Rations and terms beginning with "Ration"
Forced expiratory volume (FEV), 232.
See also Vitamins, C
Fort Churchill, Northwest Territory, Canada
caloric intakes at, 190-191
vitamin C intakes at, 231
Fort Wainwright, Alaska. See Arctic Aeromedical Laboratory
Fraction of inspired oxygen (FIO2)
hypoxia studies, 332
See also Hypobaric hypoxia
Free radicals, 64, 394-396, 401, 408, 411, 412.
See also Hypobaric hypoxia;
Thermoregulation
G
Geriforte. See CIHP
Glomerular filtration rate (GFR), 349.
See also Thermoregulation
Glycogen. See Carbohydrates
H
Heat dissipating mechanism. See Thermoregulation
Heat productive mechanisms. See Thermoregulation
Hematologic response, 324
Hemostasis, 409-410.
See also Blood
High-altitude cerebral edema (HACE), 28-29, 33, 293, 304
CMNR conclusions regarding, 75-76
CMNR recommendations regarding, 72
nutrition, 304
symptoms, 305
vitamin E, 223
water loss and, 298
See also HAPE;
Protein
High-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE), 28-29, 33, 35, 47, 69, 97
CMNR conclusions regarding, 75-76
CMNR recommendations regarding, 72
fluid metabolism, 69, 321, 331
water loss and, 298
Himalayan Medical and Mountaineering Expedition
fat malabsorption during, 366
See also Fat
Hippocampal NE. See Cognitive performance
History of research, 85-91
Hobbling effect. See Equipment and clothing
Hunting response. See Vasomotor responses
Hydration. See Dehydration
Hypobaric chamber. See Altitude simulation experiments
Hypobaric hypoxia, 29, 31, 144, 299-300, 333, 340, 399-400, 414, 435, 444, 462
adaptation to, 295-297, 359, 385
BMR and, 382-383
blood flow, 407
carbohydrates and, 63, 387, 449
cholinergic system, 461
CIHP adaptogen testing and, 482-483
CMNR recommendations regarding, 72
cognitive performance, 42-43, 435-436, 439, 442, 445-446, 453-458, 460-461
defined, 7
free radicals, 64
hypothermia, 248
mood, 75
nervous system, 325
nutrients and, 70, 83, 312, 385, 447
oxidative stress, 294, 394-395
renal function, 349
temperature fluctuations, 297, 407
training, 72
weight loss and diuresis, 293, 297, 306, 332, 342, 368, 370-372, 49, 483
See also Dysbarism;
FIO2;
Free radicals;
HPVR;
HVR;
TYR
See also Diuresis;
Water and water discipline
See also Water and water discipline
Hypothermia, 154-155, 212, 248
aging and gender, 141
anemia and, 249
chemicals and, 16
drug-induced delay of, 16, 126, 257-268 passim.
glycogen depletion, 184
hypoxia and, 248
macronutrients, 63
minerals, 251-252
TEC, 207
temperature variations, 411
time, 459
vitamins and, 25-26
See also Cold acclimatization;
TEC
Hypoxemia. See Oxidative stress
Hypoxia. See Hypobaric hypoxia
Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstrictive response (HPVR), 323-324.
See also Hypobaric hypoxia
Hypoxic ventilatory response (HVR), 321, 325-326.
See also Hypobaric hypoxia
I
India
studies of soldiers, 336
See also CIHP
Individual Meal Pack (IMP), 195.
See also Rations
International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)
standardized chart for studies, 301
Intestinal gas. See Dysbarism
Inuits, 143
Isotope dilution techniques fluid studies, 333.
See also Water and water discipline
J
Jungle warfare training
comparative energy needs, 381
K
K-2
oxidation and nutrition, 412
vitamin E tests, 400
Kilocalorie (kcal). See Carbohydrates; Energy; Fat; Nutrition; Protein; Rations
Kitchen Company Level Field Feeding (KCLFF) equipment, 8, 116, 120 -123
Korean War
cold injuries, 127
environmental medicine research during, 85, 90-91
Krebs cycle, 218, 223-225, 229
L
La Paz. See Bolivia
Laboratory of Environmental Hygiene, 86
Lapps
thiamin intake, 224-225
vitamin A intake, 218-219
vitamin C deficiency, 23
See also Vitamins
Leadville, Colorado
altitude, 300
Lean body mass (LBM), 2
CMNR recommendations regarding, 72, 76
protein and, 39
Logistics, 115
Long-Range Patrol, Improved (LRP I) rations, 8, 62, 112, 116
contents described, 108-109
CMNR recommendations regarding, 71
tactical mission needs, 109
See also Rations
M
Macronutrients. See Carbohydrates; Fat; Protein
Mawson Australian Antarctic expedition. See Antarctica
Meal, Ready-to-Eat (MRE), 8, 116-117, 123-124, 217
caloric intake, 384
energy intakes and expenditures, 217, 380
nutritional content, 10-11, 24, 62, 104-112, 192
ration request procedures, 121-122
tactical mission needs, 109
See also Nutrition;
Rations
Medical Nutrition Laboratory Army Winter Project, 89
See also Cognitive performance
Mental performance. See Cognitive performance
Metabolic clearance rate (MCR), 373.
See also Altitude acclimatization
Metabolic heat production (M). See Thermoregulation
Methylxanthines, 16.
See also Caffeine, Theophylline;
Thermogenic agents
Military Recommended Dietary Allowances (MRDAs), 10-11, 20, 24-26, 103
defined, 101-102
nutrient levels of, 24-26, 65, 67-68, 70, 102, 109, 189, 192, 216, 219-222, 224-228, 240, 249
protein, vitamins and minerals, 40-41
See also Minerals;
MRE;
Nutrition;
Protein;
Rations and terms beginning with "Ration";
Vitamins
Minerals
calcium, 233-234
copper, 251-252
magnesium, 235-236
phosphorus, 234-235
potassium, 347
selenium deficiency, 246
sodium, 68, 71, 77, 341, 350, 387
zinc, 252
See also Anemia;
Food and food discipline;
MRDAs;
Nutrition;
Protein
Mobile Kitchen Trailer (MKT), 8, 82, 116
testing, 118-120
See also Rations and terms beginning with "Ration"
Mood states, 42-43, 74-75, 297, 435-438.
See also Clyde Mood Scale;
Cognitive performance
Morris water maze (MWM), 445-447, 458, 460.
See also Cognitive performance
Mount Denali, Alaska. See U.S. Marine Corps
Mount Everest
atmospheric biophysics of, 299-300
hyperventilation on, 321
nervous system effects, 326
See also American Medical Research Expedition on Everest;
On Top Everest;
Operation Everest II
Mount McKinley
altitude, 300
Mount Rainier
energy expenditures on, 380-381
See also Special Operations Forces
N
Nagawa
anaerobic threshold and oxidative stress study, 405-406
Naval Research group
nutrients and performance, 70
Neurohormones, 249-250
Neurotransmitters. See ACh; Catecholamines; TYR
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD). See Vitamins, niacin
Nonrapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. See Sleep
Nonshivering thermogenesis, 132
Noradrenaline. See Catecholamines
Norepinephrine (NE). See Catecholamines
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
Bosnia experience, 156
North Pole expedition. See Arctic
Norway, 108
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, 325
Nutrients. See Carbohydrates; Fat; Minerals; Nutrition; Protein;Vitamins
absorption of nutrients, 311, 366, 373-374
digestibility, 310-311
macronutrients, 19, 20-23, 37, 60, 65, 77, 189-201 passim., 379, 387
muscle maintenance, 60
nutritional content of rations, 10-11
special requirements, 69
study needed, 215-216
weight loss at high altitudes, 35-36, 61, 357-375 passim.
vitamins, 25-26, 40-41, 88-90, 398-406, 409, 413-14
See also Carbohydrates;
CMNR, previous reports of;
Ensure diet;
Fat;
Food and food discipline;
Minerals;
Protein;
Thermoregulation;
Vitamins
Nutrition Under Climactic Stress, 90.
See also Nutrition
O
On Top Everest Expedition
efficacy, 241
mineral intake, 237-239
nutrition research expedition, 234, 236
See also American Medical Research Expedition on Everest;
Mount Everest;
Operation Everest II
Operation Desert Storm. See CMNR, previous reports of; Desert Storm
Operation Everest II
appetite, 364
appetite shifts, 364
assessment, 240
calcium intakes, 233-234
folic acid intake, 230
iron intake, 237
micronutrient intake, 217
nervous system, 325-326
niacin intake, 225
riboflavin intake, 226
thiamin intake, 225
vitamin intake, 219, 227-228, 232
weight loss, 337
zinc and copper intake, 238
See also Mount Everest;
On Top Everest Expedition
Oriental medicine. See CIHP
Oxidative stress, 483
anaerobic threshold, 405
antioxidants, 393
endoxidation, 395
hypoxemia, 301
studies, 400-401
See also Annapurna;
Solo Khumbu;
Sulfhydryl groups
P
Packed cell volume (PCV), 341.
See also Water and water discipline
Partial pressure of oxygen (Po2), 301-302
Pernicious anemia, 230. See Vitamins, folic acid
Personality traits. See Mood states; Cognitive performance
Physical activity and performance, 298, 319-327 passim.
efficiency and endurance, 12, 60
food intake and, 211-212
high altitude, 319-330
military operations, 171-173, 246
performance tests, 15-16, 89, 327
thermoregulation and, 18, 33, 136-137, 140
See also Food and food discipline
Pike's Peak, Colorado
altitude research facility, 86
mood states study, 436
See also Mood states
Plasma renin activity (PRA), 343-347, 350
Plasma volume (PV), 336-338, 340-341.
See also Blood
See also Cognitive performance
Pouch bread. See Rations
Profile of Mood States (POMS), 436, 439-440.
See also Mood states
Prooxidants, 393
Protein, 20-25, 39-40, 46, 60, 73-75, 85, 104, 182, 190, 198-199, 200, 215, 263, 311-312, 363, 375
CMNR identifies research needs for, 73-75
consumption at high altitude, 364
consumption in the cold, 198-199
content of Eskimo diet, 198, 204, 210
digestibility of nutrients, 310
exercise and, 370
HACE, 35
metabolism, 311-312
See also Cardiovascular system;
Fat;
Free radicals;
HACE;
MRDAs;
Minerals;
Nutrition;
Rations and terms beginning with "Ration";
Thermoregulation;
Vitamins;
Water and water discipline
Pyridoxal. See Vitamins, B
Pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP). See Vitamins, B
Q
Quality of Life doctrine, 116
R
Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. See Sleep
Rasayan. See CIHP
Ration, Cold Weather (RCW), 116-117, 123
caloric intake from, 384
CMNR recommendations regarding, 71
energy expenditures and, 380
fluid content, 171
history and contents described, 8, 105-108
nutritional content, 10-11, 24, 72, 216-217, 220-221, 233, 238, 240
ration request procedures, 121
tactical mission needs, 109
See also A Ration;
Alaska;
MKT;
Rations;
RLW;
Sixth Infantry Division (Light);
TEMPER;
TOC;
T Ration
Ration, Lightweight (RLW)
caloric intake from, 384
energy expenditures and, 380
neurotransmitters and design of, 456
See also A Ration;
Alaska;
MKT;
MRDAs;
Rations;
RCW;
Sixth Infantry Division (Light);
TEMPER;
TOC;
T Ration
anorexia studies, 359-360
CMNR identifies research needs for, 75
nutritional content, 110-111
pouch bread, 123
tactical mission needs and, 109
See also A Ration;
Alaska;
Canadian forces;
MKT;
MRE;
Nutrition;
RCW;
RLW;
Sixth Infantry Division (Light);
TEMPER;
TOC;
T Ration
Renal blood flow (RBF), 348-351.
See also Blood
Respiration
antioxidants, 393, 397-399, 401, 406, 414
brain and, 30
and hypothermia, 17-18
respiratory exchange ratio (RER), 183
Resting metabolic rate (RMR), 22
Retinol equivalents (RE). See Vitamins, A
Rowett Research Institute
Thiobarbituric acid-reacting substances use, 402
S
Safe and Adequate Daily Dietary Intake (ESADDI), 229
Zinc intake, 239
See also Vitamins, pantothenic acid
Scardu, Pakistan
oxidative stress studies, 400-401
Scurvy, 231.
See also Vitamins, C
Seasonal affective disorder (SAD), 211
Shivering, 22-23, 61, 125-126, 132-137, 143, 181-186 passim., 246-247
acclimatization, 143
age and gender, 141-142
carbohydrates and, 60
cardiovascular system, 29, 138
drugs and, 267
energy requirements, 21-23
fat, 140
hormones and, 411
hypoxia, 248
metabolic heat production, 9, 12, 65, 73, 131-138, 246-247, 261
See also Basal energy needs;
Carbohydrates;
Thermoregulation
Sixth Infantry Division (Light), 115-122 passim.
See also Rations and terms beginning with "Ration"
AMS, 305
at altitude, 298-299
circadian oscillators and, 151-152
cross-cultural studies, 155-156
nutrition and, 154
stress and, 454
temperatures and, 152-154
See also Biological clocks
Small Unit Support Vehicle (SUSV), 120
Solo Khumbu
food supply, 413
oxidative stress study, 401-402
See also Food and food discipline;
Oxidative stress
South American Indians, 304
South Pole. See Antarctica
Special Forces Mountain Teams
nutrition studies at altitude, 299
Special Operations Forces
energy expenditures, 380-381
See also Mount Rainier
Starvation. See Food and food discipline
Stress. See Oxidative stress
Subacute infantile mountain sickness, 332
Subacute mountain sickness
awareness by military personnel, 72
characteristics, 34-35
See also AMS;
Subacute infantile mountain sickness
Sulfhydryl (SH) groups, 396, 407.
See also Oxidative stress
Suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN). See Biological clocks; Sleep
Surgeon General of the U.S., 87-89
T
Tactical Operations Center (TOC)
tentage for cooking, 120-121
See also Rations and terms beginning with "Ration"
Technical Cooperation Program, 266
Temperature (external)
variations, 29-30, 296, 411-412
Tent, Expendable, Modular, Personnel (TEMPER)
tentage for cooking, 120
See also Rations and terms beginning with "Ration"
Terrain
effect on metabolic rates, 169
energy use in mountainous, 380, 386
locomotion, 196-197
Theophylline
CMNR identifies research needs for, 74
See also Methylxanthines;
Thermogenic agents
Thermic effect of food (TEF), 19-21, 66n, 204-205
protein intake and, 25
See also Food and food discipline;
Thermoregulation
Thermogenesis. See Thermoregulation
Thermogenic agents, 258-268
depressants and stimulants, 301
See also Thermoregulation
Thermogenic effect of cold (TEC), 205-209.
See also Fat;
Hypothermia;
Thermoregulation
Thermogenic effect of exercise (TEE), 207-208.
See also Physical activity and performance
Thermoregulation, 1, 9, 12, 125, 128, 144, 152-153, 182, 246
age and gender, 12-13, 36, 141-142, 144
in animals, 258
anthropometry, 139
Army questions to CMNR, 5
CIHP, 481-483
cold acclimatization, 9, 13, 17, 64-67, 143-144
defined, 9
glycogen and, 134
hypothermia, 182
metabolic heat production (M), 131-133, 264-265, 267-268
neurohormones and, 249-250
nutrients, 13, 21, 26, 46, 64-65, 74, 90, 245-253 passim.
physical fitness and performance, 136, 169, 140-141, 379
temperature variations, 153, 411-412
water discipline, 66, 162, 166, 171, 173-176, 342
See also Carbohydrates;
CIVD;
Cold acclimatization;
Free radicals;
GFR;
Nutrition;
Shivering;
Thermogenic agents;
Vasomotor responses
Thiobarbituric acid-reacting substances (TBARS), 40, 402-404.
See also Rowett Research Institute
Thyroid gland
cold-induced thermogenesis and, 247
hormones, 246-252
Thyroid-stimulating hormones (TSH), 249-250.
See also Thyroid gland
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), 250, 252
Tibet
subacute infantile mountain sickness, 332
See also Subacute mountain sickness
Total body sodium (TBNa). See Minerals, sodium
Total body water (TBW), 336-338, 340-341.
See also Water and water discipline
Tour de France
energy needs, 381
Tower of Hanoi optimal tests, 439.
See also Cognitive performance
Tray Pack. See T Ration
Tray Ration (T Ration)
cold weather use, 103-104, 121, 123-124
described, 8
menus, 105-107
nutritional content of, 10-11
See also A Ration;
Arctic T;
B Ration;
Rations and terms beginning with "Ration"
Troop Issue Subsistence Activity. See U.S. Army regulations and standards, ration request procedures
TTCP Nations. See Technical Cooperation Program
CMNR identifies research needs for, 74-75
See also Catecholamines;
Hypobaric hypoxia
U
Ultraviolet radiation (UV), 403-405
U.S. Army Cold Regions Test Center (CRTC), 118-120
U.S. Army Extended-Cold-Weather Clothing System (ECWCS), 167.
See also Equipment and clothing
U.S. Army Medical Research Laboratory, 86
U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, 77
U.S. Army Quartermaster Center and School, 116
U.S. Army Quartermaster Research and Engineering Center, 86
U.S. Army Ranger Training, 64
U.S. Army regulations and standards
nutritional requirements, 102, 109-113, 118, 120, 189, 216
ration request procedures, 121
U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine (USARIEM), 1, 4, 77, 176, 295n, 379n, 435n
brain function studies, 454-456, 458
CID research, 165
energy intake estimates, 217
glycogen utilization studies, 185
historical research role, 86-87
nutrients and performance, 70
ration studies, 109
U.S. Army volunteers
U.S. Marine Corps
Mount Denali, Alaska, expedition, 155
Mountain Warfare Training Center, 97-98
RCW use, 123
V
Vasoconstriction. See Thermoregulation
Vasomotor responses, 129-131.
See also Thermoregulation
Vietnam conflict
influence on research, 86
See also History of research
Vitamins, 40
A, toxicity during polar expeditions, 218
B, 227-228
biotin, 229-230
D intake, 222-223
E intake, 223, 398, 400, 406, 410
folic acid, 230
K intake, 223-224
niacin, 225-226
pantothenic acid, 229
riboflavin, 226-227
thiamin, 224-225
See also Carotenoids;
Chukchi people;
Fat-soluble vitamins;
FEV;
Lapps;
Minerals;
MRDAs;
Protein
W
Water and water discipline, 2, 69, 76, 112, 161-162, 171, 175, 312 , 382, 387, 412-413
CMNR identifies research needs for, 73-75
CMNR recommendations regarding, 70-71
energy and, 84
fluid balance at high altitude, 331-351 passim.
fluid balance in the cold, 161-189 passim.
hypoxic environments, 300
logistical and sanitary problems, 169-170, 309
sensible versus insensible losses, 45, 166, 297-298, 301, 310, 370 -371
weight loss, 368
See also Altitude acclimatization;
BTPS;
Cold acclimatization Dehydration;
Diuresis;
DLW;
Hypohydration;
Isotope dilution techniques;
MWM;
TBW
World War II
campaign examples, 155
climate and food intake, 190
cold injuries, 127
environmental medicine research during, 85, 88, 90-91
See also History of research