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Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1996. Nutritional Needs in Cold and High-Altitude Environments: Applications for Military Personnel in Field Operations. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5197.
×

INDEX

A

A Ration, 103, 116, 120.

   See also Arctic T;

   B Ration;

   Rations and terms beginning with "Ration";

   T Ration

Aberdeen, Scotland. See Rowett Research Institute

Acclimation

   definition, 7

Acclimation, altitude. See Altitude simulation studies

Acclimation, cold, 17

   cold-induced diuresis, 165

   skin temperature, 130

   thermogenesis, 143

Acetazolamide, 34

Acetylcholine (ACh), 445.

   See also Cognitive performance

Acute mountain sickness (AMS), 2, 29, 31-33, 47, 75-76, 97, 293, 351

   AMS-cerebral (AMS-C), 443-444

   cognitive effects, 442

   CMNR identifies research needs for, 74

   CMNR recommendations regarding, 72

   food and, 38, 364, 375

   high incidence of, 45

   hormones and, 34, 331

   nutrients and, 63, 304

   performance and, 27

   studies and, 333

   symptoms, 305-306

   time and, 442-443

   treatments, 34

   water loss and, 69, 73, 298, 306, 332, 342

   See also Carbohydrates;

   Fat;

   Subacute mountain sickness;

   Water and water discipline

Adaptogens

   chemical composition and efficacy, 44

   environmental stress and, 481-484 passim.

   See also CIHP

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), 224, 225, 234-235, 248, 249, 395

Adrenergic agonists, β. See Ephedrine; Thermogenic agents

Adrenocorticoids, 34

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), 344-346

Alaska

   Alaska Army National Guard, 117

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1996. Nutritional Needs in Cold and High-Altitude Environments: Applications for Military Personnel in Field Operations. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5197.
×

   Fort Greely, 195, 199

   nutritional requirements of troops in, 191

   vitamin and mineral needs, 240

   See also Rations and terms beginning with "Ration"

Aldosterone, 343-345

Altitude acclimatization, 1, 4, 5, 7, 30, 32, 45, 304-305, 319, 381 -382, 453

   adrenocorticoid therapy, 34

   aging and gender, 36, 74

   appetite and, 27, 42-44, 61, 38, 359

   basal energy rate and, 36-38, 66, 372-373

   cardiac response, 30, 303, 322, 324

   cognition, 42-43, 435, 444-445, 453

   definition, 7, 435

   diuresis, 30, 298

   energy expenditure, 37

   glycogen and, 38

   hypobaric hypoxia and, 42, 83, 384, 399

   indices of, 303-304

   military operations and, 45

   mood states, 438

   nutrients and, 46, 64, 75, 235

   physical performance, 60, 319-330

   rate of, 32, 304

   sleep and, 298

   training and, 97-98

   ventilation, 32-33, 302, 321

   weight loss and gains, 306, 312, 358, 359, 368, 372

   See also AMS;

   Cardiovascular system;

   Desert Storm;

   HVR;

   Hypothermia;

   MCR;

   Water and water discipline

Altitude simulation studies, 439-449.

   See also Operation Everest II

American Medical Research Expedition on Everest

   efficacy, 241

Amphetamines. See Thermogenic agents

Anaerobic threshold. See Oxidative stress

Andes Mountains, 304

Anemia, 248-249.

   See also Minerals, iron

Angiotensin II, 342, 344-346

Annapurna

   oxidative stress study, 402, 409

   See also Oxidative stress

Anorexia. See Food and food discipline

Antarctica

   expeditions, 181

   Mawson Australian Antarctic expedition, 218

   vitamin and mineral requirements, 240

   weight and appetite in, 20, 210

Anthropometry, 139-140.

   See also Thermoregulation

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), 31, 163, 176, 342-343, 347.

   See also Diuresis

Anti-obesity compounds, 263.

   See also Thermogenic agents

Antioxidants. See Oxidative stress

Aphasia, 325

Apraxia, 325

Arctic

   C-130 crash, 182

   expeditions, 181, 207-212, 231

   field exercises, 196

   food intake, 190, 193, 199, 211

   scurvy during expeditions, 231

   weight gain during expeditions, 209-210

Arctic Aeromedical Laboratory, 83-86

Arctic T Ration, 8, 62, 112, 122

   augmentation of Tray Pack, 104

   tactical mission needs, 109

   See also A Ration;

   B Ration;

   Rations and terms beginning with "Ration";

   T Ration

Army Field Feeding System (AFFS). See Field feeding

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), 342-343, 437-448, 350.

   See also Water and water discipline

B

B Ration, 103, 116.

   See also Rations and terms beginning with "Ration"

Baffin Island, Northwest Territory, Canada, 195

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1996. Nutritional Needs in Cold and High-Altitude Environments: Applications for Military Personnel in Field Operations. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5197.
×

Bakan vigilance task, 439-440.

   See also Cognitive performance

Basal energy needs, 66-67, 76

   at altitude, 30, 39, 45, 293, 361, 364-365, 367, 372, 374, 382, 387

   caloric consumption, 35

   defined, 19

   nutrition, 5 (table)

   shivering and, 22

   See also BMR;

   Shivering;

   Thermoregulation

Basal energy requirement. See Basal energy needs

Basal metabolic rate (BMR), 364-366

   age and gender, 36

   cold and altitude exposure, 66-67

   defined, 19, 66

   energy expenditure and, 204

   energy intake, 309, 361

   hypoxia and, 382

   nutrition, 37

   thermal balance, 246

   weight loss and starvation, 358, 369-370

   work intensity, 381

   See also Basal energy needs;

   Nutrition

Biological clocks

   circadian oscillators, 150-152

   infradian cycles, 150

   military operations, 149

   sleep and, 125, 150-152

   ultradian clocks, 150

   See also Sleep

Blood

   blood urea nitrogen (BUN), 24

   flow, oxidative stress and, 303-304, 407-410

   gases, 322-323

   volume, 340-341

   See also ERPF;

   PV;

   RBF

Body temperature pressure saturated (BTPS)

   insensible water loss measured, 298

   See also Water and water discipline

Bolivia

   nutrient studies, 219, 225-226, 228, 237

Bosnia

   equipment needs in, 156, 158

   See also Equipment and clothing

Brown adipose tissue (BAT). See Nonshivering thermogenesis

C

Caffeine

   CMNR identifies research needs for, 74-75

   high altitude, 463

   thermogenesis, 16, 259, 263-266

   See also Methylxanthines;

   Thermogenic agents

Calories. See Carbohydrates; Energy; Fat; Nutrition

Canadian forces

   C-130 crash, 182

   survival rations, 260

   See also Carbohydrates;

   Rations

Carbohydrates

   absorption of, 310, 366, 374

   AMS, 34, 63

   anorexia, 309

   appetite, 364

   basal energy requirement, 22, 45

   body reserves, 385

   CMNR conclusions regarding, 75-77

   CMNR identifies research needs for, 74

   CMNR recommendations regarding, 71

   cold versus high altitude, 85

   Eskimo diets, 210

   intake, 74, 190, 217, 375, 380, 387

   rations, 11, 104, 108, 192, 312, 361, 384

   sleep, 154

   thermogenesis, 16, 23, 36-39, 46, 60, 62, 65, 66, 69, 71, 133-134, 143, 182, 204-205, 215, 260, 262-264, 267, 372, 386

   utilization, 20-21, 23, 25, 198-199, 201, 224-225

   weight loss, 35, 358, 449

   See also AMS;

   Canadian forces;

   Fat;

   Food and food discipline;

   Shivering;

   Thermoregulation

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1996. Nutritional Needs in Cold and High-Altitude Environments: Applications for Military Personnel in Field Operations. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5197.
×

Cardiovascular system

   diet and, 63

   exercise in cold, 138

   nutrients and, 65

   output, 12, 302-303, 323-324

   risks, 61-62, 132-133

   See also Altitude acclimatization

Carotenoids

   β-carotene, 398-399

   See also Vitamins

Catecholamines, 249-250, 348, 455-463.

   See also TYR

Central nervous system (CNS), 9, 14, 15, 325, 454, 462

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), 456

China

   ancient experience, 295

   selenium deficiency in, 246

   subacute infantile mountain sickness, 332

Cholinergic system, 461.

   See also ACh

Chukchi people (Siberia)

   vitamin C deficiency, 231

   See also Vitamins

CIHP, 481-482.

   See also Adaptogens

Circadian clocks. See Biological clocks; Sleep

Circadian oscillators. See Biological clocks; Sleep

Clothing. See Equipment and clothing

Clyde Mood Scale, 436, 439-440.

   See also Mood states

Cognitive performance, 42-43, 96

   CHIP and, 482-483

   effect of high altitude, 435-436, 438, 449

   enhancing, 125

   hippocampal NE, 456-458

   hypoxia and, 297

   military operations, 171-173

   neurotransmitters, 445

   time and, 442-447

   See also ACh;

   Altitude acclimatization;

   Clyde Mood Scale;

   Eight-arm radial maze;

   ESQ;

   Memory; Mood states;

   MWM;

   Porsolt swim test

Cold acclimatization, 13

   aging and gender, 144

   anthropometric factors, 139

   diuresis, 17, 165

   human, 13

   hypoxia, 144, 248

   nutrients, 68, 218

   sleep, 153

   See also Thermoregulation

Cold Buster sport bar, 260-261, 268.

   See also Thermogenic agents

Cold-induced diuresis (CID), 17-18, 68, 125, 163-166, 171, 176.

   See also Diuresis

Cold-induced injuries, 130, 174, 176

Cold-induced vasodilation (CIVD), 9, 130.

   See also Thermoregulation

Committee on Military Nutrition Research (CMNR)

   adaptogens, 44

   answers to Army questions, 60-70

   Army questions to, 5 (table), 6

   conclusions of, 75-77

   dietary guidelines, 25, 62, 69-73, 75-77, 90

   identifying research needs, 72-75

   previous reports of, 61, 70, 87

   ration consumption, 61

   recommendations of, 70-72

   task from the Army, 1, 4-6, 59

   workshops of, 87, 90

Convective heat transfer. See Thermoregulation; Vasomotor responses

Cushing's syndrome, 258

D

Dehydration

   CMNR recommendations regarding, 70-71, 73

   cold-induced, 125-126, 163-176 passim., 412

   decreases in performance from, 18, 112, 162

   high altitudes and, 32, 297, 310

   See also Water and water discipline

Denver, 337.

   See also Water and water discipline

Desert Storm

   acclimatization and, 4

Detoxification enzymes, 397

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1996. Nutritional Needs in Cold and High-Altitude Environments: Applications for Military Personnel in Field Operations. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5197.
×

Diuresis, 46, 66, 84, 293, 342, 351, 370, 374-377

   AMS and, 63, 73, 298, 308

   anti-diuresis, 31-32

   cardiovascular responses, 30

   defined, 7

   food and, 372

   hematologic response, 324

   hormones, 343, 347

   weight loss and, 35-36, 358, 368, 371, 373

   See also CID;

   Hypodipsia;

   Water and water discipline

Division Support Command (DISCOM)

   ration request procedures, 121

Doubly-labeled water (DLW) method

   caloric consumption, 384

   and energy needs, 19, 361, 381

   food intake, 191-192

   use, 194-195

   See also Water and water discipline

Dysbarism, 308-309.

   See also Hypobaric hypoxia

E

Effective renal plasma flow (ERPF), 31, 349.

   See also Blood

Eight-arm radial maze, 462.

   See also Cognitive performance

Electroencephalogram (EEG), 14, 151.

   See also Cognitive performance;

   Sleep

Electromyogram (EMG), 151.

   See also Cognitive performance;

   Sleep

Electrooculogram (EOG), 151.

   See also Cognitive performance;

   Sleep

Endocrine system, 258

Endoxidation. See Oxidative stress

Endurance. See Physical activity and performance

Energy

   altitude and, 366, 373

   CMNR conclusions regarding, 75-77

   CMNR identifies research needs for, 73, 75

   CMNR recommendations regarding, 71

   measurements, 190, 192, 360-361

   physiology and, 395

   shivering and, 133-134

   See also ATP

Ensure diet, 309.

   See also Nutrition

Environmental Symptoms Questionnaire (ESQ), 443-444.

   See also Cognitive performance

Ephedrine

   CMNR identifies research needs for, 74

   Thermogenesis, 16, 263-268

   See also Thermogenic agents

Equipment and clothing

   hobbling effect of, 103, 196-197

   increased energy requirement, 103, 197

   respiratory water loss and, 167-169, 176

   sleeping bags, 156-158

   technically advanced, 98-99

   See also Bosnia;

   ECWCS;

   Physical activity and performance

Eskimo diet. See food and food discipline

Extracellular volume (ECV) (of water), 336-337, 339.

   See also Water and water discipline

F

Fat, 85, 144, 212, 215, 312-313, 363, 372, 375

   absorption, 219, 366

   age and gender, 12, 13, 36, 142

   anorexia, 309

   appetite, 364

   cardiovascular system and, 61-63

   CMNR conclusions regarding, 75, 76

   CMNR identifies research needs for, 74

   CMNR recommendations regarding, 71

   cold-induced stress and, 139-140

   digestibility, 310-311

   hormones, 250

   hypothermia and, 155

   hypoxia, 399

   metabolism, 311-312

   MRDAs, 192

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1996. Nutritional Needs in Cold and High-Altitude Environments: Applications for Military Personnel in Field Operations. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5197.
×

   palatability, 209-210, 360

   ration content of, 10-11, 104, 108, 110, 194

   thermoregulation and, 129, 133-136, 139-141, 184-185, 204-205, 257 , 324, 401

   utilization and, 20-25, 36, 38-39, 47, 60, 63, 65, 69, 71, 74, 182 -183, 190-191, 195, 198-199, 201, 220, 385-387

   water and, 31, 334, 337

   weight loss and, 35, 362, 367-368

   See also AMS;

   Carbohydrates;

   Food and food discipline;

   Himalayan Medical and Mountaineering Expedition;

   Nutrition;

   Protein;

   Rations and terms beginning with ''Ration";

   TEF

Fat-soluble vitamins. See Vitamins, A, D, E, K

Field feeding, 109, 122

   Army Field Feeding System (AFFS), 120

   cold weather rations, 103

   environmental extremes, 45

   food intake, 61, 71

   U.S. Army regulations and standards, 101, 116, 120

   weight loss and performance, 201

   See also Food and food discipline;

   Rations and terms beginning with "Ration"

Field Rations. See Rations

Finnish Skolt. See Lapps

Fluids and fluid balance. See Water and water discipline

Food and food discipline

   anorexia, 38-39, 69, 74, 309, 358, 364, 373, 383, 447-448

   appetite, 26-27, 61, 203-212 passim., 293, 364, 384

   CMNR conclusions regarding intake, 76

   CMNR recommendations regarding intake, 71-72

   diet, 97, 102

   Eskimos, 20, 23, 191, 198, 204, 207-208, 210, 230-231, 233

   intake, 19-20, 37-38, 65, 68, 125, 190, 413

   sharing of ration packs, 195-196, 200-201

   starvation, 358-359

   See also Carbohydrates;

   CMNR, previous reports of;

   Fat;

   Nutrition;

   Physical activity and performance;

   Rations;

   TEF;

   Water and water discipline

Food packet, 116.

   See also Rations and terms beginning with "Ration"

Forced expiratory volume (FEV), 232.

   See also Vitamins, C

Fort Churchill, Northwest Territory, Canada

   caloric intakes at, 190-191

   vitamin C intakes at, 231

Fort Wainwright, Alaska. See Arctic Aeromedical Laboratory

Fraction of inspired oxygen (FIO2)

   hypoxia studies, 332

   See also Hypobaric hypoxia

Free radicals, 64, 394-396, 401, 408, 411, 412.

   See also Hypobaric hypoxia;

   Thermoregulation

Frostbite, 97, 212, 412

G

Geriforte. See CIHP

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR), 349.

   See also Thermoregulation

Glycogen. See Carbohydrates

H

Heat dissipating mechanism. See Thermoregulation

Heat productive mechanisms. See Thermoregulation

Hematologic response, 324

Hemostasis, 409-410.

   See also Blood

High-altitude cerebral edema (HACE), 28-29, 33, 293, 304

   AMS and, 35, 298

   CMNR conclusions regarding, 75-76

   CMNR recommendations regarding, 72

   nutrition, 304

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1996. Nutritional Needs in Cold and High-Altitude Environments: Applications for Military Personnel in Field Operations. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5197.
×

   symptoms, 305

   training, 45, 72, 97

   vitamin E, 223

   water loss and, 298

   See also HAPE;

   Protein

High-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE), 28-29, 33, 35, 47, 69, 97

   CMNR conclusions regarding, 75-76

   CMNR recommendations regarding, 72

   fluid metabolism, 69, 321, 331

   training, 45, 72

   vitamin E, 223, 410

   water loss and, 298

Himalayan Medical and Mountaineering Expedition

   fat malabsorption during, 366

   See also Fat

Hippocampal NE. See Cognitive performance

History of research, 85-91

Hobbling effect. See Equipment and clothing

Hunting response. See Vasomotor responses

Hydration. See Dehydration

Hypobaric chamber. See Altitude simulation experiments

Hypobaric hypoxia, 29, 31, 144, 299-300, 333, 340, 399-400, 414, 435, 444, 462

   adaptation to, 295-297, 359, 385

   appetite and, 364, 384

   BMR and, 382-383

   blood flow, 407

   carbohydrates and, 63, 387, 449

   cholinergic system, 461

   CIHP adaptogen testing and, 482-483

   CMNR recommendations regarding, 72

   cognitive performance, 42-43, 435-436, 439, 442, 445-446, 453-458, 460-461

   defined, 7

   energy, 36, 359, 374, 379

   exercise, 30, 394, 396, 438

   free radicals, 64

   hormones, 343-348, 351

   hypothermia, 248

   mood, 75

   nervous system, 325

   nutrients and, 70, 83, 312, 385, 447

   oxidative stress, 294, 394-395

   renal function, 349

   studies, 75, 144, 332-333

   temperature fluctuations, 297, 407

   training, 72

   ventilation, 321, 325

   weight loss and diuresis, 293, 297, 306, 332, 342, 368, 370-372, 49, 483

   See also Dysbarism;

   FIO2;

   Free radicals;

   HPVR;

   HVR;

   TYR

Hypodipsia, 306, 308, 310.

   See also Diuresis;

   Water and water discipline

Hypohydration, 7, 66.

   See also Water and water discipline

Hypothermia, 154-155, 212, 248

   aging and gender, 141

   anemia and, 249

   chemicals and, 16

   defined, 7, 152

   drug-induced delay of, 16, 126, 257-268 passim.

   glycogen depletion, 184

   hypoxia and, 248

   macronutrients, 63

   minerals, 251-252

   shivering and, 182, 185

   TEC, 207

   temperature variations, 411

   time, 459

   vitamins and, 25-26

   See also Cold acclimatization;

   TEC

Hypoxemia. See Oxidative stress

Hypoxia. See Hypobaric hypoxia

Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstrictive response (HPVR), 323-324.

   See also Hypobaric hypoxia

Hypoxic ventilatory response (HVR), 321, 325-326.

   See also Hypobaric hypoxia

I

India

   studies of soldiers, 336

   See also CIHP

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1996. Nutritional Needs in Cold and High-Altitude Environments: Applications for Military Personnel in Field Operations. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5197.
×

Individual Meal Pack (IMP), 195.

   See also Rations

International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)

   standardized chart for studies, 301

Intestinal gas. See Dysbarism

Inuits, 143

Isotope dilution techniques fluid studies, 333.

   See also Water and water discipline

J

Jungle warfare training

   comparative energy needs, 381

K

K-2

   oxidation and nutrition, 412

   vitamin E tests, 400

Kilocalorie (kcal). See Carbohydrates; Energy; Fat; Nutrition; Protein; Rations

Kitchen Company Level Field Feeding (KCLFF) equipment, 8, 116, 120 -123

Korean War

   cold injuries, 127

   environmental medicine research during, 85, 90-91

Krebs cycle, 218, 223-225, 229

L

La Paz. See Bolivia

Laboratory of Environmental Hygiene, 86

Lapps

   thiamin intake, 224-225

   vitamin A intake, 218-219

   vitamin C deficiency, 23

   See also Vitamins

Leadville, Colorado

   altitude, 300

Lean body mass (LBM), 2

   CMNR recommendations regarding, 72, 76

   protein and, 39

Logistics, 115

Long-Range Patrol, Improved (LRP I) rations, 8, 62, 112, 116

   contents described, 108-109

   CMNR recommendations regarding, 71

   tactical mission needs, 109

   See also Rations

M

Macronutrients. See Carbohydrates; Fat; Protein

Mawson Australian Antarctic expedition. See Antarctica

Meal, Ready-to-Eat (MRE), 8, 116-117, 123-124, 217

   caloric intake, 384

   energy intakes and expenditures, 217, 380

   nutritional content, 10-11, 24, 62, 104-112, 192

   ration request procedures, 121-122

   tactical mission needs, 109

   See also Nutrition;

   Rations

Medical Nutrition Laboratory Army Winter Project, 89

Memory, 445-446, 458.

   See also Cognitive performance

Mental performance. See Cognitive performance

Metabolic clearance rate (MCR), 373.

   See also Altitude acclimatization

Metabolic heat production (M). See Thermoregulation

Methylxanthines, 16.

   See also Caffeine, Theophylline;

   Thermogenic agents

Military Recommended Dietary Allowances (MRDAs), 10-11, 20, 24-26, 103

   chart, 102, 126

   defined, 101-102

   energy requirements, 20, 68, 200

   minerals, 26, 234, 233-239

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1996. Nutritional Needs in Cold and High-Altitude Environments: Applications for Military Personnel in Field Operations. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5197.
×

   nutrient levels of, 24-26, 65, 67-68, 70, 102, 109, 189, 192, 216, 219-222, 224-228, 240, 249

   protein, vitamins and minerals, 40-41

   See also Minerals;

   MRE;

   Nutrition;

   Protein;

   Rations and terms beginning with "Ration";

   Vitamins

Minerals

   calcium, 233-234

   copper, 251-252

   iron, 236-237, 246-251

   magnesium, 235-236

   phosphorus, 234-235

   potassium, 347

   selenium deficiency, 246

   sodium, 68, 71, 77, 341, 350, 387

   zinc, 252

   See also Anemia;

   Food and food discipline;

   MRDAs;

   Nutrition;

   Protein

Mobile Kitchen Trailer (MKT), 8, 82, 116

   testing, 118-120

   See also Rations and terms beginning with "Ration"

Mood states, 42-43, 74-75, 297, 435-438.

   See also Clyde Mood Scale;

   Cognitive performance

Morale, 7, 81

Morris water maze (MWM), 445-447, 458, 460.

   See also Cognitive performance

Mount Denali, Alaska. See U.S. Marine Corps

Mount Everest

   atmospheric biophysics of, 299-300

   hyperventilation on, 321

   nervous system effects, 326

   See also American Medical Research Expedition on Everest;

   On Top Everest;

   Operation Everest II

Mount McKinley

   altitude, 300

Mount Rainier

   energy expenditures on, 380-381

   See also Special Operations Forces

N

Nagawa

   anaerobic threshold and oxidative stress study, 405-406

Naval Research group

   nutrients and performance, 70

Neurohormones, 249-250

Neurotransmitters. See ACh; Catecholamines; TYR

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD). See Vitamins, niacin

Nonrapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. See Sleep

Nonshivering thermogenesis, 132

Noradrenaline. See Catecholamines

Norepinephrine (NE). See Catecholamines

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

   Bosnia experience, 156

North Pole expedition. See Arctic

Norway, 108

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, 325

Nutrients. See Carbohydrates; Fat; Minerals; Nutrition; Protein;Vitamins

Nutrition, 1, 5-7, 74

   absorption of nutrients, 311, 366, 373-374

   digestibility, 310-311

   macronutrients, 19, 20-23, 37, 60, 65, 77, 189-201 passim., 379, 387

   minerals, 26, 41

   muscle maintenance, 60

   nutritional content of rations, 10-11

   shivering and, 133-135, 185

   special requirements, 69

   study needed, 215-216

   weight loss at high altitudes, 35-36, 61, 357-375 passim.

   vitamins, 25-26, 40-41, 88-90, 398-406, 409, 413-14

   See also Carbohydrates;

   CMNR, previous reports of;

   Ensure diet;

   Fat;

   Food and food discipline;

   Minerals;

   Protein;

   Thermoregulation;

   Vitamins

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1996. Nutritional Needs in Cold and High-Altitude Environments: Applications for Military Personnel in Field Operations. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5197.
×

Nutrition Under Climactic Stress, 90.

   See also Nutrition

O

On Top Everest Expedition

   efficacy, 241

   mineral intake, 237-239

   nutrition research expedition, 234, 236

   See also American Medical Research Expedition on Everest;

   Mount Everest;

   Operation Everest II

Operation Desert Storm. See CMNR, previous reports of; Desert Storm

Operation Everest II

   appetite, 364

   appetite shifts, 364

   assessment, 240

   calcium intakes, 233-234

   folic acid intake, 230

   food intake, 361, 449

   iron intake, 237

   micronutrient intake, 217

   nervous system, 325-326

   niacin intake, 225

   oxidation, 240, 325

   riboflavin intake, 226

   thiamin intake, 225

   vitamin intake, 219, 227-228, 232

   weight loss, 337

   zinc and copper intake, 238

   See also Mount Everest;

   On Top Everest Expedition

Oriental medicine. See CIHP

Oxidative stress, 483

   anaerobic threshold, 405

   antioxidants, 393

   endoxidation, 395

   hypoxemia, 301

   studies, 400-401

   See also Annapurna;

   Solo Khumbu;

   Sulfhydryl groups

P

Packed cell volume (PCV), 341.

   See also Water and water discipline

Partial pressure of oxygen (Po2), 301-302

Pernicious anemia, 230. See Vitamins, folic acid

Personality traits. See Mood states; Cognitive performance

Physical activity and performance, 298, 319-327 passim.

   conditioning, 98, 140-141

   efficiency and endurance, 12, 60

   food intake and, 211-212

   high altitude, 319-330

   military operations, 171-173, 246

   performance tests, 15-16, 89, 327

   thermoregulation and, 18, 33, 136-137, 140

   See also Food and food discipline

Pike's Peak, Colorado

   altitude research facility, 86

   mood states study, 436

   See also Mood states

Plasma renin activity (PRA), 343-347, 350

Plasma volume (PV), 336-338, 340-341.

   See also Blood

Porsolt swim test, 458, 460.

   See also Cognitive performance

Pouch bread. See Rations

Profile of Mood States (POMS), 436, 439-440.

   See also Mood states

Prooxidants, 393

Protein, 20-25, 39-40, 46, 60, 73-75, 85, 104, 182, 190, 198-199, 200, 215, 263, 311-312, 363, 375

   absorption, 366, 374

   CMNR identifies research needs for, 73-75

   consumption at high altitude, 364

   consumption in the cold, 198-199

   content of Eskimo diet, 198, 204, 210

   digestibility of nutrients, 310

   exercise and, 370

   HACE, 35

   metabolism, 311-312

   minerals and, 233, 235, 245

   MRDAs, 102, 192

   in rations, 10, 62, 108-110

   sleep and, 132, 205

   thermoregulation and, 65, 132

   vitamins and, 398, 401, 408-410

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1996. Nutritional Needs in Cold and High-Altitude Environments: Applications for Military Personnel in Field Operations. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5197.
×

   See also Cardiovascular system;

   Fat;

   Free radicals;

   HACE;

   MRDAs;

   Minerals;

   Nutrition;

   Rations and terms beginning with "Ration";

   Thermoregulation;

   Vitamins;

   Water and water discipline

Pyridoxal. See Vitamins, B

Pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP). See Vitamins, B

Q

Quality of Life doctrine, 116

R

Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. See Sleep

Rasayan. See CIHP

Ration, Cold Weather (RCW), 116-117, 123

   caloric intake from, 384

   CMNR recommendations regarding, 71

   energy expenditures and, 380

   fluid content, 171

   history and contents described, 8, 105-108

   nutritional content, 10-11, 24, 72, 216-217, 220-221, 233, 238, 240

   ration request procedures, 121

   tactical mission needs, 109

   See also A Ration;

   Alaska;

   MKT;

   Rations;

   RLW;

   Sixth Infantry Division (Light);

   TEMPER;

   TOC;

   T Ration

Ration, Lightweight (RLW)

   caloric intake from, 384

   energy expenditures and, 380

   neurotransmitters and design of, 456

   See also A Ration;

   Alaska;

   MKT;

   MRDAs;

   Rations;

   RCW;

   Sixth Infantry Division (Light);

   TEMPER;

   TOC;

   T Ration

Rations, 82-111, 311-212, 383

   anorexia studies, 359-360

   CMNR identifies research needs for, 75

   nutritional content, 110-111

   pouch bread, 123

   tactical mission needs and, 109

   See also A Ration;

   Alaska;

   Canadian forces;

   MKT;

   MRE;

   Nutrition;

   RCW;

   RLW;

   Sixth Infantry Division (Light);

   TEMPER;

   TOC;

   T Ration

Renal blood flow (RBF), 348-351.

   See also Blood

Respiration

   antioxidants, 393, 397-399, 401, 406, 414

   brain and, 30

   and hypothermia, 17-18

   respiratory exchange ratio (RER), 183

Resting metabolic rate (RMR), 22

Retinol equivalents (RE). See Vitamins, A

Rowett Research Institute

   Thiobarbituric acid-reacting substances use, 402

S

Safe and Adequate Daily Dietary Intake (ESADDI), 229

   Zinc intake, 239

   See also Vitamins, pantothenic acid

Scardu, Pakistan

   oxidative stress studies, 400-401

Scurvy, 231.

   See also Vitamins, C

Seasonal affective disorder (SAD), 211

Shivering, 22-23, 61, 125-126, 132-137, 143, 181-186 passim., 246-247

   acclimatization, 143

   age and gender, 141-142

   carbohydrates and, 60

   cardiovascular system, 29, 138

   drugs and, 267

   energy requirements, 21-23

   fat, 140

   hormones and, 411

   hypoxia, 248

   metabolic heat production, 9, 12, 65, 73, 131-138, 246-247, 261

   sleep, 15, 153

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1996. Nutritional Needs in Cold and High-Altitude Environments: Applications for Military Personnel in Field Operations. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5197.
×

   See also Basal energy needs;

   Carbohydrates;

   Thermoregulation

Sixth Infantry Division (Light), 115-122 passim.

   See also Rations and terms beginning with "Ration"

Sleep, 14-15, 25, 42, 125

   AMS, 305

   at altitude, 298-299

   circadian oscillators and, 151-152

   cross-cultural studies, 155-156

   nutrition and, 154

   stress and, 454

   temperatures and, 152-154

   See also Biological clocks

Small Unit Support Vehicle (SUSV), 120

Solo Khumbu

   food supply, 413

   oxidative stress study, 401-402

   See also Food and food discipline;

   Oxidative stress

South American Indians, 304

South Pole. See Antarctica

Special Forces Mountain Teams

   nutrition studies at altitude, 299

Special Operations Forces

   energy expenditures, 380-381

   See also Mount Rainier

Starvation. See Food and food discipline

Stress. See Oxidative stress

Subacute infantile mountain sickness, 332

Subacute mountain sickness

   awareness by military personnel, 72

   characteristics, 34-35

   water and, 332, 340

   See also AMS;

   Subacute infantile mountain sickness

Sulfhydryl (SH) groups, 396, 407.

   See also Oxidative stress

Suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN). See Biological clocks; Sleep

Surgeon General of the U.S., 87-89

T

Tactical Operations Center (TOC)

   tentage for cooking, 120-121

   See also Rations and terms beginning with "Ration"

Technical Cooperation Program, 266

Temperature (external)

   hormones and, 257, 411

   variations, 29-30, 296, 411-412

Tent, Expendable, Modular, Personnel (TEMPER)

   tentage for cooking, 120

   See also Rations and terms beginning with "Ration"

Terrain

   effect on metabolic rates, 169

   energy use in mountainous, 380, 386

   locomotion, 196-197

Theophylline

   CMNR identifies research needs for, 74

   thermogenesis, 16, 263-268

   See also Methylxanthines;

Thermogenic agents

Thermic effect of food (TEF), 19-21, 66n, 204-205

   protein intake and, 25

   See also Food and food discipline;

   Thermoregulation

Thermogenesis. See Thermoregulation

Thermogenic agents, 258-268

   depressants and stimulants, 301

   See also Thermoregulation

Thermogenic effect of cold (TEC), 205-209.

   See also Fat;

   Hypothermia;

   Thermoregulation

Thermogenic effect of exercise (TEE), 207-208.

   See also Physical activity and performance

Thermoregulation, 1, 9, 12, 125, 128, 144, 152-153, 182, 246

   age and gender, 12-13, 36, 141-142, 144

   in animals, 258

   anthropometry, 139

   Army questions to CMNR, 5

   behavior, 13-14, 127

   CIHP, 481-483

   cold acclimatization, 9, 13, 17, 64-67, 143-144

   defined, 9

   energy requirements, 19, 138-139, 143, 197, 259, 261-262

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1996. Nutritional Needs in Cold and High-Altitude Environments: Applications for Military Personnel in Field Operations. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5197.
×

   glycogen and, 134

   hypothermia, 182

   metabolic heat production (M), 131-133, 264-265, 267-268

   neurohormones and, 249-250

   nutrients, 13, 21, 26, 46, 64-65, 74, 90, 245-253 passim.

   physical fitness and performance, 136, 169, 140-141, 379

   sleep and, 15, 151-154

   temperature variations, 153, 411-412

   water discipline, 66, 162, 166, 171, 173-176, 342

   See also Carbohydrates;

   CIVD;

   Cold acclimatization;

   Free radicals;

   GFR;

   Nutrition;

   Shivering;

   Thermogenic agents;

   Vasomotor responses

Thiobarbituric acid-reacting substances (TBARS), 40, 402-404.

   See also Rowett Research Institute

Thyroid gland

   cold-induced thermogenesis and, 247

   hormones, 246-252

Thyroid-stimulating hormones (TSH), 249-250.

   See also Thyroid gland

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), 250, 252

Tibet

   subacute infantile mountain sickness, 332

   See also Subacute mountain sickness

Total body sodium (TBNa). See Minerals, sodium

Total body water (TBW), 336-338, 340-341.

   See also Water and water discipline

Tour de France

   energy needs, 381

Tower of Hanoi optimal tests, 439.

   See also Cognitive performance

Tray Pack. See T Ration

Tray Ration (T Ration)

   cold weather use, 103-104, 121, 123-124

   described, 8

   menus, 105-107

   nutritional content of, 10-11

   See also A Ration;

   Arctic T;

   B Ration;

   Rations and terms beginning with "Ration"

Troop Issue Subsistence Activity. See U.S. Army regulations and standards, ration request procedures

TTCP Nations. See Technical Cooperation Program

Tyrosine (TYR), 459-460, 463

   CMNR identifies research needs for, 74-75

   See also Catecholamines;

   Hypobaric hypoxia

U

Ultraviolet radiation (UV), 403-405

U.S. Army Cold Regions Test Center (CRTC), 118-120

U.S. Army Extended-Cold-Weather Clothing System (ECWCS), 167.

   See also Equipment and clothing

U.S. Army Medical Research Laboratory, 86

U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, 77

U.S. Army Quartermaster Center and School, 116

U.S. Army Quartermaster Research and Engineering Center, 86

U.S. Army Ranger Training, 64

U.S. Army regulations and standards

   nutritional requirements, 102, 109-113, 118, 120, 189, 216

   ration request procedures, 121

U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine (USARIEM), 1, 4, 77, 176, 295n, 379n, 435n

   brain function studies, 454-456, 458

   CID research, 165

   energy intake estimates, 217

   glycogen utilization studies, 185

   historical research role, 86-87

   nutrients and performance, 70

   ration studies, 109

U.S. Army volunteers

   mood states study, 437, 438

U.S. Marine Corps

   Mount Denali, Alaska, expedition, 155

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1996. Nutritional Needs in Cold and High-Altitude Environments: Applications for Military Personnel in Field Operations. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5197.
×

   Mountain Warfare Training Center, 97-98

   RCW use, 123

V

Vasoconstriction. See Thermoregulation

Vasomotor responses, 129-131.

   See also Thermoregulation

Vietnam conflict

   influence on research, 86

   See also History of research

Vitamins, 40

   A, toxicity during polar expeditions, 218

   B, 227-228

   biotin, 229-230

   C intake, 231-232, 238, 398

   D intake, 222-223

   E intake, 223, 398, 400, 406, 410

   folic acid, 230

   K intake, 223-224

   niacin, 225-226

   pantothenic acid, 229

   riboflavin, 226-227

   thiamin, 224-225

   See also Carotenoids;

   Chukchi people;

   Fat-soluble vitamins;

   FEV;

   Lapps;

   Minerals;

   MRDAs;

   Protein

W

Water and water discipline, 2, 69, 76, 112, 161-162, 171, 175, 312 , 382, 387, 412-413

   CMNR identifies research needs for, 73-75

   CMNR recommendations regarding, 70-71

   energy and, 84

   fluid balance at high altitude, 331-351 passim.

   fluid balance in the cold, 161-189 passim.

   hypoxic environments, 300

   logistical and sanitary problems, 169-170, 309

   sensible versus insensible losses, 45, 166, 297-298, 301, 310, 370 -371

   weight loss, 368

   See also Altitude acclimatization;

   BTPS;

   Cold acclimatization Dehydration;

   Diuresis;

   DLW;

   Hypohydration;

   Isotope dilution techniques;

   MWM;

   TBW

World War II

   campaign examples, 155

   climate and food intake, 190

   cold injuries, 127

   environmental medicine research during, 85, 88, 90-91

   See also History of research

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1996. Nutritional Needs in Cold and High-Altitude Environments: Applications for Military Personnel in Field Operations. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5197.
×
Page 555
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×
Page 556
Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1996. Nutritional Needs in Cold and High-Altitude Environments: Applications for Military Personnel in Field Operations. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5197.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1996. Nutritional Needs in Cold and High-Altitude Environments: Applications for Military Personnel in Field Operations. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5197.
×
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×
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Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1996. Nutritional Needs in Cold and High-Altitude Environments: Applications for Military Personnel in Field Operations. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5197.
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×
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Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1996. Nutritional Needs in Cold and High-Altitude Environments: Applications for Military Personnel in Field Operations. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5197.
×
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×
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×
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Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1996. Nutritional Needs in Cold and High-Altitude Environments: Applications for Military Personnel in Field Operations. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5197.
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This book reviews the research pertaining to nutrient requirements for working in cold or in high-altitude environments and states recommendations regarding the application of this information to military operational rations. It addresses whether, aside from increased energy demands, cold or high-altitude environments elicit an increased demand or requirement for specific nutrients, and whether performance in cold or high-altitude environments can be enhanced by the provision of increased amounts of specific nutrients.

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