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Suggested Citation:"FRONT MATTER." National Research Council. 1996. Review of Systemization of the Tooele Chemical Agent Disposal Facility. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5198.

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Review of Systemization of the Tooele Chemical Agent Disposal Facility

Committee on Review and Evaluation of the Army Chemical Stockpile Disposal Program

Board on Army Science and Technology

Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems

National Research Council

NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS
Washington, D.C.
1996

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Suggested Citation:"FRONT MATTER." National Research Council. 1996. Review of Systemization of the Tooele Chemical Agent Disposal Facility. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5198.

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NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competencies and with regard for appropriate balance.

This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors according to procedures approved by a Report Review Committee consisting of members of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine.

The National Academy of Sciences, is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts is president of the National Academy of Sciences.

The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Harold Liebowitz is president of the National Academy of Engineering.

The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Kenneth I. Shine is president of the Institute of Medicine.

The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy's purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts and Dr. Harold Liebowitz are chairman and vice chairman, respectively, of the National Research Council.

This is a report of work supported by Contract DAAH04-96-C-0016 between the U.S. Department of the Army and the National Academy of Sciences.

Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 96-67977

International Standard Book Number 0-309-05486-9

Copies available from:
National Academy Press
2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W. Box 285 Washington, D.C. 20005 (800) 624-6242, (202) 334-3313 (in the Washington Metropolitan Area)

Printed in the United States of America.

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Suggested Citation:"FRONT MATTER." National Research Council. 1996. Review of Systemization of the Tooele Chemical Agent Disposal Facility. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5198.

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COMMITTEE ON REVIEW AND EVALUATION OF THE ARMY CHEMICAL STOCKPILE DISPOSAL PROGRAM

RICHARD S. MAGEE, Chair,

New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark

ELISABETH M. DRAKE, Vice Chair,

Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge

DENNIS C. BLEY,

Buttonwood Consulting, Inc., Oakton, Virgin

COLIN G. DRURY,

University at Buffalo, State University of New York

GENE H. DYER, Consultant

San Rafael, California

MG VINCENT E. FALTER,

U.S. Army (Retired), Springfield, Virginia

ANN FISHER,

The Pennsylvania State University, University Park

J. ROBERT GIBSON,

DuPont Agricultural Products, Wilmington, Delaware

CHARLES E. KOLB,

Aerodyne Research, Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts

DAVID S. KOSSON,

Rutgers—The State University, Piscataway, New Jersey

WALTER G. MAY,

University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

ALVIN H. MUSHKATEL,

Arizona State University, Tempe

PETER J. NIEMIEC,

Greenberg, Glusker, Fields, Claman & Machtinger, Los Angeles, California

GEORGE W. PARSHALL,

E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Company, Wilmington, Delaware

JAMES R. WILD,

Texas A&M University, College Station

JYA-SYIN WU,

Advanced System Concepts Associates, Inc., El Segundo, California (August 1995)

Staff

DONALD L. SIEBENALER, Study Director

MARGO L. FRANCESCO, Administrative Supervisor

SHIREL R. SMITH, Senior Project Assistant

DEBORAH B. RANDALL, Senior Secretary/Project Assistant

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Suggested Citation:"FRONT MATTER." National Research Council. 1996. Review of Systemization of the Tooele Chemical Agent Disposal Facility. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5198.

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BOARD ON ARMY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

GENERAL GLENN K. OTIS, Chair,

U.S. Army (Retired), Newport News, Virginia

CHRISTOPHER C. GREEN, Vice Chair,

General Motors Corporation, Warren, Michigan

ROBERT A. BEAUDET,

University of Southern California, Los Angeles

GARY L. BORMAN,

University of Wisconsin, Madison

ALBERTO COLL,

U.S. Naval War College, Newport, Rhode Island

LAWRENCE J. DELANEY,

BDM Europe, Berlin, Germany

JAMES L. FLANAGAN,

Center for Computer Aids in Industrial Productivity, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey

GENERAL WILLIAM H. FORSTER,

U.S. Army (Retired), Westinghouse Electronics Systems, Baltimore, Maryland

ROBERT J. HEASTON,

Guidance and Control Information Analysis Center, Chicago

THOMAS MCNAUGHER,

RAND, Washington, D.C.

NORMAN F. PARKER,

Varian Associates (Retired), Cardiff by the Sea, California

STEWART D. PERSONICK,

Bell Communications Research, Inc., Morristown, New Jersey

KATHLEEN J. ROBERTSON,

Booz, Allen and Hamilton, McLean, Virginia

JAY P. SANFORD,

University of Southwestern Health Sciences Center, Dallas, Texas

HARVEY W. SCHADLER,

General Electric, Schenectady, New York

JOYCE L. SHIELDS,

Hay Management Consultants, Washington, D.C.

CLARENCE G. THORNTON,

Army Research Laboratories (Retired), Colts Neck, New Jersey

JOHN D. VENABLES,

Martin Marietta Laboratories (Retired), Towson, Maryland

ALLEN C. WARD,

University of Michigan, Ann Arbor

Staff

BRUCE A. BRAUN, Director

E. VINCENT HOLAHAN, Senior Program Officer

ROBERT J. LOVE, Senior Program Officer

DONALD L. SIEBENALER, Senior Program Officer

PATRICIA A. KIRCHNER, Administrative Associate

MARGO L. FRANCESCO, Administrative Supervisor

JACQUELINE CAMPBELL-JOHNSON, Senior Project Assistant

ALVERA GIRCYS, Senior Project Assistant

SHIREL R. SMITH, Senior Project Assistant

DEBORAH B. RANDALL, Senior Secretary/Project Assistant

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Suggested Citation:"FRONT MATTER." National Research Council. 1996. Review of Systemization of the Tooele Chemical Agent Disposal Facility. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5198.

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Preface

The United States has maintained a stockpile of highly toxic chemical agents and munitions for more than half a century. In 1985, Congress, in Public Law 99-145, directed the Department of Defense to destroy at least 90 percent of the unitary chemical agent and munitions stockpile, with particular attention to M55 rockets, which were deteriorating and becoming increasingly hazardous. After setting several intermediate goals and dates, Congress, in the National Defense Authorization Act for fiscal year 1993 (P.L. 102-484), dated October 23, 1992, directed the Army to dispose of the entire unitary chemical warfare agent and munitions stockpile by December 31, 2004.

In the 1970s, the Army had commissioned studies of different disposal technologies and tested several of them. In 1982, incineration was selected as the method of disposing of agents and associated propellants and explosives and of thermally decontaminating metal parts. In 1984, the National Research Council (NRC) Committee on Demilitarizing Chemical Munitions and Agents reviewed a range of disposal technologies and endorsed the Army's selection of incineration.

Incineration technology is embodied in today's base-line incineration system, which was developed largely at the Chemical Agent Munitions Disposal System (CAMDS) experimental facility at Tooele Army Depot, Utah. The first full-scale operational plant, the Johnston Atoll Chemical Agent Disposal System (JACADS), is now in service on Johnston Island in the Pacific Ocean southwest of Hawaii. Also, a second plant, the Tooele Chemical Agent Disposal Facility (TOCDF), has been constructed at Tooele Army Depot and has recently undergone systemization (operational testing prior to the start of agent operations), using surrogates for agent to verify that the system and all components will work as designed.

The Committee on Review and Evaluation of the Army Chemical Stockpile Disposal Program (Stockpile Committee) was formed in 1987 at the request of the Undersecretary of the Army to monitor the Army's Chemical Stockpile Disposal Program (CSDP) and to review and comment on relevant technical issues. The Stockpile Committee is a standing committee, which will remain in service with rotating personnel until completion of the disposal program. The committee has monitored the development and implementation of the baseline system and has visited CAMDS numerous times, JACADS three times, and the TOCDF four times. The committee has also reviewed many reports and considerable technical information pre-pared by the government, government contractors, other agencies, interested civilian groups, and concerned individuals.

In 1993, the Stockpile Committee issued a letter report to the Assistant Secretary of the Army for Installations, Logistics and Environment recommending specific actions to further enhance the Chemical Stockpile Disposal Program risk management process. In early 1994, the Stockpile Committee issued three major reports that included recommendations to the Army concerning changes or improvements to be made to the TOCDF prior to the start of agent operations. These reports are:

Evaluation of the Johnston Atoll Chemical Agent Disposal System Operational Verification Testing: Part II. (Part I was a short summary report issued in July 1993.)
Review of Monitoring Activities Within the Army Chemical Stockpile Disposal Program.
Recommendations for the Disposal of Chemical Agents and Munitions.

The present report continues the work of the four earlier reports by (1) addressing the completion of testing of certain secondary systems that had not been completely tested at JACADS, (2) reviewing the changes implemented by the Army in response to the Stockpile Committee's earlier recommendations pertaining to the Tooele Chemical Agent Disposal Facility, and (3) providing an overview of the status of the facility at the end of the

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Suggested Citation:"FRONT MATTER." National Research Council. 1996. Review of Systemization of the Tooele Chemical Agent Disposal Facility. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5198.

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systemization period. This overview is based on the Stockpile Committee's prior knowledge about the base-line system, on information provided by the Army and others, and on site visits to the TOCDF, beginning in October 1991 (midway through the construction phase) through June 1995 (in the late stages of systemization).

The committee greatly appreciates the assistance in support of committee activities and in the production of this report provided by NRC staff members Donald Siebenaler, Margo Francesco, and Deborah Randall; consultants Harrison Pannella and William Spindell; and temporary assistant Julie Harlan.

RICHARD S. MAGEE, CHAIR

ELISABETH M. DRAKE, VICE CHAIR

COMMITTEE ON REVIEW AND EVALUATION OF THE

ARMY CHEMICAL STOCKPILE DISPOSAL PROGRAM

Page vii Cite

Suggested Citation:"FRONT MATTER." National Research Council. 1996. Review of Systemization of the Tooele Chemical Agent Disposal Facility. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5198.

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	Executive Summary	1
1	Introduction	8
	Chemical Stockpile Disposal Program	8
	The Unitary Chemical Agent and Munitions Stockpile	8
	Fundamentals of Disposal	8
	The Baseline Incineration System	10
	Summary	10
2	Changes at the Tooele Chemical Agent Disposal Facility in Response to National Research Council Recommendations	11
	Review of NRC Recommendations Regarding Operational Verification Testing at JACADS	11
	Brine Reduction Area	11
	Dunnage Furnace	13
	Nitrogen Oxide Emissions	15
	Liquid Incinerator Slag Removal	16
	Furnace Feed System	17
	Residual Gelled Agent	18
	Environmental Permitting and Regulatory Requirements	19
	Environmental Compliance	19
	Overall Safety	20
	Changes Resulting from Risk Assessment	21
	Review of NRC Recommendations Regarding the Monitoring System at JACADS	21
	General Recommendations for Agent/Nonagent Monitoring	22
	Specific Recommendations for Agent/Nonagent Monitoring	23
	Specific Recommendations for Laboratory Operations	25
	Summary of Responses to Monitoring Recommendations	26
	Recommendation on Carbon Filtration	26
3	Evaluation of Systemization Safety Performance	28
	Safety-Related Functions and Reviews by Others	28
	Systems Hazard Analysis	28
	Utah Department of Environmental Quality: Required Report for the Systems Hazard Analysis	29
	Facility Construction Certification	30
	Inspector General Report: Courtesy Chemical Surety Inspection—Tooele CDF	32
	TOCDF Safety Evaluation Report	33
	U.S. Army Chief of Engineers Report: TOCDF Report on Design-Related Safety Issues and Evaluation of Construction Conformance with Design	34

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Suggested Citation:"FRONT MATTER." National Research Council. 1996. Review of Systemization of the Tooele Chemical Agent Disposal Facility. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5198.

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	U.S. Army "Lessons Learned" Programs	34
	U.S. Army Subject Area Review Reports	35
	State of Utah Inspections	36
	Stockpile Committee Site Visits	36
	Personnel Issues (Recruitment, Training, Turnover)	37
	A General Observation	37
	Shift Operations	38
	Maintenance and Spare Parts	38
	General Management Issues	39
	Programmatic Issues	39
	Pre-Operational Survey	40
	Disposal Program Staffing	43
4	Systemization Environmental Performance	45
	TOCDF Permitting Requirements	45
	Surrogate Trial Burns	45
	Liquid Incinerator #1	45
	Deactivation Furnace System Surrogate Trial Burn	46
5	Community Interaction and Planning	48
	Utah Community Involvement	48
	Utah Citizens Advisory Commission and Risk Assessment: Problems of Communication	49
	Personal Protective Equipment	50
	Community Emergency Planning	51
	Training	51
	Emergency Planning	52
	Emergency Communications	52
	Emergency Medical Care	53
	Army Citizens Involvement Program in Utah	53
6	Overview of Site-Specific Risk Assessment	55
	NRC Recommendations on Risk Management	55
	Report on Operational Verification Testing	56
	NRC Letter Report on the Chemical Stockpile Disposal Program Risk Management Process	56
	Recommendations Report	58
	TOCDF Risk Management Plan	59
	Operation of Metal Parts Furnace Feed Airlock	61
	Weteye Bomb Aluminum and Agent Interaction	62
	Weteye Bomb Handling and Inventories	62
	Seismic Anchorage of the Liquid Propane Gas Tank	62
	Tooele Risk Assessment	62
	Accident Quantitative Risk Assessment	63
	Methodology	63
	Independent Review Committee Role and Evaluation	65
	Results	66
	NRC Evaluation of the Accident Risk Program	69

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Suggested Citation:"FRONT MATTER." National Research Council. 1996. Review of Systemization of the Tooele Chemical Agent Disposal Facility. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5198.

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7	Findings and Recommendations	70
	Overview	70
	Findings	70
	Responses to OVT II Report Recommendations	70
	Responses to Monitoring Report Recommendations	72
	Responses to Risk Letter Report Recommendations	74
	Responses to the Recommendations Report	76
	Recommendations	78
	Duration of TOCDF Operations	78
	Coordinated with the Start of Agent Operations	78
	Prior to the Start of Agent Operations	79
	During the First Year of Agent Operations	79
	Appendices
	A Public Law 102-484—Oct. 23, 1992 (Extract)	83
	B Chemical Stockpile Disposal Program	84
	The Call for Disposal	84
	Disposal Program Background and Role of the National Research Council	84
	Description of the Stockpile	85
	Agents	85
	Containers and Munitions	86
	Geographical Distribution	87
	The Baseline Incineration System	87
	Storage, Transportation, and Unloading of Munitions and Containers	87
	Disassembly and Draining	88
	Agent Destruction	89
	Destruction of Energetics	90
	Metal Parts Decontamination	91
	Pollution Abatement Systems	93
	Auxiliary Systems	94
	Agent Monitoring Systems	95
	C Recommendations of the Committee on Review and Evaluation of the Army Chemical Stockpile Disposal Program (Stockpile Committee)	96
	D Public Meeting, Tooele County Courthouse, Tooele, Utah	105
	Agenda	106
	Letters of Invitation	108
	Citizens Advisory Commission Invitation Letter	108
	Public Invitation Letter	109
	Distribution List	110
	E Biographical Sketches	113
	References	117

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Suggested Citation:"FRONT MATTER." National Research Council. 1996. Review of Systemization of the Tooele Chemical Agent Disposal Facility. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5198.

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Tables and Figures

Tables

3-1	Seventy Ranking Criteria	29
3-2	Criteria Used to Establish Qualitative Frequency Categories	30
3-3	Risk Assessment Code (RAC)	31
3-4	TODCF Pre-Operational Survey Team Members	41
4-1	Summary of Results from the TOCDF Liquid Incinerator #1 Surrogate Trial Burn	46
6-1	Reports Associated with the Expert Panel Review of the Tooele Chemical Agent Disposal Facility Quantitative Risk Assessment	67
6-2	Presentations to the Expert Panel Review of the Tooele Chemical Agent Disposal Facility Quantitative Risk Assessment	68
B-1	Composition of Munitions in the U.S. Chemical Stockpile	88
B-2	Chemical Munitions Stored in the Continental United States	90
B-3	Approximate Amounts of Metals, Energetics, and Agent Contained in the Unitary Chemical Stockpile (tons), by Site	91
B-4	Air and Exposure Standards	94
C-1	Recommendations from Evaluation of the Johnston Atoll Chemical Agent Disposal System Operational Verification Testing: Part I (OVT 1) and Part II (OVT 2)	96
C-2	Recommendations from Review of Monitoring Activities Within the Army Chemical Stockpile Disposal Program (MON)	98
C-3	Recommendations from the Letter Report to the Assistant Secretary of the Army to Recommend Specific Actions to Further Enhance the CSDP Risk Management Process (RISK),	99
C-4	Recommendations (REC) and Findings (FIND) from Recommendations for the Disposal of Chemical Agents and Munitions	100

Figures

1-1	Schematic drawing of the baseline incineration system	9
3-1	Outline of the Facility Construction Certification Process	33
6-1	Overview of the Risk Management Plan	60
6-2	Hierarchy of regulations that define safety at the TOCDF	61
6-3	Identifying upsets	64
6-4	Sample portion of a rocket handling process operational diagram	65
6-5	Schematic drawing of process operational diagram development	66
B-1	M55 rocket and M23 land mine	86
B-2	105-mm, 155-mm, 8-inch, and 4.2-inch projectiles	87
B-3	Bomb, spray tank, and ton container	87
B-4	Types of agent and munitions and percentage of total agent stockpile (by weight of agent) at each storage site	89
B-5	Schematic drawing of the baseline system	92
B-6	Schematic drawing of a pollution abatement system	93

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Suggested Citation:"FRONT MATTER." National Research Council. 1996. Review of Systemization of the Tooele Chemical Agent Disposal Facility. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5198.

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Abbreviations and Acronyms

ACAMS

Automatic Continuous Air Monitoring System

ACS

Agent Collection System

AED

Atomic Emission Detector

AQS

Agent Quantification System

BDS

Bulk Drain Station

BRA

Brine Reduction Area

CAC

Citizens Advisory Commission

CAMDS

Chemical Agent Munitions Disposal System, Tooele, Utah

CDTF

Chemical Demilitarization Training Facility, Aberdeen, Maryland

CEM

Comprehensive Emergency Management (Utah Division of)

CEMS

Continuous Emission Monitoring System

CFR

Code of Federal Regulations

CHB

Container Handling Building

CPRP

Chemical Personnel Reliability Program

CSDP

Chemical Stockpile Disposal Program

CSEPP

Chemical Stockpile Emergency Preparedness Program

DAAMS

Depot Area Air Monitoring System

DEQ

Department of Environmental Quality

DFS

Deactivation Furnace System

DoD

Department of Defense

DPE

Demilitarization Protective Ensemble

DRE

Destruction Removal Efficiency

dscm

Dry standard cubic meter

DSHW

Division of Solid and Hazardous Waste (Utah)

DUN

Dunnage Furnace

EG&G

Edgerton, Germerhausen and Grier, Inc.

ENVCP

Environmental Compliance Plan

EOC

Emergency Operations Center

EPA

Environmental Protection Agency

EPZ

Emergency Planning Zone

ETA

Event Tree Analysis

FEMA

Federal Emergency Management Agency

FLLRT

Field Lessons Learned Review Team

FMEA

Failure Modes and Effects Analysis

FPEIS

Final Programmatic Environmental Impact Study

FTA

Fault Tree Analysis

FTIR

Fourier Transform Infrared

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Suggested Citation:"FRONT MATTER." National Research Council. 1996. Review of Systemization of the Tooele Chemical Agent Disposal Facility. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5198.

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GA

Tabun

GB

Sarin

GC/FPD

Gas Chromatograph with Flame Photometric Detector

GC/MSD

Gas Chromatograph with Mass Spectrometric Detector

H, HD, HT

Blister or Mustard Agents

HEPA

High-Efficiency Particulate Air

HVAC

Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning

HWMU

Hazardous Waste Management Unit

ID

Induced Draft

IDLH

Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health

in.

inch

IRZ

Immediate Response Zone

JACADS

Johnston Atoll Chemical Agent Disposal System

lb

pound

LIC

Liquid Incinerator

m³

cubic meter

mg

milligram

µg

microgram

MHz

Megahertz

min

minute

mm

millimeter

mM

millimolar

MPF

Metal Parts Furnace

ng/kg

nanogram per kilogram

NO_x

Nitrogen Oxides

NRC

National Research Council

OSHA

Occupational Safety and Health Administration

OTA

Office of Technology Assessment

OVT

Operational Verification Testing

PAS

Pollution Abatement System

PCB

Polychlorinated Biphenyl

PCDD/F

Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins and Dibenzofurans

PIC

Product of Incomplete Combustion

PLL

Programmatic Lessons Learned

PMCD

Program Manager for Chemical Demilitarization

PM-CSD

Project Manager for Chemical Stockpile Disposal

PMD

Projectile/Mortar Disassembly Machine

POD

Process Operational Diagram

POHC

Principal Organic Hazardous Constituent

PPE

Personal Protective Equipment

ppm

parts per million

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Suggested Citation:"FRONT MATTER." National Research Council. 1996. Review of Systemization of the Tooele Chemical Agent Disposal Facility. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5198.

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QRA

Quantitative Risk Assessment

RAC

Risk Assessment Code

RCRA

Resource Conservation and Recovery Act

RSM

Rocket Shear Machine

RMP

Risk Management Plan

s

second

SAIC

Science Applications International Corporation

SAR

Subject Area Review

SDS

Spent Decontamination System

SHA

Systems Hazard Analysis

SO_x

Sulfur Oxides

TOCDF

Tooele Chemical Agent Disposal Facility

TSCA

Toxic Substances Control Act

TWA

Time-Weighted Average

USACDRA

U.S. Army Chemical Demilitarization and Remediation Activity

USACMDA

U.S. Army Chemical Material Destruction Agency

USATHAMA

U.S. Army Toxic and Hazardous Materials Agency

VX

Organophosphate Nerve Agent

3X

Three-X Level of Decontamination

5X

Five-X Level of Decontamination

Page xiv Cite

Suggested Citation:"FRONT MATTER." National Research Council. 1996. Review of Systemization of the Tooele Chemical Agent Disposal Facility. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5198.

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