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OCR for page 409
Index
A
Advanced Research Projects Agency, 157,
219, 222
computer science research funding,
228, 229-230
Advanced Technology Program, 76, 157
Aerospace industry, U.S.
allocation of public R&D monies, 8
export trends, 88
R&D spending trends, 82
Agriculture R&D, U.S.
extension programs, 204
government spending, 72
AIDS research, 185, 192, 193
AiF. See Federation of Industrial Research
Associations
American Society of Heating,
Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning
Engineers, 170
American Society of Mechanical
Engineers, 170
American Supplier Institute, 210-211
Ames Research Center, 129
Amgen, 184-185
409
An-Institutes, 18-19, 26, 50, 242, 342, 343
advantages, 288
budget structures, 289
challenges for, 289
function, 288
scope of research in, 288-289
technology transfer role, 289-290
Antitrust law, 76, 209, 235-236
Application process, 15
academic grants, U.S., 94
European Union programs, 265
in industry consortia, 27
Applied research
college and university, U.S., 69, 92, 95
federal laboratories, U.S., 124
in Fraunhofer Society, 325
in German R&D system, 248
government funding, U.S., 65, 72-73
industry funding, U.S., 67
industry trends, U.S., 82-83
nonprofit organizations, U.S., 70
in university-industry research centers,
113
Argonne National Laboratory, 128
Asynchronous Transmission Mode, 54
Autonomy, 5
OCR for page 410
410 TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER SYSTEMSIN THE UNITED STATES AND GERMANY
B
Basic research
allocation of R&D monies, 9
college and university, U.S., 69, 92, 95
federal laboratories, U.S., 124
in Fraunhofer Society, 325
in German R&D system, 248, 249-250
government funding, U.S., 65, 72-73
in Helmholtz Centers, 316
industry trends, U.S., 67, 82-83
in Max Planck institutes, 23, 309
nonprofit organizations, U.S., 70
software development, 224
university-industry research centers,
U.S., 113
Bayh-Dole Act, 19, 21, 32, 74, 99, 103,
133
outcomes, 144-145, 191
provisions, 134, 191
Biotechnology, 6
case example of German start-up, 353
354
financial backing, U.S., 181-182
foreign investment in new U.S. firms,
183, 189
future prospects, 193
industrial research association projects,
Germany, 338
intellectual property rights issues, 190
191
international comparison of R&D
activities, 297-298
r . . .
. .~cens~ng revenues for un~vers~hes,
U.S., 187-188
National Institutes of Health-funded
research, 189
new companies based on, U.S., 180-
181
nonmedical uses, 179-180
pharmaceutical industry investments,
182-183
public funding of R&D, U.S., 184-186,
189
R&D activities, Germany, 252, 290
292, 343-345
regulatory issues, U.S., 191-192
technological scope, 177-178
technology transfer intermediaries, 190
therapeutic applications, 178-179
trade secrecy laws, U.S., 191
university-industry technology transfer,
U.S., 120, 122, 184-187
university research, U.S., 183
Blue List institutes, 10, 21, 23, 33, 243,
319-320, 344
BMBF. See Ministry for Education,
Science, Research, and Technology
British Technology Group, USA, 165
Brokers, technology, 164-166, 205
Brookhaven National Laboratory, 128
Budgets, R&D
administrative structures in universities,
Germany, 283-284
An-Institutes, 289
awards process, 15
biotechnology, 180, 184-186, 189
Blue List institutes, 319
colleges and universities, 12-16, 67-69,
91-96, 93-96, 274-282
computer science, 224-225, 228-229
contract research institutes, 25, 26
Department of Agriculture, 132
Department of Defense, 127
Department of Energy, 127
as determinant of technology transfer, 3
distribution of licensing revenues in
universities, 187-188
Environmental Protection Agency, 131
EUREKA initiative, 269-270
European Union, 244, 263-267
federal laboratories, 20-21, 125-126,
127
flat panel display technology, 219
focal area distribution, 290-292
foreign investments, 84
Fraunhofer Society, 242, 322-324
funding sources, 4
German total, 246
government, 6-9, 63-67, 73-77, 89-90
health-related, 184
Helmholtz Centers, 313-314, 316-317
for industry consortia, 28, 157-158,
335, 336-338
OCR for page 411
INDEX
industry-sponsored research in
universities, 84, 110-111
international comparison, 4, 5, 6-9, 62-
63, 246, 297
manufacturing and production
technologies, 195-196, 199, 200
Max Planck institutes, 307-309
National Institutes of Health, 130
orphan drug research, 192-193
portfolio distribution, 6
private nonacademic organizations,
151-152, 153, 155
recommendations for enhancing
technology transfer in Germany, 43
semiconductor industry, 214-215
service industries, 81-82
socioeconomic objectives, 9
software development, 224-225
state and local governments, U.S., 67
university-industry research centers, 18,
19, 111, 112-114
U.S. defense, 70-72
U.S. industry, 67
U.S. nonacademic nonprofits, 70
U.S. nondefense, 72-73
U.S. private sector, 79-80, 82-84
U.S. states, 9, 77-79
Business Roundtable, 46
C
Capital markets
as determinant of technology transfer,
3, 36
in Germany, 260-261, 262-263
recommendations for enhancing
technology transfer in Germany, 42
See also Venture capital firms
Carnegie-Mellon University, 112-113
Center for the Utilization of Federal
Technology, 135
Chambers of Crafts, 256
Chambers of Industry and Commerce, 256
Chemistry, 250
Civil engineering, 282
Civil Engineering Research Foundation,
170-171
411
Collegial interchange, 142-143
technology transfer conference
organizers, 167
technology transfer in biotechnology,
190
Communications technology. See
Information and communication
technology
Community of Science, 163
Competitive Technologies, Inc., 165
Computer aided design, 106-107
Computer science
basic research, U.S., 224, 225
defense-related R&D, U.S., 229-231,
232-233
professional associations, U.S., 231
public R&D monies, U.S., 8, 224-225
R&D spending trends, U.S., 82
technology transfer case example,
Germany, 349-351
technology transfer mechanisms, 231
See also Microelectronics industry;
Software development
Consulting
federal laboratories, U.S., 142
manufacturing and production
technology transfer, 210
state-sponsored, 205
technology transfer, 16-17, 101-102,
166
by university professors, Germany, 286
Contract research institutes. See Private
nonacademic R&D organizations
Cooperative Research and Development
Agreements (CRADAs), 76, 135,
142, 143-144
advantages, 21, 139
distribution by technology, 138-139
federal laboratory implementation, 139
future prospects, 147, 148
manufacturing and production
technology R&D, 201
microelectronics industry, 219
National Institutes of Health
biomedical, 189
operations, 21-22
origins, 137-138
OCR for page 412
412 TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER SYSTEMSIN THE UNITED STATES AND GERMANY
preference and reciprocity agreements,
143-144
trends, 84
utilization trends, 138
Cost of ownership concept, 220-221
Council of Consortia CEOs, 160
Council on Competitiveness, 46
CRADAs. See Cooperative Research and
Development Agreements
Cree Research, Inc., 104-105
D
Defense spending, 6-8, 63, 70-72
aerospace R&D, U.S., 82
computer science R&D, U.S., 229-231,
232-233
dual use technologies, 71
federal laboratory R&D, U.S., 125-126,
127
in German universities, 278
in growth of semiconductor industry,
U.S., 216-217
manufacturing and production
technology R&D, U.S., 196, 197-198
See also Department of Defense
Department of Agriculture, 15, 20
industrial problem-solving initiatives,
76
research activities, 132-133
technology transfer activities, 133
Department of Commerce, 77
Department of Defense, 15, 20, 97, 217
aerospace R&D, 82
computer science R&D, 229
future of federal laboratories, 147-148
industrial development initiatives, 76,
77
information analysis centers, 54-55
laboratories, 127
manufacturing and production
technology R&D, 196, 197-198
microelectronics industry and, 217, 219
R&D spending, 70-72
Department of Energy, 15, 20, 21, 72
civilian laboratories, 128
CRADAs, 138, 139, 142, 148
federal laboratories, 126, 127-128
148-149
manufacturing and production
technology R&D, 196, 198, 201
patent licensing, 137
Department of Health and Human
Services, 20, 72
manufacturing and production
technology R&D, 196
patent licensing, 137
Department of Labor, 77
Department of Transportation, 76
Departmental research institutes, 21, 23,
320
DFG. See German Research Association
Diversity, 5-6, 92
Dryden Flight Research Center, 129-130
E
Economic development, U.S., 77-79
Electric Power Research Institute, 237-
240
Electronics industry
export trends, U.S., 88
technology transfer, 123
See also Microelectronics industry
Engineering schools, 11
Entrepreneurial behavior, 29-30
as obstacle to technology transfer in
Germany, 347-348
recommendations for enhancing
technology transfer in Germany, 43-
44
in software development, 234, 235
Environmental Protection Agency, 77
R&D budget, 131
research laboratories, 131-132
Environmental sciences
government spending, U.S., 72
international R&D collaboration, 51
Equity stock companies, 260
EUREKA initiative, 244, 268-270, 343
Joint European Submicron Silicon
Initiative, 244, 270-272, 343
European Commission, 14, 34
European Patent Organization, 34
OCR for page 413
INDEX
European Union, 5, 38
EUREKA initiative, 268-270, 343
recommendations for U.S.
collaborations, 48-50
research funding, 244
research programs, 263-267, 269, 343
Exchange programs, federal laboratory,
141-142
Extension programs
agriculture model, 204
manufacturing and production
technology transfer, 204-213
F
Federal laboratories, Germany. See Blue
List institutes; Helmholtz Centers;
Max Planck institutes
Federal laboratories, U.S.
civilian, 128-133
collegial interchange activities, 142-
143
conflict of interest issues, 144
consulting activities, 142
contractor-operated, 125, 126, 128, 129,
142
Cooperative Research and Development
Agreements, 137-139
defense-related, 126-128
exchange programs, 141-142
funding, 20-21
in future of technology transfer, 147-
149
future prospects, 24-25, 149-151
GOGOs, 125, 127, 129, 135
information dissemination activities,
140-141
legislative mandates for technology
transfer, 133-135, 149-150
limitations to technology transfer, 143-
144, 150-151
management, 125
manufacturing and production
technology transfer, 201-203
national security issues, 143
patent licensing, 125, 136-137
private sector input to, 48
413
R&D expenditures, 125-126, 127
R&D spending, 65, 67
reimbursable work in, 142
start-up/spin-off companies, 139
structure and operations, 20, 124-125
technical assistance activities, 141
technology business incubators and,
168-169
technology transfer activities, 20, 21-22
technology transfer challenges, 37
technology transfer effectiveness, 144
147
technology transfer mechanisms, 135
143
work with smaller enterprises, 143
Federal Research in Progress, 140
Federal Technology Transfer Act of 1986,
74-76, 135, 136, 143, 144
Federally Funded Research and
Development Centers, 65, 67-69
Department of Defense, 127
structure and function, 125
Federation of Industrial Research
Associations, 27, 242, 243
budget and finance, 335, 336-338
function, 333
in German R&D system, 248, 249
origins, 332-333
research orientation, 338-339
structure and operations, 333-335
technology transfer activities, 339-341
variation by industrial sector, 337-338
FhG. See Fraunhofer institutes
Finance. See Budgets, R&D
Flat panel display technology, 214
future prospects, 223
international alliances, 223
R&D, 215-216, 219
sources of innovation, 222-223
Food and beverage industry, 338-339
Food and Drug Administration, 192, 193
France, 62
Fraunhofer institutes, 10, 25-26, 39-40,
242, 343
advantages, 330-332
budget and finance, 242, 322-324
future prospects, 243, 332
OCR for page 414
414 TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER SYSTEMSIN THE UNITED STATES AND GERMANY
industry relations, 325-326, 328, 329-
330
innovation centers, 330
patent licensing activities, 330
public research projects, 328
research orientation, 324-326, 346
structure and function, 242-243, 248,
249, 320-322
technology transfer activities, 326-330
university relations, 328-329
G
Garching Innovation GmbH, 311-312
Genentech, 186-187
Geological Survey, U.S., 133
German-American Academic Council
Foundation, 42, 49, 52
German R&D system
academic funding, 12-16, 43
academic structure and function, 10-16
challenges to, 40-41
contract research institutes, 25-26, 39
40, 44
departmental research institutes, 21, 23,
320
European Union programs, 265-267,
279, 343
external institutions, 287-290
federal technology transfer initiatives,
257-258
focal areas, 244, 250-252, 290-292
government laboratories, 20-21, 23-25
historical development of technology
transfer, 272-274
human capital characteristics, 39, 42
44, 283, 286-287
industrial research associations, 27-28,
39, 243-244, 332-341
intellectual property regime, 33, 44,
300-302
ministry activities, 248
new technology-based firms in, 258
260, 261-263
obstacles to technology transfer, 41, 42
opportunities for collaboration with
U.S., 35
principal entities, 242. See also specific
entity
professional/technical associations, 257
recommendations for enhancing
technology transfer, 41-44
recommendations for fostering
international collaboration, 42, 48-52
small/medium-sized companies in, 30-
31, 39, 244-245, 252-256
spending, 4, 5, 62
start-up companies in, 29-30, 39, 42
state-funded initiatives, 257
structural characteristics, 3, 4, 5-9, 38,
39-40, 242, 246-250
technology transfer, determinants of
success, 358-360
technology transfer case examples,
349-358
technology transfer effectiveness, 346-
348
technology transfer intermediaries, 248
technology transfer mechanisms, 242-
245
university funding, 274-282
university-industry technology transfer,
242-243, 245, 296-300
venture capital market, 260-263
vs. U.S. R&D system, 9-10, 37-40
German Research Association, 14, 248,
276-277
Goddard Space Flight Center, 130
Government-Industry Research
Roundtable, 46-47
Government role
development of technology road maps,
45
in fostering industry-university
collaboration, U.S., 99
in German R&D system, 246, 248
in growth of microelectronics industry,
U.S., 216-217, 219
international comparison, 40
manufacturing and production
technology transfer, U.S., 204-209
private sector input to R&D activities,
U.S., 48
R&D employment, U.S., 67
OCR for page 415
INDEX
recommendations for enhancing U.S.
R&D system, 45
support for long-term R&D projects,
51-52
support for R&D consortia, U.S., 156
157
See also Public monies; specific
government organization
GTS-GRAL, 349-351
H
Hatch Act, 133
Health-related R&D, 70
applications of biotechnology, 178-179
independent R&D organizations, U.S.,
152-153
international collaboration, 51
public spending, U.S., 8, 72, 184
technology for diagnosis decision-
making, 54
university patent licensing, U.S., 104-
105
Helmholtz Centers, 33, 37, 242, 341
challenges, 10, 22
differences among, 316
function, 10, 243, 312, 313
funding, 20-21, 22, 243, 312, 313-314,
316-317
future prospects, 317-319
industry interaction, 315-316, 317-319
origins and development, 312-313
origins of, 273
patent licensing activities, 22-23, 316-
317
political environment, 313
research orientation, 313, 314-315,
316, 343, 344
technology transfer activities, 312, 315-
317
university collaborations, 317
High Performance Computing and
Communications program, 229
Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 70
Human capital
academic R&D employment, U.S., 70,
92
415
Fraunhofer Society-university
interaction, 329
government R&D employment, U.S., 67
industry R&D employment, U.S., 67
international comparison of R&D
systems, 38-39
microelectronics research, Germany, 342
recommendations for enhancing
technology transfer, Germany, 42-43
research universities, Germany, 283
in semiconductor industry, U.S., 216
in software development technology
transfer, 225
sources of, 11
technology transfer via, 3, 36, 225
in university-industry research centers,
U.S., 111
university-industry technology transfer,
99-102, 286-287
U.S. industry R&D employment, 79
I
Idaho National Engineering Laboratory,
128
Incubators. See Technology business
incubators
Industrial development
government spending, 8, 72, 73-77
historical university-industry relations,
U.S., 96-99
Industrial liaison programs, 118-119
Information analysis centers, 54-55
Information and communication
technology
export trends, U.S., 88
Fraunhofer Society research, 326
German R&D activity, 250, 252, 341-
342
for globally active businesses, 53-54
information analysis centers, 54-55
for international R&D collaboration,
50, 54-55
public R&D monies, 8
R&D spending trends, U.S., 82
technology transfer intermediaries,
163-164
OCR for page 416
416 TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER SYSTEMSIN THE UNITED STATES AND GERMANY
Institutions/organizations, R&D
diversity, 5-6
in Germany, 246-250
nonprofits, U.S., 70
private nonacademic, 151-162
similarities of U.S. and German, 9-10,
37
sources of technology for industry, 90-
91
spending, 4
structural comparison, U.S. and
Germany, 4, 5-9, 38, 39-40
types of, involved in technology
transfer, 2, 62
See also specific institutional/
organizational type
Instrument manufacturing industry, 82
Integrated Service Digital Network,
53-54
Intellectual property regime
biotechnology issues, 190-191
under CRADAs, 21-22
as determinant of technology transfer,
3, 32-34
in Germany, 300-302
in government laboratories, 21-23
international differences, 33-34
issues for software development, 236
recommendations for enhancing
technology transfer in Germany, 44
role of published research, 99-100
university practices, 19-20
U.S. law, 74-76
See also Patent licensing
International collaboration, 34-35
industrial trends, 84
information infrastructure, 50, 54-55
obstacles to, 48-49
project suggestions, 51, 55-60
recommendations for, 42, 48-52
International Society of Productivity
Enhancement, 167
Internationalization trends
foreign investment in U.S.
biotechnology firms, 183, 189, 193
information technology for globally
active businesses, 53-54
microelectronics technology transfer,
223
private sector R&D, 84
Internet, 173, 228, 230
J
Japan, 5, 62, 195, 201, 214, 224
JESSI. See Joint European Submicron
Silicon Initiative
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, 129, 130
Johnson Space Center, 130
Joint European Submicron Silicon
Initiative, 244, 270-272
Joint research ventures, 83, 157, 158
K
Kennedy Space Center, 130
Knowledge Express Data Systems, 163
L
Labor markets, 3
as determinant of technology transfer,
36
Langley Research Center, 129-130
Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, 128
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory,
127
Lewis Research Center, 129-130
Life cycle analysis, 3
for equipment acquisition, 220-221
Life sciences, 14, 73
Los Alamos National Laboratory, 127
M
Machine tool industry, 201, 345-346
Magnetic storage technology, 112-113
Manufacturing and production
technologies, 195
acquisition patterns in smaller firms,
201
effectiveness of technology transfer
programs, U.S., 212-213
federal R&D, U.S., 196-199
OCR for page 417
INDEX
federal technology transfer programs,
U.S., 206-209, 211
Fraunhofer Society research, 324-325
industrial research association projects,
germany, 338
industry networks, U.S., 205
industry profile, U.S., 194
industry R&D, U.S., 195-196
international comparison of R&D, 195,
297-298
obstacles to modernization, U.S., 211-
212
R&D activities, Germany, 290-292,
345-346
state-sponsored extension programs,
U.S., 204-206, 212-213
supplier development programs, U.S.,
210-211
technological scope, 193-194
technology transfer case examples,
Germany, 351-353
technology transfer from federal
laboratories, U.S., 201-203
technology transfer from universities,
U.S., 203-204
technology transfer within private
sector, U.S., 209-211
university-industry research centers,
U.S., 199, 200
Manufacturing Extension Partnership, 76-
77, 90, 203
effectiveness, 212-213
origins and development, 207
structure and operations, 207-208
Market factors
competition in research, 44
cost of ownership concept, 220-221
in Fraunhofer Society research, 328
international comparison, 5, 38
modernization of manufacturing/
production sector, 211
new technology-based firms, Germany,
245, 259-260, 262-263
in operations of start-up companies, 85-
87
pressures on international businesses,
53
417
software development, 233
in technology transfer, 3, 29-30, 36
time to market, 359
venture capital firms in technology
transfer, 172-173
Marshall Space Flight Center, 130
Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
120
Max Planck institutes, 242, 341
budget and finance, 307-309
distinguishing features, 10
funding, 21
D-
industry grants to, 309
patent licensing, 311-312
research areas, 304, 343, 344
structure and function, 243, 248, 249,
302-304, 305-307
technology transfer activities, 309-312
Mechanical engineering in Germany, 244
Fraunhofer Society research, 324-325
patent licenses, 250
university research funding, 279, 281
MediGene, 353-354
Microelectronics and Computer
Technology Corporation, 217, 218-
219
Microelectronics industry
consortia, U.S., 217-219
economic significance for U.S., 213-
214
Fraunhofer Society research, 325, 326,
329, 343
future prospects, 224
overnment-industry relationships,
U.S., 219
international technology transfer, 223
market characteristics, 214
public R&D monies, 8
R&D activities, 214-216
technological scope, 214
university-industry relationships, U.S.,
222
Ministry for Education, Science,
Research, and Technology, 14, 317-
318
structure and operations, 248
university research funding, 277
OCR for page 418
418 TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER SYSTEMSIN THE UNITED STATES AND GERMANY
Ministry of Defense, 248, 278
Monsanto Corp., 188
Morrill Act, 133
MPG. See Max Planck institutes
N
National Advisory Committee on
Aeronautics, 133-134
National Aeronautics and Space
Administration, 15, 20, 72, 77, 217
future of technology transfer, 149
laboratories, 129-130
legislative history, 133-134
manufacturing and production
technology R&D, 196, 201
technology business incubators, 169
technology transfer activities, 134, 140
141
National Association of Manufacturers, 46
National Competitiveness Technology
Transfer Act, 135, 143-144
National Cooperative Research Act, 76,
83, 209
National Electronics Manufacturing
Initiative, 196-197
National Institute of Standards and
Technology, 20, 74
industrial development programs, 76
77, 90
laboratories, 129
manufacturing and production
technology R&D, 196, 198-199
mission, 128-129
National Institutes of Health, 15, 20, 21,
72, 147
biotechnology research funding, 189
biotechnology research guidelines, 191
192
research laboratories, 130-131
structure and function, 130
National Renewable Energy Laboratory,
128
National Science and Technology
Council, 196
National Science Foundation, 15, 47, 72,
76, 184
computer science research funding, 228
manufacturing and production
technology R&D, 196, 199
university-industry research center, 18,
99, 115, 199
National security issues, 143
National Technology Transfer Center,
140, 201-203
NERAC, 163
New England Research Applications
Center, 163
Nuclear weapons research, 127
o
Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 128, 198
Organization for Economic Cooperation
and Development, 49
Organization for Rationalization of
German Industry, 257
Orphan Drug Act, 192-193
p
Pacific Northwest Laboratory, 128
Patent and Trademark Amendments. See
Bayh-Dole Act
Patent licensing
in Europe, 34
federal laboratories, U.S., 125
federal laboratory research, U.S., 136
137
Fraunhofer Society activities, 330
in German universities, 300-302, 354
358
grace period, 33
Helmholtz Center activities, 22-23,
316-317
by industry, 88, 250
international comparison, 19-20, 33,
301-302
in Max Planck institutes, 311-312
technology brokers, 164-166
university-industry technology transfer,
U.S., 102-108, 112-113, 190-191
in U.S. universities, 92, 187-188
See also Intellectual property regime
OCR for page 419
INDEX
Performance assessment, technology
transfer in federal laboratories, 144-
147
Pharmaceutical industry, 82
biotechnology applications, 178-179
biotechnology investments, 182-183,
193
new drug approval process, U.S., 192
orphan drug research, U.S., 192-193
R&D activity, Germany, 344-345
university-industry technology transfer,
U.S., 122-123
Physics, 279-280, 281
Policymaking
biotechnology issues, 190-193
effects on technology transfer, 3
obstacles to international collaboration.
48-49
recommendations, 41-52
software development issues, 235-236
university-industry technology transfer
issues, 123-124
Political environment
future of U.S. federal laboratories, 147
in Helmholtz Centers, 313
Private nonacademic R&D organizations
affiliated institutes, U.S., 26-27, 155
156
contributions, 152
engineering/design/architectural firms,
171-172
in German R&D system, 39-40, 250,
326. See also Fraunhofer institutes
independent institutes, U.S., 152-155
manufacturing and production
technologies, U.S., 200-201
principal firms, U.S., 152, 154, 155
156
professional organizations, U.S., 170
171
recommendations for enhancing
technology transfer in Germany, 43,
44
research parks, 169-170
spending, U.S., 151-152, 153, 155
technology business incubators, U.S.,
167-170
419
technology transfer effectiveness, U.S.,
174-176
technology transfer intermediaries,
U.S., 162-174
technology transfer mechanisms, U.S.,
153-154
types of, U.S., 151, 152
See also R&D consortia
Private sector R&D
basic-applied research trends, U.S., 82
83
characteristics of software development
firms, 234-235
consortia, 27-29, 39, 119
contract research institutes, 25-27, 39
40
cooperative arrangements, 83-84
cost of ownership calculations, 220-221
employment, U.S., 67, 79
Fraunhofer Society interaction, 325
326, 328, 329-330
German focus, 250-252
German industrial research associations
243-244
government-funded, U.S., 65, 73-77
government laboratory collaborations,
24, 135
grants to Max Planck institutes, 309
Helmholtz Center interaction, 315-316,
317-319
industrial-nonindustrial linkages, U.S.,
89-90
infrastructural innovations, 88-89
input to government, 48
internationalization trends, 84
manufacturing and production
technology, 201, 209-211
microelectronics industry, 213-224
new biotechnology companies, 180-183
nonmanufacturing industries, 81-82
outsourcing trends, 83-84
pathbreaking innovations, 89
recommendations for enhancing U.S.
system, 45-46, 47, 48
sectoral distribution, U.S., 80-82
significance of start-up companies, 84
87
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420 TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER SYSTEMSIN THE UNITED STATES AND GERMANY
sources of external technology for, 90-
91
spending, 4
spending, U.S., 67, 79-80
structure of U.S. technology transfer
system, 62
support for smaller companies, 30-31
technical as sistance programs, 119- 121
technology road maps for, 45-46
university funding, Germany, 278-279
U.S system strengths and weaknesses,
88-90
See also University-industry relations
Professional associations, 170-171
computer science, 231
in Germany, 257, 332-333
manufacturing and production
technologies, 205, 210
recommendations for enhancing U.S.
R&D system, 46
support for smaller companies, 30-31
Public monies
academic research funding, 14-15
allocation of R&D funds, 6-9
biotechnology research funding, U.S.,
184-186, 189
defense-related R&D, U.S., 70-72
government funding of industry R&D,
U.S., 65, 89-90
health-related R&D spending, U.S.,
184
industrial development R&D, U.S., 73
77
for industrial research association
projects, Germany, 335
for long-term R&D projects, 51-52
in manufacturing and production
technology R&D, U.S., 196-199
nondefense-related R&D, U.S., 72-73
public wage system, Germany, 43-44
R&D objectives, U.S., 70
R&D spending, 40, 63-67, 246
restrictions on academic research,
Germany, 282-283
in software development R&D, U.S.,
224-225
state industrial technology programs,
U.S., 77-79
university research funding, Germany,
274-278
R
R&D consortia, 27-29, 39
government encouragement, U.S., 156
157
industrial trends, U.S., 83
industry, Germany, 243-244, 332-341
international collaboration, 51
legal environment, U.S., 156
manufacturing and production
technologies, U.S., 209
microelectronics industry, U.S., 217
219
recommendations for U.S., 45, 46
spending, U.S., 157-158
structure and operations, U.S., 156
technology transfer from, U.S., 159
160, 162
university-industry, U.S., 119
Referral organizations, 162-164
Regulation and legislation
antitrust law, 76, 209, 235-236
barriers to new technology-based firms
in Germany, 259-260, 261, 262-263
biotechnology issues, 182, 191-192,
345
challenges to technology transfer
system, 41
to encourage industrial development,
74-77
to encourage technology transfer, 32
34
German university research, 274, 282
283
obstacles to international collaboration,
48-49
obstacles to professional mobility in
Germany, 42-43
obstacles to technology transfer in
Germany, 358-359
orphan drug research, 192-193
protections for R&D consortia, 156
OCR for page 421
INDEX
recommendations for enhancing
German R&D, 42
recommendations for enhancing U.S.
R&D, 45
technology transfer from U.S. federal
laboratories, 133-135, 149-150
trade secrecy laws, 191
See also Intellectual property regime;
Patent licensing; Taxation in
Germany
Research areas/topics
academic distribution, 13-14, 92, 95
allocation of public monies, 6-9
in CRADAs, 138-139
distribution of funding, Germany, 279-
280
distribution of government spending,
U.S., 72-73
European Union investments, 244
field-specific features of technology
transfer, 36
focus of Max Planck institutes, 304
at Helmholtz Centers, 313, 314-315
industry trends, U.S., 80-82
international comparison, 6, 250-252,
252, 296-300
patent licensing activity, 250, 252
spending, Germany, 244, 290-292
spending, U.S., 70
university-industry research centers.
U.S., 114
Research Corporation Technologies, 164-
165
Research parks, 169-170
S
SAGE. See Semi-Automatic Ground
Environment air defense system
Sandia National Laboratory, 127, 198,
219
SEMATECH, 76, 152, 157, 158, 209,
217, 218, 220-221, 222
Semi-Automatic Ground Environment air
defense system, 231, 232
Semiconductor Research Corporation,
107, 218, 222
421
Semiconductor technology, 32
German R&D, 252
market characteristics, 214
sources of early innovation, 216-217
technology roadmaps, 45-46, 222
university R&D, 106-107
U.S. R&D, 214-215
Service Industries, 81-82
Single European Act, 263
Small Business Development Centers, 203
Small Business Innovation Research, 77
Small/medium-sized companies
acquisition of new technologies, 201
challenges to technology transfer
system, 41
computer technology for, 54
cooperative research, Germany, 252
258
equity stock companies, 260
federal industrial development
initiatives, U.S., 76-77
federal laboratory interaction, U.S., 143
flat panel display innovation in, 222
223
industrial research associations,
Germany, 332
international collaboration, 51
international comparison of R&D
activities, 39
obstacles to research collaborations,
254-255
production and manufacturing industry,
194, 211, 345-346
technical assistance programs for, U.S.,
119-121
technology transfer needs, 30-32, 90
transfer mechanisms, Germany, 244
245
Smith-Lever Act, 133, 204
Social and cultural factors
.
challenges to technology transfer
system, 41
entrepreneurial risk-taking mentality,
347-348
recommendations for enhancing
German R&D, 42
in technology transfer, 36, 41
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422 TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER SYSTEMS IN THE UNITED STATES AND GERMANY
Social sciences/humanities, 14, 279
Socioeconomic objectives, 9
Software development
computer science R&D and, 233-234
determinants of R&D activities, 227
229
entrepreneurs, 234
future prospects, 236-237
German R&D, 290-292
industrial research association projects,
Germany, 338
intellectual property rights, 236
for internal use, 226-227
international comparison of R&D, 297
298
market characteristics, 225-226
policy issues, 235-236
R&D structure and spending, 224-225
sources of innovation, 225
university-industry technology transfer,
122
See also Computer science;
Microelectronics industry
Software Productivity Consortium, 232
233
Space exploration, 6-8, 72
Start-up companies, 20
biotechnology, 180-183
equity ownership by academic
institutions, 108-110
in Germany, 245, 258-263, 353-354
international comparison, 39
legal environment, 261
recommendations for enhancing
technology transfer in Germany, 42
role in technology transfer, 29-30, 84
87, 258
state programs for, 206-209
technology business incubators, 121
U.S. federal laboratories and, 139
U.S. trends, 84-85
State and local R&D funds, 67
for colleges and universities, U.S., 94,
97
distribution, U.S., 73
industrial technical assistance programs,
U.S., 204-206
il
ndustrial technology programs, U.S.,
77-79
state/university industry research
centers, U.S., 199
for technology transfer, germany, 257
Stennis Space Center, 130
Stevenson-Wydler Technology Innovation
Act, 22, 74, 76, 133
outcomes, 144-145
provisions, 134-135
Superconducting Supercollider, 184
Supplier development programs, 210-211
T
Taxation in Germany
recommendations for enhancing
technology transfer, 42, 43
research grants, 285
venture capital, 259-260, 262
TechLaw Group, 166-167
Technical assistance programs, 119-121
state-sponsored industrial extension,
204-206, 212-213
Technology business incubators, 121
federal laboratories and, 168-169
function, 168
structure and operations, 167-168
Technology life cycle, 3
Technology Reinvestment Project, 196,
197-198, 208
Technology transfer
from An-Institutes, 289-290
in biotechnology industry, 177-193
from Blue List institutes, 320
brokers, 164-166, 205
case examples, germany, 349-358
channels in German universities, 284-
287
from colleges and universities, 99-108,
292-294, 298
conference organizers, 167
consultants, 166
contributions of individuals to, 36
definition, 2-3
determinants of success, at national
level, 3, 35-36
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INDEX
determinants of success, Germany,
358-360
differences between U.S.-German
systems, 37-40
direct form, 3
Fraunhofer Society activities, 326-330
goals, 2
government involvement, 40
Helmholtz Center activities, 312, 315
317
indirect form, 3
industrial research associations,
Germany, 243-244, 339-341
institutional challenges, 37
institutional participants, 2. see also
specific institutional type
interfirm/intrafirm, 2, 90
intermediary organizations, 162-174
law firms, 166-167
manufacturing and production
technologies, 193-213
in mature industries, 30-32
from Max Planck institutes, 309-312
mechanisms, 2-3, 242-245
from private nonacademic
organizations, U.S., 151-162, 174
176
from R&D consortia, U.S., 159-160
role of start-up companies, 29-30
in semiconductor industry, 216-217
setting-specific features, 36, 122-123
similarities between U.S.-German
systems, 37
size of firm as factor in, 359
in small/medium-sized enterprises,
Germany, 244-245, 252-258
system effectiveness, Germany, 346
348
transnational, 34-35
U.S. federal laboratory, future
prospects, 147-149
U.S. federal laboratory, historical
development, 133-135
U.S. federal laboratory effectiveness,
144-147
U.S. federal laboratory limitations,
143-144
423
U.S. federal laboratory mechanisms,
135-143
Technology Transfer Act of 1986, 32-33
Technology Transfer Conferences, 167
Textile technology, 351-352
Trade secrecy laws, 191
U
United Kingdom, 62
United States R&D system
academic employees, 70
academic research funding, 12-16
academic structure and function, 10-16,
91-96
challenges to, 40-41
college-university activities, 67-70
contract research institutes, 26-27, 39-
40
defense-related, 70-72
federally-funded industrial development
initiatives, 73-77, 89-90
government activities, 63-67
government employees, 67
government incentives for technology
transfer, 32-33
government laboratories, 20, 21-22,
24-25, 124-133
government laboratories, future
prospects for, 147-149
government laboratories legislation,
133-135
government laboratory technology
transfer, limitations of, 143-144
government laboratory technology
transfer effectiveness, 144-147
government laboratory technology
transfer mechanisms, 135-143
human capital characteristics, 38-39
industry employees, 67
industry spending, 67
nonacademic nonprofit organizations,
70
nondefense-related, 72-73
objectives, 70
opportunities for German technology
transfer collaboration, 35
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424 TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER SYSTEMS IN THE UNITED STATES AND GERMANY
private sector resources, 79-80
R&D consortia, 27, 28-29, 39, 45, 46
recommendations for enhancing
technology transfer, 44-48
recommendations for fostering
international collaboration, 42, 48-52
responsibility, 38
significance of start-up companies, 29,
39, 84-87
small/medium-sized companies in, 30,
31-32, 39, 45, 90
software development, 227-229, 236-
237
spending, 4, 5, 62-63, 67
state programs, 67, 77-79
strengths and weaknesses of industrial
enterprise, 88-90
strengths of, 45
structure, 62
university-industry historical relations,
96-99
university-industry technology transfer,
99-124, 296-300
vs. German R&D system, 3, 4, 5-10,
37, 38, 39-40
Universities and colleges
administrative structures, Germany,
282-284
basic/applied research, U.S., 67-69
biotechnology research, U.S., 183
computer science enrollments, U.S.,
227
computer science R&D spending, U.S.,
225
computer science research funding,
U.S., 228-229
computer science technology transfer,
U.S., 231
contributions to technology transfer, 11
dissemination of good R&D practices,
46-47
distribution of licensing revenues, U.S.,
187-188
distribution of research expenditures by
research area, 13-14
diversity, U.S., 92
external institutions, Germany, 287-290
focal research areas, Germany, 14, 279
280
Fraunhofer Society relations, 328-329
funding of research in, 9, 12-16, 65, 69,
274-282
funding sources, U.S., 93-95
funding trends, U.S., 95-96, 98
historical development of technology
transfer, Germany, 272-274
innovation incentives for staff, 103, 187
international differences in structure, 12
international R&D collaboration, 50
marketing activities, 19
patent activity, Germany, 300-302
patent licensing, 19-20, 44, 102-106
patent royalties, U.S., 105-108
polytechnical schools, Germany, 273,
286
public vs. private, U.S., 69
R&D challenges for, 37
R&D employment, U.S., 70, 92
R&D spending, 4, 67
recommendations for enhancing
technology transfer, 43, 44, 46-47
structure and resources, U.S., 91-92
technology licensing, case examples of,
Germany, 354-358
technology transfer organizations in,
103
See also University-industry relations
University-industry relations, 47-48, 84
barriers to, in Germany, 294-295
biotechnology research, 186-188
concerns about, 123-124
contract research, 284, 286
contract vs. grant research, 110-111
funding of academic research, 13, 15-
16
German R&D structure, 242
German technology transfer
mechanisms, 242-243, 245
historical development, 96-99, 274
industrial liaison programs, 118-119
industry researchers as faculty, 17
industry-sponsored research, 110-111
intellectual property rights, 190-191
international comparison, 296-300
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INDEX
manufacturing and production industry,
199, 200, 203-204, 205
microelectronics industry, 222
perception of German university
institutes, 292-296, 298-299
publication interference, 298-299
research consortia, 119
start-up companies, 20, 108-110
technical as sistance programs, 119- 121
technology business incubators, 121
technology transfer arrangements, 16-
20
technology transfer effectiveness, 121-
124
technology transfer mechanisms, 99-
101, 101-108, 284-287
transfer of personnel in Germany, 286-
287
University-industry research centers, 18,
19,43,76,99
concerns with, 116-118
definition, 111
effectiveness, 115-116
425
funding, 111, 112-114
goals and missions, 114-115
international collaboration, 50
manufacturing and production
technology R&D, 199, 200, 203-204,
206
U.S. structure and operations, 111-113
vs. German university-industry
technology transfer, 296-300
V
Venture capital firms, 172-173
biotechnology investments, 181-182
in Germany, 260-263
software development investments, 235
W
World Intellectual Property Organization,
49
World Trade Organization, 49
World War II, 97
Representative terms from entire chapter:
fraunhofer society
