Below are the first 10 and last 10 pages of uncorrected machine-read text (when available) of this chapter, followed by the top 30 algorithmically extracted key phrases from the chapter as a whole.
Intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text on the opening pages of each chapter.
Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.
Do not use for reproduction, copying, pasting, or reading; exclusively for search engines.
OCR for page 311
-->
Appendix B Characteristics of Major STDs in the United States
OCR for page 312
-->
STD (etiologic agent)
Estimated Annual Incidence, 1994a
Estimated Prevalence, 1994b
Estimated Annual Total Costs (millions of 1994$)c
Routes of Transmissiond
Frequency of Asymptomatic Infectionse
Major Long-Term Health Consequences.f
Increases Risk for Acquisition or Transmission of HIV Infection?g
Effective Curative Treatment Available/ Vaccine Available?h
Adults
Pregnant Women and Infants
Chlamydial infection (Chlamydial trachomatis)
4,000,000
NA
2,013
Vaginal, anal, and oral sex. Mother-to-infant transmission.
Women: very common. Men: common.
Women: pelvic inflammatory disease, infertility, ectopic pregnancy, chronic pelvic pain. Men: epididymitis, urethral stricture. Women and men: Reiter's syndrome (arthritis), complications of septicemia.
Infants: neonatal eye disease, pneumonia. Pregnant women: prematurity and other complications.
Yes
Yes/No
Gonorrhea (Neisseria gonorrhoeae)
800,000
NA
1,051
Vaginal, anal, and oral sex. Mother-to-infant transmission.
Women: common. Men: uncommon.
Women: pelvic inflammatory disease, infertility, ectopic pregnancy, chronic pelvic pain. Men: epididymitis, urethral stricture. Women and men: complications of septicemia.
Infants: eye infections (conjunctivitis), blindness. Pregnant women: prematurity and other complications.
Yes
Yes (but antibioticresistant strains exist)/No
Syphilis (all stages) (Treponema pallidum)
101,000
NA
106
Vaginal, anal, and oral sex. Mother-to-infant transmission. Very rarely by direct nonsexual contact with infectious lesions. Rarely through blood transfusion if donor is in early stages of disease.
Women: common. Men: common or less common.
Women and men: cardiovascular problems, neurological disorders, damage to other organ systems, often years after the initial infection.
Infants: congenital syphilis. Pregnant women: stillborn fetus, premature delivery.
Yes
Yes/No
Human papillomavirus infection (human papillomavirus)
500,000-1,000,000
24,000,000
3,827
Vaginal, anal, and probably oral sex. Occasional mother-to-infant transmission.
Women and men: very common.
Women: genital cancer (vulvar, cervical, vaginal). Men: penile cancer. Women and men: anal cancer.
Infants: wart-like tumors of larynx.
No evidence
Yes/No
Genital herpes (herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2)
200,000-500,000
31,000,000
237
Vaginal, anal, and oral sex. Direct nonsexual contact with infectious lesions. Mother-to-infant transmission.
Women and men: common.
Women and men: recurrent lesions.
Infants: fetal malformations, severe mental retardation, brain damage. Pregnant women: spontaneous abortion, premature delivery.
Possible
No/No
OCR for page 313
Complete Table on previous page.
OCR for page 314
-->
STD (etiologic agent)
Estimated Annual Incidence, 1994a
Estimated Prevalence, 1994b
Estimated Annual Total Costs (millions of 1994$)c
Routes of Transmissiond
Frequency of Asymptomatic Infectionse
Major Long-Term Health Consequences.f
Increases Risk for Acquisition or Transmission of HIV Infection?g
Effective Curative Treatment Available/Vaccine Available?h
Adults
Pregnant Women and Infants
Hepatitis B virus infection (hepatitis B virus)
53,000 (sexually transmitted cases)
NA
156 (sexually transmitted cases)
Vaginal, anal, and oral sex. Parenterally, through exposure to infectious blood, especially intravenous drug use. Mother-to-infant transmission. Close direct contact with infectious body fluids, especially in health care settings, including blood, saliva, semen, and vaginal fluids.
Women and men common.
Women and men: chronic liver disease, cirrhosis, liver cancer, death.
Infants: same as adults, chronic infection more likely.
No evidence
No/Yes
Chancroid (Haemophilus ducreyi)
3,500
NA
1
Vaginal and anal sex.
Women: common. Men: uncommon.
Long-term consequences uncommon.
Unknown.
Yes
Yes/No
Trichomoniasis (Trichomonas vaginalis)
3,000,000
NA
NA
Vaginal sex.
Women: common. Men: very common.
Women: chronic vaginal discharge.
Infants: possible low birth weight. Pregnant women: possible preterm delivery.
Possible
Yes/No
HIV-1 infection (human immunodeficiency virus)
NA
630,000-897,000 (estimate for January 1993)
6,683 (sexually transmitted cases)
Vaginal, anal, and oral sex. Parenterally, through exposure to infectious blood, especially through intravenous drug use. Mother-to-infant transmission.
Women and men: common.
Women and men: AIDS.
Infants: pediatric AIDS.
No/No
NOTE: NA = not available.
a CDC, DSTD/HIVP (Division of STD/HIV Prevention). Annual report, 1994. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service. Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1995. CDC, DSTDP (Division of STD Prevention). Sexually transmitted disease surveillance, 1994. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service. Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1995.
b CDC, DSTD/HIVP, 1995 (see above). Rosenberg PS. Scope of the AIDS epidemic in the United States. Science 1995;270:1372-5.
c IOM Committee on Prevention and Control of STDs, Chapter 2 of this volume.
d Benenson AS, ed. Control of communicable disease manual. 16th ed. Washington, D.C.: American Public Health Association, 1995. Wasserheit JN, Aral SO, Holmes KK, Hitchcock PJ, eds. Research issues in human behavior and sexually transmitted diseases in the AIDS era. Washington, D.C.: American Society for Microbiology, 1991. Donovan P. Testing positive: sexually transmitted disease and the public health response. New York: Alan Guttmacher Institute, 1993.
e Categories are (a) very common: > 75 percent of infections; (b) common: > 25 to 75 percent of infections; (c) less common: 5 to 25 percent of infections; and (d) uncommon: < 5 percent of infections are asymptomatic. SOURCE: Wasserheit et al., 1991 (see above).
f Wasserheit et al., 1991 (see above). Donovan, 1993 (see above).
g Wasserheit et al., 1991 (see above).
h CDC. 1993 Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines. MMWR 1993;42(No. RR-14).
OCR for page 315
Complete Table on previous page.
Representative terms from entire chapter:
premature delivery
