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    • STD (etiologic agent)

    Estimated Annual Incidence, 1994a

    Estimated Prevalence, 1994b

    Estimated Annual Total Costs (millions of 1994$)c

    Routes of Transmissiond

    Frequency of Asymptomatic Infectionse

    Major Long-Term Health Consequences.f

    Increases Risk for Acquisition or Transmission of HIV Infection?g

    Effective Curative Treatment Available/ Vaccine Available?h

     

     

     

     

     

     

    Adults

    Pregnant Women and Infants

     

     

    Chlamydial infection (Chlamydial trachomatis)

    4,000,000

    NA

    2,013

    Vaginal, anal, and oral sex. Mother-to-infant transmission.

    Women: very common. Men: common.

    Women: pelvic inflammatory disease, infertility, ectopic pregnancy, chronic pelvic pain. Men: epididymitis, urethral stricture. Women and men: Reiter's syndrome (arthritis), complications of septicemia.

    Infants: neonatal eye disease, pneumonia. Pregnant women: prematurity and other complications.

    Yes

    Yes/No

    Gonorrhea (Neisseria gonorrhoeae)

    800,000

    NA

    1,051

    Vaginal, anal, and oral sex. Mother-to-infant transmission.

    Women: common. Men: uncommon.

    Women: pelvic inflammatory disease, infertility, ectopic pregnancy, chronic pelvic pain. Men: epididymitis, urethral stricture. Women and men: complications of septicemia.

    Infants: eye infections (conjunctivitis), blindness. Pregnant women: prematurity and other complications.

    Yes

    Yes (but antibioticresistant strains exist)/No

    Syphilis (all stages) (Treponema pallidum)

    101,000

    NA

    106

    Vaginal, anal, and oral sex. Mother-to-infant transmission. Very rarely by direct nonsexual contact with infectious lesions. Rarely through blood transfusion if donor is in early stages of disease.

    Women: common. Men: common or less common.

    Women and men: cardiovascular problems, neurological disorders, damage to other organ systems, often years after the initial infection.

    Infants: congenital syphilis. Pregnant women: stillborn fetus, premature delivery.

    Yes

    Yes/No

    Human papillomavirus infection (human papillomavirus)

    500,000-1,000,000

    24,000,000

    3,827

    Vaginal, anal, and probably oral sex. Occasional mother-to-infant transmission.

    Women and men: very common.

    Women: genital cancer (vulvar, cervical, vaginal). Men: penile cancer. Women and men: anal cancer.

    Infants: wart-like tumors of larynx.

    No evidence

    Yes/No

    Genital herpes (herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2)

    200,000-500,000

    31,000,000

    237

    Vaginal, anal, and oral sex. Direct nonsexual contact with infectious lesions. Mother-to-infant transmission.

    Women and men: common.

    Women and men: recurrent lesions.

    Infants: fetal malformations, severe mental retardation, brain damage. Pregnant women: spontaneous abortion, premature delivery.

    Possible

    No/No


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