Index
A
Abyssal plain, 136-137
Accountability, 8, 25, 63, 169
Acoustic profiling, 9, 73-74, 77, 107, 170
Arbitration, 54
Atmospheric fallout, 15
B
Bayou Bonfouca, 106, 108, 109, 111, 116
Benchmark values, 22
Beneficial uses of sediments, 7-8, 50, 56-59, 61, 118, 171-172
Bioremediation costs, 104
current understanding, 102-103
ex situ, 12, 127-130, 132, 166-167
recommendations, 164-165, 166-167
Biosensors, 74-75
Bioslurry reactors, 127
Bioturbation, 66
Black Rock Harbor, 56
Boston Harbor, 54, 69, 134, 227-229
C
Cadmium, 25
Capping, in-place
conditions for, 10-11
contained aquatic disposal and, 134
costs, 95
current understanding, 94
current utilization, 94
definition, 94
effectiveness, 145
goals, 94
indications for, 94-95
as interim control, 90
limitations of, 95
materials for, 94
opportunities for technical improvement, 97
recommendations, 164
regulations, 11, 95, 97, 164, 190
strategies for augmenting, 95-97
decision analysis test case. 263, 268, 272-283
sites selected for, 225.
See also specific site
Chemical contaminants, 1
characteristics of sediments, 23, 24
chemicals of concern, 23
as long-term threat, 23
management challenges, 24
mixture, 23-24
Chemical destruction, 125-127
Chemical sensors, 9, 74-75, 77, 170
Chemical separation, 12, 121-123
Chemical treatment, in situ, 11, 97-100, 164
Chesapeake Bay, 196
Clean Water Act (CWA), 5, 8, 18, 25, 182
evaluation methodology, 5-6
interrelationship with other laws, 214-220
local/state regulations and, 209-211
practicability concept, 47 n.3
sediment placement requirements, 48, 49 n.5, 187
sediment-relevant provisions, 192-196
source control provisions, 63-64
Coastal Zone Management Act (CZMA), 5, 57, 182, 211-212
Collaborative problem-solving, 54
Composting, 129
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Cleanup, and Liability Act. See Superfund
Confined disposal facilities (CDFs)
advantages of, 11
bioremediation in, 127-129
chemical contaminants in, 24
contaminant migration pathways, 132
costs, 132
design features, 130
disadvantages of, 11
goals, 130
for rapid response, 90
recommendations, 165
recovery/reuse, 134
technological augmentation, 132
treatment strategies in, 132
use of, 9
Conflict resolution, 54-55, 259
Contained aquatic disposal (CAD). 12, 134-137, 141, 166
Control of sediments
comparative analysis of technologies, 12-13, 142-147
Cooperative research and development agreements, 58 n.8
Corps of Engineers, U S Army (USACE), 5
authority and responsibilities, 18-19, 25
beneficial uses of sediments, 57-58, 61
contained aquatic disposal guidelines, 134-136
cost-benefit analysis in, 40-41, 252-253
decision making framework, 30-32
dispute resolution policy, 55
dredged material evaluations, 48
dredged material management plans, 52
dredging permits, 184-185
local/state regulations and, 210-211, 213
recommendations for, 161, 167-168, 171, 172
WRDA provisions, 199-200, 201-202, 204-208
Cost-benefit analysis
constrained port capacity in calculations of, 252-253
current application, 4, 51, 155-156
environmental costs in, 253-255
expanded application, 4, 40-41, 42
process, 37-39, 241-243, 245-246
rationale for new dredging projects, 21
recommended utilization, 157, 160, 161
role of, 36-37, 39-40, 239-240, 243-244, 255
sediment disposal regulation, 6-7
types of benefits/costs, 37, 246-252
Cost effectiveness
data needs for analysis of, 140-141
dredging, 11
management goals, 27-28
political challenges, 26-27
site characterization for, 8-9, 10, 77
Cost of management
accountability of polluters, 8, 25
allocation, regulatory requirements for, 50-51, 157, 197-198
beneficial uses of sediments, 57
bioremediation, 104
chemical immobilization, 123
comparison of remediation strategies, 10, 12-13, 140, 162
confined disposal facilities, 132, 134
current estimates, 10
data needs for technology comparison, 162-163
dredging costs, 105
engineering costs of cleanup, 162
ex situ bioremediation, 127
ex situ management, 116
in-place capping, 95
interim controls, 88
metal leaching, 121
natural recovery, 92
navigational dredging, 20
new-work dredging, 50
particle separation, 140
physical separation, 120-121
rationale for navigational dredging, 20-21
separation of organic contaminants, 121-123
sharing, 8
soil washing, 134
spectrum, 27
Superfund site cleanup, 27
thermal desorption, 123
thermal destruction, 125
WRDA provisions on allocation, 197-198
CWA. See Clean Water Act
CZMA See Coastal Zone Management Act
D
Data collection/management
for cost-effectiveness analysis, 140-141
cost information, for technology comparison, 162-163
for evaluation of site dynamics, 70-71
goals of detailed site assessment, 33, 73
identifying goals for, 32-33
local transportation departments as sources, 70-71
monitoring in-place caps, 97
for numerical modeling of sediment transport, 76
recommendations for, 168
site history, 67-70
Decision analysis
choosing parameters for, 271-272
for consensus building, 264-265
data needs, 268-271
dispute resolution and, 259-260
mechanics of modeling, 266-267
model simplicity, 264
potential applications, 4, 41, 42, 258, 261
recommended utilization, 160, 161
risk balancing in, 260-261
state of practice, 261-262
Decision making
agency frameworks for, 30-32
consensus building, 54-55, 158, 161
cost-benefit analysis for, 36-41, 239-240, 255
cost information for, 140-141
decision analysis for, 41
goals, 28
identifying decision criteria, 32
improving project implementation, 168-172
for near-term improvements in sediment management, 154
obstacles to, 25-26
obstacles to effectiveness in, 154-155
opportunities for improvement, 155
phases of stakeholder involvement, 53
political context, 7
project-specific considerations, 45, 62
recommendations for improving, 155-161
regulatory system influence, 6-7, 155-156
risk communication for, 56
selection of interim controls, 87-88
significance of regulatory framework, 45
significance of stakeholder interests, 45
site sampling design, 72
stakeholder interests, 7-8
technology assessment for, 45-46, 84
trade-offs in, 13, 34-35, 37, 147
value-driven factors, 45
Detroit River, 73
Dioxin, 23
in Newark Bay, 25
Discharged sediments, 16 n.2
Disposal of sediments
in abyssal plain, 136-137
beneficial uses, 7-8, 50, 56-59, 61, 118, 171-172
in confined disposal facilities, 130-134
contained aquatic disposal, 134-137
cost of, 6-7
inadequate risk analysis in decision making, 156-157
inconsistent regulatory system, 6-7, 46-48
regulatory system, 25, 185-187
safety guarantees, 59
shortage of placement space, 51-52
terminology, 16 n.2
Dispute resolution, 55, 259-260
Distribution of contaminants (aquatic process), 1, 33, 64-67
bioturbation, 66
contaminant resuspension in dredging, 109-111
core sample evaluations, 72
erodibility of sediments, 66-67
evaluation of site dynamics, 70-71
field surveys, 71-73
fine-grained sediments, 65, 120
fluff layer, 65
interim control of, 89-91
mobility of sediment layers, 66
nonlinear behavior, 65
numerical modeling of processes, 75-76
organic matter degradation and, 66
particle aggregation, 65
retention sites, 71
sediment-water interface, 65, 66
site characterization, 64-67, 69
site sampling, design of, 72
understanding of marine environments, 80, 92
Dredged material management plans, 52
Dredging, environmental
cable arm clamshell dredge, 108, 114
for contained aquatic disposal, 136
contaminant release in, 109-111
contract bidding process, 104, 116
digital system, 114-115
dry excavation for, 113
equipment for, 105-106
pneumatic barrier for, 113
recent innovations, 113-116
recommendations, 165
for removal of contaminated sediments, 104-105
research needs, 141
silt curtains for, 112
site isolation for, 112
systems approach, 105
See also Dredging, navigational;
Dredging technology
Dredging, navigational
applicable legislation, 18
channel maintenance, 21
cost-benefit analysis, 51
disposal regulation, 6-7
economic rationale, 20-21
federal oversight agencies, 5
governing legislation, 5
interagency collaboration for permitting, 49
sediment traps in, 90-91
source control strategies, 63
as source of contaminated sediment, 19
trade-offs in decision making, 34-35
volume of sediments removed, 20, 21, 187
See also Dredging, environmental;
Dredging technology
Dredging technology
backhoe dredges, 106
bottom-crawling systems, 108, 114
depth of cut control, 108-109
digital system, 114-115
mechanical equipment, 105, 111
positioning systems, 107-108
precision technologies, 11, 107-109, 140, 165
See also Dredging, environmental;
Dredging, navigational
Duwamish Waterway, 134
E
Ecosystem functioning, 15-16
Endangered Species Act, 182
Energy, U.S. Department of, 263
Environmental cleanup
applicable legislation, 16-18
engineering costs, 162
extent of need for, 19
motivation for, 19
treatment strategies, 18
See also Dredging, environmental;
Superfund
Environmental impact statement, 184-185
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 5, 49, 200
Assessment and Remediation of Contaminated Sediments program (ARCS), 81
decision making framework, 30-32
dispute resolution policy, 55
dredged material evaluations, 48
dredging permits, 185-186
recommendations for, 161, 167-168, 172
responsibilities, 18
risk assessment paradigm, 36 n.2
sediment quality criteria, 64
survey of sediment quality, 204-204
EPA. See Environmental Protection Agency
Evaluation of technologies
cost-effectiveness, 140-141
methodology for, 84
performance monitoring 137-141
research needs for, 141-142
Ex situ management, 84
biological treatment, 127-130, 166-167
chemical immobilization, 123
chemical separation, 121-123
comparative analysis of remediation technologies, 12-13, 146-147
confined disposal facilities, 130-134, 165
contained aquatic disposal, 134-137, 166
containment strategies, 130, 147
cost of biological treatment, 127
cost of chemical immobilization, 123
cost of metal leaching, 121
cost of nucleophilic substitution, 127
cost of physical separation, 120-121
cost of separating organic contaminants, 121-123
cost of thermal desorption, 123
cost of thermal destruction, 125
current status of strategies, 10, 12, 161
geotextile containers, 136
goals, 116
indications for, 116
interim storage facilities, 116- 117
landfill disposal, 137
long-term monitoring, 139
operations in, 117-118
physical separation technologies, 117, 118-121
recommendations, 165-167
solids-water separation, 118
thermal desorption technologies, 123
thermal destruction, 123-125
F
Fiber-optic sensors, 74-75
Fish/shellfish industries
interim controls on, 88-89
threat of contaminated sediments, 15-16
Fluff layer, 65
Foreign trade
significance of, in national economy, 21-22
waterborne volume, 21
Freezing, soil-water, 100
G
Geological Survey, U S., 70
Geotextile containers, 136
Global positioning system, 107
H
Hamburg, Germany, 120
Harbor Maintenance Trust Fund, 21
Hart and Miller islands, 54, 56, 229-231
Health advisory, 88-89
Heavy metals. See Metals/heavy metals
interim technological intervention, 90
regulatory provisions, 191
Housatonic River, 103
Hydrocyclones, 120
I
Implementation
delays in, 25-26
recommendations, 168-172
stakeholder interests, 7-8
In situ management
biological treatment, 100-104
chemical immobilization, 97-99
chemical sensors for, 74-75
chemical treatment, 11, 99-100, 164
comparative analysis of technologies, 12-13, 145-146
cost, 140
freezing, 100
goals, 91
long-term monitoring, 139
natural recovery, 91-92, 94, 163
recommendations, 163
research needs, 141
treatment strategies, 97
types of, 91
utilization, 91
See also Capping, in-place
Incineration, 118, 123-125, 139
Indiana Harbor, 115
Inland waterways, sediment disposal in, 25
Innovation
in dredging technologies, 114-116
impediments to, 28
recommendations for research and development, 167-168
research and development process for, 141-142
in site assessment, 73-75
comparative analysis of technology
compatibility with long-term strategy, 88
cost considerations, 88
definition, 87
effective use, 87
effectiveness of, 170-171
monitoring effectiveness of, 89-90, 139
role of, 86-87
selection of, 87-88
types of, 87
International agreements, 47, 94
International Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes See London Convention of 1972
J
James River, 88, 91, 145, 231-233
L
Lake Hartwell, 91
advantages/disadvantages, 137
for aerobic degradation, 127
cost allocation, 50
cost of disposal in, 132
regulation, 185
sediment handling for, 137
Laser positioning systems, 107-108
London Convention of 1972, 47, 94
Long Island Sound, 196
Long-term considerations
chemical contaminants, 23
compatibility of interim controls, 88
management of sediments, 10-12, 33-34
monitoring, 139
technology recommendations, 167-168
M
Management of sediments
conceptual overview, 30-34
empirical knowledge base, 81
interim controls, 9. 33, 82, 86-91, 139, 145, 170-171
long-term plans/strategies, 10-12, 33-34
obstacles to innovation, 28
opportunities for near-term improvements, 154
performance evaluation, 137-141
site characterization, 8-9
site-specific considerations, 45, 62, 82
source control, 8
themes, 44-45
types of strategies, 2 n.2, 16 n.1.
See also specific type of strategy
understanding of marine environments, 80-81
Manistique Harbor, 90, 115, 120
Manitowoc Harbor, 99
Marathon Battery, 69, 123, 233-234
Marine Protection, Research and Sanctuaries Act (MPRSA), 5-6
disposal requirements, 46-47, 48, 185, 186
risk assessment, 155-156
Maritime Administration, 49
Mediation, 54
Mercury, 25
chemical immobilization, 123
thermal destruction, 125
Mitigation, off-site, 59-60
MPRSA. See Marine Protection, Research and Sanctuaries Act
N
National Ambient Air Quality Standards, 261, 262
National Dredging Team, 49, 52
National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) of 1969, 91, 182, 184
National Ocean Survey, 70
National Priorities List, 19
National Weather Service, 70
Natural recovery
applications, 91
in confined disposal facilities, 132
cost, 92
disadvantages, 10
limitations, 92
monitoring, 92
recommendations, 163
Negotiated rule making, 54
NEPA See National Environmental Policy Act of 1969
New Bedford Harbor, 89, 90, 95, 111, 112, 123
New York, Port of, 49
Newark Bay, 25
Nucleophilic substitution, 125-127
Numerical modeling, 75-76
of sediment resuspension in dredging, 110
O
Ocean dumping
in abyssal plain, 136-137
international agreements, 47
regulatory system, 25, 185, 186-187, 199
Ocean Dumping Act. See Marine Protection, Research and Sanctuaries Act
Organohalogens, 25
Oxidant injection, 99-100
P
Palos Verdes slope cleanup, 114
Particle separation, 117, 118-121, 140
Permitting process
differences among agencies, 6, 47-48
disposal of sediments, 185
interagency collaboration, 49
time delays, 49
Pesticides, 100
Placement definition, 16 n.2
See also Disposal of sediments
Pneumatic barrier, 113
Political environment
common concerns of stakeholders, 27
for effective decision making, 7
as obstacle to effective sediment management, 26-27
obstacles to decision making, 25-26
stakeholder interests, 7-8, 52
Polyaromatic hydrocarbons, 23, 99, 100, 104, 125, 129
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), 23, 88-89, 99, 100, 103-104, 111, 112, 120, 123, 125, 127-19, 196, 254, 263, 268
Post-project evaluations, 82, 139
Practicability, 47 n.3
Public awareness/perception of aquatic processes, 26-27
citizen stakeholders, 52-53
effectiveness of health advisories, 89
Pyrolysis, 125
Q
Quantity of contaminated sediments, 1
R
RCRA. See Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
Regulatory system
barriers to capping, 11
on beneficial uses of sediment, 56, 58, 61
bioremediation issues, 129-130
cost allocation in, 50-51, 60, 157
dispute resolution policy, 55
for environmental cleanup, 16-18
evaluation of placement alternatives, requirements for, 46-48
foreign-flag dredges, 113
gaps in, 220-221
government role in developing placement space, 51-52
hot spot management, 191
inconsistency in, 5-7, 25-26, 155-157
interpretation of legislative intent, 49-50, 60
legislative/agency interrelationships, 214-220
natural resource damage claims, 190-191
navigation-related, 184-187
obstacles to effective remediation in, 154-156
opportunities for improvement, 5-7, 48, 60-61, 156-157
potential reforms, 221-224
recommendations for improving, 155-157
reform initiatives, 49
relevant federal agencies, 5, 18
scope of, 181-182
shortcomings of, 5, 24, 25-26, 46, 48, 60
significance of, for management of sediments, 44, 45
site cleanup legislation/oversight, 187-191
source control through, 63-64
state programs, 208-214
timeliness of decision making in, 48-50
water resource public works projects, 197
See also Permitting process
Remediation
comparative analysis of technology categories, 12-13, 142-147
conceptual management approach, 84
conceptual model, 82
cost-effectiveness analysis, 140
determinants of strategy selection, 16
empirical knowledge base, 81
evaluation of technologies,
methodology for, 84
goals, 82
importance of source control in, 63
legal obstacles to effectiveness in, 154-155
long term controls, 10
recommendations for technologies, 161-168
research needs, 141-142
state of the technology considerations in decision making, 45-46
subsystem components/structure, 82, 84
See also specific component
Replacement habitat, 59-60
Research needs
beneficial uses of sediments, 58-59
chemical treatment in situ, 164
confined disposal facilities, 165
contained aquatic disposal, 166
in-place capping, 97
numerical modeling of sediment transport, 76
recommendations, 167-168
remediation methods, 141-142
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), 5, 18
sediment placement requirements, 48
Risk analysis
expanded application, 3
opportunities for improvement, 36, 42
recommended utilization, 159
Risk assessment
cost-benefit analysis and, 36-37
EPA paradigm, 36 n.2
in management strategy planning, 33
methodological differences among agencies, 6, 155-156
recommended utilization. 156-157, 159
technical limitations, 36
Risk communication
stakeholder involvement, 55-56
Risk management, 3
definition, 22
process, 22-23
regulatory system shortcomings, 48
Rivers and Harbors Act of 1899 (RHA), 5, 18, 48, 184
S
Screening, particle, 120
Sediment quality criteria, 64
Sediment removal and transport, 82-84
comparative analysis of remediation technologies, 12-13, 146
contaminant loss during, 109-112
for environmental cleanup, 18-19
environmental dredging, 104-105
equipment selection for, 105-109
as interim control, 90
for ocean dumping, 25
on-site controls, 112-113
recent dredging innovations, 113-116
storage facilities for, 106
See also Dredging, environmental, Dredging, navigational, Dredging technology
Sediment traps, 90-91
Separation technologies See Chemical separation;
Particle separation
Sewage sludge, 57
Silt curtains, 112
Site assessment
acoustic profiling for, 9, 73-74, 77
aquatic dynamics, 70-71
chemical sensors for, 9, 74-75, 77
cleanup legislation/oversight, 187-191
contaminant distribution processes, 64-67
core sample evaluations, 72
cost effectiveness, 77
cost of, 9
for environmental dredging, 106, 107
identifying decision criteria, 32
for natural recovery, 163
numerical simulations, 75-76
opportunities for improvement, 77, 170
preliminary, 32
protocol, 67
recent innovations, 73-75
recommendations, 172
remediation costs and, 8-9, 10
sampling design, 72
significance of, for management of
sediments, 45, 62, 77, 169-170
use of historical data, 67-70
Soil washing techniques, 118-121, 134
Solids-water separation, 118
Source of contamination
control strategies, 8
goals for control, 62-63
navigational dredging and, 63
obstacles to identifying, 25
regulatory control strategies, 63-64, 77
responsibility, 169
types of, 15
Stakeholder interests, 7-8
beneficial uses of sediments, 57-59
consensus building, 54-55, 60-61, 158, 161
consideration of, in project planning, 32
fragmented regulatory system and, 25-26
off-site mitigation to satisfy, 59-60
phases of involvement, 53
range of, 52-53
recommendations for outreach, 158, 161
risk communication among, 55-56
significance of, for management of sediments, 44, 45, 52
Sulfide treatment, 99
evaluation methodology, 6
in-place capping provisions, 95-97
natural resource damage claims in, 190-191
placement decisions, 47
remedy selection criteria, 188-189
risk assessment, 156
sediment disposal regulations, 25
in situ management, 11
Surfactants, 120
Systems engineering/analysis
in environmental dredging, 105
methods, 34
recommendations for, 158
risk-based management, 34
T
Tacoma, Port of, 49, 53, 54, 56, 57, 234-236
Temporary interventions. See Interim controls
Thermal destruction, 123-125, 146
Times Beach, New York, 56-57
Total maximum daily loads, 64, 77, 192-193
Treatment of sediments
in confined disposal facilities, 132
cost of, 10
in situ, 11
in situ biological, 100-104
in situ chemical, 97-100
U
Utility theory, 266-267
V
Vitrification, 100
W
Water Resources Development Act (WRDA)
of 1986, 7, 19, 50, 56, 59 n.9, 63, 157, 197-201
of 1988, 201-202
of 1992, 203-208
Waukegan Harbor, 59, 82, 123, 236-238
Wetlands, 56
WRDA. See Water Resources Development Act of 1986
Z
Zeebrugge Harbor, 127
Zero risk, 59
