. "G TREATMENT OPTIONS QUERY." Stemming the Tide: Controlling Introductions of Nonindigenous Species by Ships' Ballast Water. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 1996.
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Costs—capital, operation and maintenance, unit treatment costs:
System operation, maintenance, and reliability:
Training/Manning:
Monitoring capabilities (monitoring capabilities built into the system, or requires additional equipment):
Residuals formed during the use of the technology (chemicals or gases remaining after the process):
Retrofit capabilities (requires dry-docking a vessel, or can be retrofitted while afloat):
Safety concerns (human health threat or danger in application of this technology?):
Similar installations (any examples of where the equipment has been used or tested successfully):
Special permit requirements:
Application Considerations of Technologies
Effects of salinity levels of 0 to 30 parts per thousand or specific gravities of 1 to 1.025:
Effects of temperature (does temperature have any impact on the operation of the proposed equipment?):
Effects of sediment loads up to 10 percent (sediment load directly impacts the turbidity, and this may have a negative impact on some types of treatment such as infrared):
Effects of increases in treatment goals on how well the system performs:
Effects of ship motions:
RESPONSES
Completed responses were received from the following suppliers, developers, and research organizations:
Alten Water Treatment Corporation, Palo Alto, California: ozone treatment (P)1
Center for Advanced Ship Repair and Maintenance (CASRM), Inc., Norfolk, Virginia: pulsed electric field treatment (P)
Defence Research Establishment Atlantic, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada: ultrasonic treatment
1
(P) indicates that a representative from the named organization also gave a presentation to the committee at one of the technology workshops (see Appendix B).
