Index
A
Acoustic energy, ballast treatment with, 54, 69, 88, 116-117
Adenosine triphosphate analysis, 80, 122
for ballast water treatment, 55, 70
Aquatic Nuisance Species Task Force, 49
Asian river clam, 18
B
Ballast
capacity, 23
definition, 23
improved ship design for, 106-108
sediment formation, 16, 29, 30-31, 35-36
Ballasting operations
cleaning of tanks, 31
controlling trim, 27
coordinated with cargo plans, 41, 87
diversity of, 22-24
equipment and techniques, 29-31
flow rate/velocities, 23, 35, 53-54
heavy weather conditions, 25-26
oceangoing ballast change, 2, 27, 32, 33, 36-38, 86-87, 107
options for implementation of control strategy, 53-54
record-keeping, 6, 8, 10, 33, 43-44, 79-80, 91
safe practice, 24-25
sailing with full tanks, 26-27
transverse stability considerations, 26, 27
voyage approach to biota control, 33
See also Portside ballasting;
Shipboard ballast treatment
Barnacles, 19
Baseline studies
for demonstration projects, 67
port biota. 7
port-water sampling, 77
Biocides
discharge of ballast water treated with, 71
monitoring of ballast treatment with, 64-65, 81
nonoxidizing, 66
safety, 65
for shipboard ballast water treatment, 54, 64-66, 68, 88
Biocontrols for shipboard ballast water, 55, 70
Black Sea, 11
C
Cargo loading/unloading
distribution of load, 28
Chile, 44
Chlorination of ballast water, 54, 57, 65-66
monitoring, 82
Cleaning of ballast tanks, 31
Climate differences, 16
Ballast Exchange Education Program, 43
monitoring of maritime trade by, 48
recommendations for, 8, 9, 89-90
Comb jellyfish, 11
Control strategies
changing ballast at sea, 2, 36-38
complexity of ballasting patterns and, 17
consideration of local conditions, 33, 35
current technology, 86
discharge of ballast on arrival, 38-40
evaluation methodology, 3-4, 55-60
flexibility, 3
intake of ballast at departure, 33-36
limitations, 3
monitoring for compliance and effectiveness, 48
monitoring of ballast, 5-7
non-ballast vectors, 18-20
research needs, 3
risk-based approaches, 3, 48-51
training of crew for, 48
voyage approach, 33
Crew considerations
cost of ballast treatment systems, 58
training, 48
D
Demonstration projects
recommendations for, 90
shipboard ballast treatment, 67
Deoxygenation of ballast water, 55, 70, 88
Dinoflagellates
in ballast sediment, 16
Japanese, in Australia, 11, 44
Dispersal of organisms from ballast
research needs, 88-89
Diversity of ballast biota, 2, 15-16
ballasting patterns leading to, 17
size range, 15
E
Economic considerations
cost-effectiveness of monitoring, 5-6
cost of electric pulse/pulse plasma systems, 115-116
cost of monitoring ballast, 80
cost of thermal treatment systems, 113
in risk analysis for control strategy, 49, 51
shipboard ballast treatment, 58
Electric pulse treatment of ballast water, 54, 58, 67, 68-69, 88, 113-116
Environmental impact of shipboard ballast treatments, 57, 66, 71-72 , 82
Equipment for ballasting, 29-30
continuous monitoring systems, 80
Evaluation of potential control strategies
ballast treatment technologies, 55-60
rating criteria, 4-5
representative scenarios, 4, 56
F
Filtration
discharge of filtered material, 71
media filtration systems, 61-63
monitoring, 82
recommendations for research and development, 90
screening size, 63
self-cleaning strainers, 61
shipboard ballast water treatment, 54, 60-61, 63-64, 72, 88
two-stage system, 64
Flow cytometry, 123-124
Fouling organisms, 19-20
G
Great Lakes
ballast-mediated introductions in, 11
control strategy for Ruffe, 46, 109-110
regulatory effort, 38, 44, 45, 45, 47
Great Lakes Ballast Water Control Guidelines, 38
H
Hulls of ships as dispersal vectors, 19-20
I
Immunofluorescence, 124
Implementation of control strategies identifying basis for standards , 84
in immediate future, 33
Indicator species, 80-81
Inoculation, 16
International Council for the Exploration of the Sea, 44
International efforts, 42-44
guidelines for ballast management, 7
unilateral controls, 87
International Maritime Organization, 1, 47
guidelines for ballast management, 7, 42, 43-44, 86
operations and procedures, 42
recommendations for member states, 9, 10, 91
Israel, 44
J
Japan, 44
L
Lightering, 40
Lipid phosphate analysis, 124
Local conditions considered in control strategies, 33, 35
M
Magnetic field treatment of ballast water, 55, 69-70, 88
Maritime industry
use of ballast, 22
MARPOL 73/78, 7, 8, 40, 42-43, 87, 90
Monitoring of ballast operations
advanced biological analysis, 81, 123-124
after treatment of ballast water, 81-82
ballast conditions and, 76, 78-79
bioactivity in ballast water, 80-81, 122
biocidal ballast treatment, 64-65, 81
challenges, 7
cost-effectiveness, 5-6
examination of ships' records, 79-80
forms of, 48
importance of, 5, 48, 74-75, 89
organizational structure for, 48
port-water/sediment sampling, 77, 83
recommendations for research and development, 90
sampling and dispatch, 76-77, 89
sampling issues, 82-83
setting standards for, 84
training for, 48
N
Navy, U.S., 45
Nonindigenous species
definition, 11-13
fate of, 16-17
non-ballast dispersal vectors, 11-13
Nutrient assessment, 80
O
Oceangoing ballast change, 2, 27, 32, 33
hazards of, 38
improved ship design for, 107
rationale, 36-37
techniques, 37
Oil industry, 40
Ozonation of ballast water, 54,67, 68
P
Photosynthetic pigment analysis, 80
Phytoplankton, 15
immunofluorescence analysis, 124
Plants, 15
Portside ballasting
on arrival, 38-40
to ballast lighters, 40
distribution of load and, 28
intake before departure, 33-36
port-water sampling, 77
for predicted voyage conditions, 29
role of, 27
shipboard ballast water treatment options, 53-54
treatment facilities, 3, 38-40
Pulse plasma treatment of ballast, 54, 58, 67, 68-69, 113-116
R
Record keeping
for monitoring ballast water management, 6, 8, 33
recommendations for, 10
Record-keeping
international agreements, 43-44
monitoring of, as control strategy, 79-80
recommendations for, 91
limitations of, 47
Regulatory environment
international conventions, 43
international coordination, 7-8, 47, 87
recommendations for, 8-9, 89-90
regarding oceangoing ballast change, 38
at regional level, 45-47
Research
international coordination, 44
knowledge base for risk analysis, 49-51, 88-89
Risk assessment
in current guidelines, 49
for identifying level of monitoring, 78-79
implications for control strategies, 49-51
knowledge base for, 49-51, 88-89
setting standards for ballast water quality, 84
RNA/DNA analysis, 123-124
S
Safety
of ballast control systems, 4
in ballasting operations, 24-25
biocidal ballast treatment systems, 65-66
of oceangoing ballast change, 38
of shipboard ballast treatment systems, 56-57
Sampling and dispatch, 76-77, 89
San Francisco Bay
Asian clam in, 18
ballast-mediated introductions in, 11
Seastars, 19
Seaweed/seagrasses, 15
Sediment
accumulation of, 29, 30-31, 35-36
advanced biological analysis, 81
composition, 31
diversity of biota in, 16
Shipboard ballast treatment, 3
cost considerations, 58
criteria for systems evaluation, 4-5, 56-58
environment impact of discharge, 71-72, 88
inappropriate techniques, 69-70
indications for demonstration projects, 67
maintenance of systems, 58
monitoring, 6-7, 72, 74-75, 81-82
options with limited applications, 67-69
power supply, 57
promising options, 60-67, 72, 88
ranking of, 58-60
recirculating systems, 57
safety, 57
size of systems, 58
technical evaluation, methodology for, 55-60
See also specific technology
voyage approach to control, 36
Ship design
for ballasting, 29-31
for biota control, 33
cleaner ballast tanks, 107-108
for improved at-sea ballast exchange107
limiting ballast, 106-107
principles of stability, 102-105
Snails19
Starfish, 19
Storm ballast, 25-26
Survival of nonindigenous species, 16-17
T
Taxonomic assessment, 81
Thermal treatment, 41
byproducts, 113
discharge of ballast water treated by, 71
effectiveness, 111-112
shipboard ballast water treatment, 54, 66-67, 88
technical requirements, 112-113
Transverse stability, 26, 27, 102-105
Treatment facilities, 3
oil refineries, 40
transport of ballast to, 40
treatment ship, 39
See also Shipboard ballast treatment
Turbidity monitoring, 80, 82, 83, 89
U
Ultraviolet irradiation of ballast water, 54, 69, 88
W
Water characteristics, 53
advanced biological analysis, 81, 123-124
assessment parameters, 79
bioactivity measures, 80-81, 122
Z
Zebra mussels
thermal treatment, 111-112
Zooplankton, 15