. "INDEX." Stemming the Tide: Controlling Introductions of Nonindigenous Species by Ships' Ballast Water. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 1996.
The following HTML text is provided to enhance online
readability. Many aspects of typography translate only awkwardly to HTML.
Please use the page image
as the authoritative form to ensure accuracy.
Below are the first 10 and last 10 pages of uncorrected machine-read text (when available) of this chapter, followed by the top 30 algorithmically extracted key phrases from the chapter as a whole. Intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text on the opening pages of each chapter.
Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.
Do not use for reproduction, copying, pasting, or reading; exclusively for search engines.
OCR for page 137
Index
A
Acoustic energy, ballast treatment with, 54, 69, 88, 116-117
Adenosine triphosphate analysis, 80, 122
Anti-fouling coatings, 19-20
for ballast water treatment, 55, 70
Aquatic Nuisance Species Task Force, 49
recommendations for, 8, 9, 90
Asian river clam, 18
Australia, 11, 49, 77
B
Ballast
capacity, 23
definition, 23
improved ship design for, 106-108
role of, 2, 22, 24, 25
sediment formation, 16, 29, 30-31, 35-36
Ballasting operations
cleaning of tanks, 31
complexity of, 17, 18
controlling trim, 27
coordinated with cargo plans, 41, 87
diversity of, 22-24
equipment and techniques, 29-31
flow rate/velocities, 23, 35, 53-54
heavy weather conditions, 25-26
oceangoing ballast change, 2, 27, 32, 33, 36-38, 86-87, 107
options for implementation of control strategy, 53-54
record-keeping, 6, 8, 10, 33, 43-44, 79-80, 91
safe practice, 24-25
sailing with full tanks, 26-27
transverse stability considerations, 26, 27
voyage approach to biota control, 33
See also Portside ballasting;
Shipboard ballast treatment
Barnacles, 19
Baseline studies
for demonstration projects, 67
port biota. 7
port-water sampling, 77
recommendations for, 9, 91
Biocides
discharge of ballast water treated with, 71
effectiveness, 64-65, 88
monitoring of ballast treatment with, 64-65, 81
nonoxidizing, 66
oxidizing, 65-66, 68
safety, 65
OCR for page 138
for shipboard ballast water treatment, 54, 64-66, 68, 88
Biocontrols for shipboard ballast water, 55, 70
Black Sea, 11
C
Cargo loading/unloading
ballasting patterns, 28, 29
distribution of load, 28
Cargo plans, 41, 87
Chesapeake Bay, 45, 46-47
Chile, 44
Chlorination of ballast water, 54, 57, 65-66
monitoring, 82
Cleaning of ballast tanks, 31
Climate differences, 16
Coast Guard, Canadian, 38, 64
Coast Guard, U.S., 7, 45
Ballast Exchange Education Program, 43
monitoring of maritime trade by, 48
recommendations for, 8, 9, 89-90
Comb jellyfish, 11
Compliance monitoring, 5, 48
Congress, U.S., 1, 44
Control strategies
challenges, 2, 18
changing ballast at sea, 2, 36-38
complexity of ballasting patterns and, 17
consideration of local conditions, 33, 35
current technology, 86
discharge of ballast on arrival, 38-40
evaluation methodology, 3-4, 55-60
flexibility, 3
intake of ballast at departure, 33-36
limitations, 3
monitoring for compliance and effectiveness, 48
monitoring of ballast, 5-7
need for, 1, 13
non-ballast vectors, 18-20
objectives, 18, 32
options, 3, 41-42
research needs, 3
risk-based approaches, 3, 48-51
training of crew for, 48
voyage approach, 33
Crew considerations
cost of ballast treatment systems, 58
training, 48
D
Demonstration projects
recommendations for, 90
shipboard ballast treatment, 67
Deoxygenation of ballast water, 55, 70, 88
Dinoflagellates
in ballast sediment, 16
Japanese, in Australia, 11, 44
thermal treatment, 82, 111
Dispersal of organisms from ballast
extent, 11, 13
mechanisms, 1-2, 13
research needs, 88-89
Diversity of ballast biota, 2, 15-16
ballasting patterns leading to, 17
size range, 15
E
Economic considerations
cost-effectiveness of monitoring, 5-6
cost of electric pulse/pulse plasma systems, 115-116
cost of monitoring ballast, 80
cost of thermal treatment systems, 113
in risk analysis for control strategy, 49, 51
shipboard ballast treatment, 58
Electric pulse treatment of ballast water, 54, 58, 67, 68-69, 88, 113-116
Engine cooling water, 41, 66
Environmental impact of shipboard ballast treatments, 57, 66, 71-72 , 82
Equipment for ballasting, 29-30
continuous monitoring systems, 80
Evaluation of potential control strategies
ballast treatment technologies, 55-60
rating criteria, 4-5
representative scenarios, 4, 56
F
Filtration
discharge of filtered material, 71
OCR for page 139
media filtration systems, 61-63
monitoring, 82
recommendations for research and development, 90
screening size, 63
self-cleaning strainers, 61
shipboard ballast water treatment, 54, 60-61, 63-64, 72, 88
two-stage system, 64
Flow cytometry, 123-124
Fouling organisms, 19-20
G
Great Lakes
ballast-mediated introductions in, 11
control strategy for Ruffe, 46, 109-110
monitoring efforts, 48, 74
regulatory effort, 38, 44, 45, 45, 47
Zebra mussel in, 11, 18
Great Lakes Ballast Water Control Guidelines, 38
H
Hudson River, 44, 47
Hulls of ships as dispersal vectors, 19-20
I
Immunofluorescence, 124
Implementation of control strategies identifying basis for standards , 84
in immediate future, 33
Indicator species, 80-81
Inoculation, 16
International Council for the Exploration of the Sea, 44
International efforts, 42-44
coordination of, 7-8, 47, 87
guidelines for ballast management, 7
recommendations for, 8-9, 10
unilateral controls, 87
International Maritime Organization, 1, 47
guidelines for ballast management, 7, 42, 43-44, 86
operations and procedures, 42
recommendations for member states, 9, 10, 91
Israel, 44
J
Japan, 44
L
Lightering, 40
Lipid phosphate analysis, 124
Local conditions considered in control strategies, 33, 35
M
Magnetic field treatment of ballast water, 55, 69-70, 88
Maritime industry
recommendations for, 9, 90-91
use of ballast, 22
MARPOL 73/78, 7, 8, 40, 42-43, 87, 90
Monitoring of ballast operations
advanced biological analysis, 81, 123-124
after treatment of ballast water, 81-82
ballast conditions and, 76, 78-79
ballast water quality, 79, 80
bioactivity in ballast water, 80-81, 122
biocidal ballast treatment, 64-65, 81
challenges, 7
cost-effectiveness, 5-6
current practice, 48, 74
examination of ships' records, 79-80
forms of, 48
importance of, 5, 48, 74-75, 89
levels of, 6, 77-81
organizational structure for, 48
port-water/sediment sampling, 77, 83
recommendations for research and development, 90
sampling and dispatch, 76-77, 89
sampling issues, 82-83
sediment accumulation, 79, 83
setting standards for, 84
system requirements, 5, 75-76
training for, 48
treatment systems, 58, 72
N
Navy, U.S., 45
OCR for page 140
Nonindigenous species
definition, 11-13
fate of, 16-17
non-ballast dispersal vectors, 11-13
Nutrient assessment, 80
O
Oceangoing ballast change, 2, 27, 32, 33
effectiveness, 38, 86-87
hazards of, 38
improved ship design for, 107
rationale, 36-37
techniques, 37
Oil industry, 40
Ozonation of ballast water, 54,67, 68
P
Photosynthetic pigment analysis, 80
Phytoplankton, 15
immunofluorescence analysis, 124
Plants, 15
Portside ballasting
on arrival, 38-40
to ballast lighters, 40
during cargo loading, 28, 29
for controlling trim, 28, 29
distribution of load and, 28
intake before departure, 33-36
local conditions, 33, 35
port-water sampling, 77
for predicted voyage conditions, 29
role of, 27
shipboard ballast water treatment options, 53-54
treatment facilities, 3, 38-40
Pulse plasma treatment of ballast, 54, 58, 67, 68-69, 113-116
R
Record keeping
for monitoring ballast water management, 6, 8, 33
recommendations for, 10
Record-keeping
international agreements, 43-44
monitoring of, as control strategy, 79-80
recommendations for, 91
Regional efforts, 8, 45-47
limitations of, 47
Regulatory environment
international conventions, 43
international coordination, 7-8, 47, 87
at national level, 44-45, 87
recommendations for, 8-9, 89-90
regarding oceangoing ballast change, 38
at regional level, 45-47
Research
international coordination, 44
knowledge base for risk analysis, 49-51, 88-89
recommendations for, 9, 90
Risk assessment
in current guidelines, 49
for identifying level of monitoring, 78-79
implications for control strategies, 49-51
knowledge base for, 49-51, 88-89
limitations, 3, 16, 48-49, 84
setting standards for ballast water quality, 84
RNA/DNA analysis, 123-124
Ruffe, 46, 109-110
S
Safety
of ballast control systems, 4
in ballasting operations, 24-25
biocidal ballast treatment systems, 65-66
of oceangoing ballast change, 38
of shipboard ballast treatment systems, 56-57
Sampling and dispatch, 76-77, 89
San Francisco Bay
Asian clam in, 18
ballast-mediated introductions in, 11
Sea chests, 19, 29
Seastars, 19
Seaweed/seagrasses, 15
Sediment
accumulation of, 29, 30-31, 35-36
advanced biological analysis, 81
OCR for page 141
composition, 31
diversity of biota in, 16
monitoring, 79, 83
Shipboard ballast treatment, 3
chemical residues, 57, 71
cost considerations, 58
criteria for systems evaluation, 4-5, 56-58
environment impact of discharge, 71-72, 88
inappropriate techniques, 69-70
indications for demonstration projects, 67
maintenance of systems, 58
monitoring, 6-7, 72, 74-75, 81-82
obstacles to, 3, 52-53, 87
options with limited applications, 67-69
power supply, 57
promising options, 60-67, 72, 88
ranking of, 58-60
recirculating systems, 57
safety, 57
size of systems, 58
technical evaluation, methodology for, 55-60
technologies for, 4, 53-55.
See also specific technology
voyage approach to control, 36
Ship design
for ballasting, 29-31
for biota control, 33
cleaner ballast tanks, 107-108
for improved at-sea ballast exchange107
limiting ballast, 106-107
principles of stability, 102-105
Snails19
Starfish, 19
Storm ballast, 25-26
Survival of nonindigenous species, 16-17
T
Taxonomic assessment, 81
Thermal treatment, 41
byproducts, 113
discharge of ballast water treated by, 71
effectiveness, 111-112
monitoring, 82, 113
shipboard ballast water treatment, 54, 66-67, 88
technical requirements, 112-113
Transverse stability, 26, 27, 102-105
Treatment facilities, 3
effectiveness, 36, 39
land-based, 35-36, 38-40, 87
oil refineries, 40
transport of ballast to, 40
treatment ship, 39
See also Shipboard ballast treatment
Turbidity monitoring, 80, 82, 83, 89
U
Ultraviolet irradiation of ballast water, 54, 69, 88
W
Water characteristics, 53
advanced biological analysis, 81, 123-124
assessment parameters, 79
ballast monitoring, 79, 80
bioactivity measures, 80-81, 122
Z
Zebra mussels
in Great Lakes, 11, 18
thermal treatment, 111-112
Zooplankton, 15
