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OCR for page 189
Index
A
Aging of aerosols, 131
Alaska, 175
Analogs, 164-69, 174-81
Antigreenhouse effect, 149, 168
Arctic haze, 39, 164-65
Asbestos, 122
Ash and debris particle
scavenging, 68
Atmospheric changes, 127-73
baseline case, 2-4
cloudiness and precipitation,
157-58, 162-63
data uncertainty, 5-6, 9
ground fog, 156-57
light-level reduction, 132-36
long-term climate changes,
163-64
from meteor impacts, 40-41,
174, 180-81, 186
models used, 127-28
natural occurrences as analogs,
164-68
optical effects, 132-36
ozone shield reduction, 4, 8,
12, 112-18, 186
particulate clouds, early
spread and evolution of,
128-32
research recommendations, 10-12
summary, 1-2, 6-9, 169, 185-87
thermal and circulation
changes, multidimensional
models, 150-56
thermal changes, one-dimensional
models, 136-50
toxic chemicals release, 121-23
troposphere composition, 118-21
from volcanic eruptions, 84,
167, 178-79
water in nuclear clouds, 77,
101-6
winds, 158-62
Australia, 97
B
Baseline and excursive nuclear
exchanges
atmospheric effects, 2-4. See
also Atmospheric changes
basic assumptions, 13-16
carbon monoxide emissions,
109-110
dust lofted, 3, 7-8, 17, 21-22,
30-33
fireball dynamics, 17-22
fires and smoke emissions,
54-57, 61, 62, 71, 76, 79-87
hydrocarbon emissions, 110-11
nitrogen dioxide emissions, 112
ozone reduction by nitrogen
oxides, 113-16
water in nuclear clouds, 77,
101-6
Black rain, 66, 77, 78, 85, 102
Bomb fires
Germany, 40, 97-99
189
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190
Japan, 36, 43, 46-48, 98, 101-2
C
Canada, 73, 74, 165
Carbon (soot), 7, 37, 39, 58-59,
61, 62, 131, 165. See also
Smoke emissions
Carbon dioxide, 104
Carbon monoxide, 109-10
Chemical emissions. See Gaseous
· ~
emlss Ions
Chlorine compounds, 121, 122
Climate changes. See Atmospheric
changes
Clouds
changes in, 157-58, 162-63
water in nuclear clouds, 77,
101-6
Coagulation of smoke particles,
63-66, 85-86, 131
Combustible materials, 3, 51-S7,
85, 111, 121-23
Conflagrations, 36n. See also
Fires
D
Dibenzofurans, 121
Dimethyl disulfide, 121
Dimethyl sulfide, 120, 121
Dioxins, 121
Droplet scavenging, 66-68, 77-80
Dust, 17-35, 86
amount lofted, baseline and
excursion values, 3, 7-8, 17,
30-33
atmospheric effects. See
Atmospheric changes
data sources, 11, 26-27
from meteor impacts, 2, 21, 32,
174, 180-81, 186
nuclear cloud dynamics, 17-22
optical properties, 28, 30
particle size distributions,
27-28
removal from fire plumes, 77
research recommendations, 10-12
sources of nuclear dust, 17,
22-26
from volcanic eruptions, 167,
174-80
E
Earthquakes, 39-40
Extinctions, biological, 2, 174,
180-81, 186
Extraterrestrial impacts, 2, 8-9,
12, 21, 32, 40-41, 174,
180-81, 186
F
Fallout, 11, 22, 26
Fire whirls, 36n
Fires, 3-4, 7
burning times, 73
data uncertainties, 85
estimation methodology, 36-37
experimental, 41
forest and wildland
combustibles, 53, 55-57
forest ignition, 48-50
gaseous emissions, 107-12
historical experiences, 36,
39-41, 97-99
ignition mechanism, 41-46
research recommendations, 11
toxic chemicals release, 121-23
urban combustibles, 51-5S
urban ignition, 46-48
water in nuclear clouds, 77,
101-6
See also Smoke emissions
Firestorms, 36n, 41, 98
Flame retardants, 61
Fog, 156-57
Forest fires
historical experiences, 40-41,
73, 74, 97-98, 165-66
See also Fires; Smoke emissions
Franklin, Benjamin, 175
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191
Gabriel project, 185
Gaseous emissions, 107-26
carbon monoxide, 109-10
hydrocarbons, 110-11
nitric oxide, 107-8
nitrogen oxides, 4, 8, 12,
111-19, 186
ozone shield reduction, 4, 8,
12, 112-18, 186
toxic chemicals, 121-23
troposphere changes, 118-21
Germany, 40, 97-99
Greenhouse effect, 104, 149
Guatemala, 178
H
Hiroshima, 36, 43, 46-48, 66, 68,
77-79, 98, 101-2
Hydrocarbon emissions, 110-11
Hydrogen sulfide, 120, 121
I
Iceland, 97, 175
Indonesia, 175, 178
Industrial chemicals, 121-23
Infrared properties
dust, 30
smoke, 68-70, 72, 85, 87
L
Light-level reductions, 7, 132-36
M
Martian dust storms, 168
Mass fires, 36n. See also Fires
Meteor impacts, 2, 8-9, 12, 21,
32, 40-41, 174, 180-81, 186
Meteotron facility, 65, 97
Methane, 110-11
Methyl mercaptan, 121
Mexico, 178, 179
Missile silo fields, 57
Model simulations, 4
models used, 10-11, 127-28
uncertainties, 5-6, 9, 117-18
See also Atmospheric changes
Mount St. Helens eruption, 30,
167, 178, 179
N
Nagasaki, 36, 43, 46-48, 66, 77,
78
Nitric oxide, 107-8
Nitrogen oxides, 111-12
ozone shield reduction, 4, 8,
12, 112-18, 186
smog formation, 118, 119
Nuclear tests, 11, 185
ozone reduction by, 117
samples collected from, 26-27
o
Oceans, 120-21, 157
Oil fires, 61, 97
Optical depth, 37n, 84
Optical effects of particulate
clouds, 7, 132-36
Optical properties
dust, 28, 30
smoke, 68-73, 85-87
Organic peroxides, 118
Overpressure, 43n
Ozone layer, 104, 118
reduction by nitrogen oxides,
4, 8, 12, 112-18, 186
p
Particle size distributions
dust particles, 27-28, 32
smoke particles, 61-68, 71-72
Particulate emissions. See Dust;
Smoke emissions
Peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN), 118
Photosynthesis, 120
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs),
121
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192
Precipitation
black rain, 66, 77, 78, 85, 102
changes in, 157-58
Precipitation scavenging, 39,
66-68, 77-80, 85-86, 131
R
Radioactive fallout, 11, 22, 26
Rain. See Precipitation;
Precipitation scavenging
Research recommendations, 10-12
S
Sahara dust plumes, 167-68
Scavenging of smoke particles,
39, 66-68, 77-80, 85-86, 104,
131
Siberia, 40-41
Silicate particles, 175, 178, 179
Simulations. See Atmospheric
changes; Model simulations
Smog, 108, 118-19
Smoke emissions, 3-4, 7, 37-39,
58-106
baseline and excursive
estimates, 80-85
climatic effects. See
Atmospheric changes
current global smoke emission,
37-39
data uncertainties, 85-86
emission factors, 58-61
estimation methodology, 36-37,
80-84
forest fire smoke, 71-73
injection altitudes, 73-76
obscurations produced by, 99
optical properties, 68-71
particulate clouds, early spread
and evolution of, 128-32
physical properties, 58
plume heights, observations of,
97-99
removal from plumes, 4, 39,
77-80, 131
research recommendations, 10, 11
size distribution and
composition, 61-68
urban smoke, 58-71
water in nuclear clouds, 77,
101-6
Soot (graphitic carbon), 7, 37,
39, 58-59, 61, 62, 131, 165
See also Smoke emissions
Stratosphere
dust lofted to, 7-8, 17, 31-33
ozone shield reduction, 4, 8,
12, 112-18, 186
smoke injection altitudes, 76
See also Atmospheric changes
Sulfur compounds, 120, 121, 175,
178
Sulfuric acid, 178
Sunshine project, 185
Surtsey Island, 97
T
Temperature changes, 8
from forest fires, 165-66
from Martian dust storms, 168
multidimensional models, 150-56
one-dimensional models, 136-50
from Sahara dust, 167-68
from volcanic eruptions, 167,
178-79
Toxic chemical releases, 121-23
Troposphere
smoke injection altitudes, 73-76
See also Atmospheric changes
Tunguska meteor, 40-41
U
United States
forest fires, 97-98
volcanic eruptions, 30, 167,
175, 178, 179
Urban fires. See Fires; Smoke
· .
emlsslons
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193
V
Volcanic eruptions, 8-9, 12, 28,
30, 77, 84, 167, 174-80
W
Water in nuclear clouds, 77, 101-6
Wildland fires. See Fires; Smoke
emissions
Winds
afterwinds, 25
changes in, 158-62
Sahara wind/dust storms, 167-68
World War II, 40
Representative terms from entire chapter:
smoke emissions
