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APPENDICES
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APPENDIX
A
Contents, Assessing Knowledge of
Retirement Behavior
The papers in Assessing Knowledge of Retirement Behavior (Hanushek and
Maritato, 1996) were originally presented in September 1994 at the panel's Con-
ference on Modeling the Impact of Public and Private Policies on Retirement
Behavior and Income: What Do We Know and What Do We Need to Know?
They were subsequently modified to incorporate the comments of discussants at
the conference, panel members, and reviewers. The papers and the workshop
discussion contributed significantly to the panel's work and our report.
INTRODUCTION, Eric A. Hanushek and Nancy L. Maritato
Income and Wealth of Older American Households
Labor Supply Behavior
Personal Saving Behavior
Employer Behavior
Mortality, Health Status, and Health Care Costs
A Framework for Analyzing Retirement Income Security
Conclusion
2 INCOME AND WEALTH OF OLDER AMERICAN HOUSEHOLDS:
MODELING ISSUES FOR PUBLIC POLICY ANALYSIS,
Alan L. Gustman and F. Thomas Juster
Conceptual Overview
Components of Income and Wealth of Older Households
Income Distribution Issues
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ASSESSING POLICIES FOR RETIREMENT INCOME
Models of Individual and Firm Behavior Explaining Retirement Income
and Wealth
Income From Earnings Based on Labor Supply Decisions
Savings and Wealth Determination
Life-Cycle Analysis
Precautionary Models of Savings
Bequest Motive
Research Integrating These Motives
Research That Imposes Only Limited Structure
Research Arguing That Full Optimization Is Unlikely
Continuing Controversy in the Savings Literature
Pensions and Social Security
At the Level of the Individual
Pension Plan Determination at the Level of the Firm
Research on Family Structures and Transfers
Research on Housing
Reconciling Research on Labor Supply, Savings, and Pensions
Models and Data Needed to Understand the Incomes and Wealth of
Older Americans
Selected Policies Affecting Retirement Incomes and Wealth
3 FACTORS AFFECTING LABOR SUPPLY DECISIONS AND
RETIREMENT INCOME, Robin L. Lumsdaine
Summary of Trends
Social Security
Pensions and Window Plans
Literature Review and Previous Methodology
What We Would Like to Know
Disability
Literature Review and Previous Methodology
What We Would Like to Know
Medicare and Health Insurance
Literature Review and Previous Methodology
What We Would Like to Know
Hours Flexibility and Career Jobs
Literature Review and Previous Methodology
What We Would Like to Know
Conclusions
Expectations
Endogeneity
Uncertainty
Data Issues
Other Concerns
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CONTENTS, ASSESSING KNOWLEDGE OF RETIREMENT BEHAVIOR
4 PERSONAL SAVING BEHAVIOR AND RETIREMENT INCOME
MODELING: A RESEARCH ASSESSMENT, James M. Poterba
Forecasting Financial Status: An Organizing Framework
Patterns of Wealth Holding for Pre-Retirement Cohorts
Rates of Return
Age-Specific Patterns of Net Saving
Motives for and Models of Private Saving: What Do We Know?
Social Security and Private Saving
Private Pensions and Saving
Targeted Retirement Saving Accounts and Personal Saving
Prospective Accumulation in Targeted Saving Accounts
Net Saving Effects
Withdrawal Behavior
Housing Wealth and Other Private Saving
Conclusion and Future Research Needs
5 RETIREMENT AGE AND RETIREMENT INCOME:
THE ROLE OF THE FIRM, Donald 0. Parsons
The Aging Worker and the Firm
The Aging Worker
The Firm
Scale Economies in Pension Administration
Diseconomies of Scale in Idiosyncratic Decisions
The Employment of Older Workers
Compensation Profiles
Mandatory Retirement Rules
New-Hire Policies
Employer-Provided Pensions
The Locus of Pension Coverage
Trends in Pension Coverage
A Pension Puzzle
Conclusions
Basic Data Needs
The Ideal: Matched Worker/Firm Surveys of Workplaces
Second Best: Employer Surveys with Estimates of Worker
Characteristics
Case Studies
Administrative Cost Surveys
Historical Analyses of Firm Behavior
Basic Research
The Determinants of Industry Structure
The Firm, Information, and Control
Aging and the Firm: Unfinished Business
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ASSESSING POLICIES FOR RETIREMENT INCOME
Priority Topics
Age Profiles of Productivity
The "Ideal" Workplace Age Distribution
Employment Practices in Small Firms
Pension Design
Pension Coverage and Pension "Receipt"
Emerging Issues
Early Retirement Incentive Plans
Employer-Provided Health Insurance for Retirees
6 ASSESSING FORECASTS OF MORTALITY, HEALTH STATUS,
AND HEALTH COSTS DURING BABY BOOMERS' RETIREMENT.
Ronald D. Lee and Jonathan Skinner
How Rapidly Will Mortality Decline?
Mortality Decline in the United States During the 20th Century
Comparisons of Forecasts
Other Methods of Forecasting Mortality Change
Evaluating the Uncertainty of Mortality Forecasts
Some Specific Research Suggestions Using Existing Data and
Established Methods
Recommended Improvements in Data
Recommended Research on Modeling and Methods
Health Status Projections and the Compression of Disability
The Compression Debate
Strategies to Modeling Disability
Recommendations for Improving Modeling and Data Collection
Predicting Health Care Costs
Predicting Real Health Care Services by Demographic Group
Predicting Health Care Quantities and Prices for the Next Century
Conceptual Issues in Modeling Health Care Cost Projections
How Will Changing Mortality, Health, and Health Costs Affect
Retirement Income Security?
The Effect of Changes in the Demographic Structure on Income
Security for the Elderly
Traditional Approaches
Stochastic Population Forecasts
The Impact of Improving Patterns of Disability on Delaying
Retirement
The Distribution of Health Expenses Among Out-of-Pocket, Private
Insurance, and Public Insurance
The Distribution of Retirement Income
Conclusion
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CONTENTS, ASSESSING KNOWLEDGE OF RETIREMENT BEHAVIOR
7 A FRAMEWORK FOR ANALYZING FUTURE RETIREMENT
INCOME SECURITY, Gary Burtless
Micro Models of Retirement Income
Social Security Forecasts
Employer-Sponsored Pensions
Household Saving
Dynamic Microsimulation
Rationale
Disadvantages
Macroeconomic Modeling
Determination of Aggregate Output
Alternative Saving Models
Cycles
Conclusion
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Representative terms from entire chapter:
income security