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References Aaron, Henry J., Barry Bosworth, and Gary Burtless 1989 Can America Afford to Grow Old? Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution. Adler, Gerald S. 1994 A profile of the Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey. Health Care Financing Review Summer: 153-163. 1994-95 Advisory Council on Social Security Technical Panel on Assumptions and Methods 1995 Final Report. Population Aging Research Center Working Paper Series. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania. 1994-95 Advisory Council on Social Security Technical Panel on Trends and Issues in Retirement Saving 1995 Final Report. Population Aging Research Center Working Paper Series. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania. Anderson, Joseph M. 1984 Macroeconomic-Demographic Model. National Institute on Aging. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 1990a Macroeconomic-Demographic Model of Health Care and Consumer Expenditures. NIH Publication No. 90-2986. National Institute on Aging. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Depart ment of Health and Human Services. l990b Micro-macro linkages in economic models. Pp. 187-220 in Gordon H. Lewis and Rich ard C. Michel, eds., Microsimulation Techniques for Tax and Transfer Analysis. Wash ington, D.C.: The Urban Institute Press. 1996 Retirement Policy Analysis: Models, Data, and Requirements for the Future. Report prepared for the American Society of Actuaries. Chevy Chase, Md.: Capital Research Associates. Antoniewicz, Rochelle 1994 A Comparison of the Household Sector from the Flow of Funds Accounts and the Survey of Consumer Finances. Working Paper. Division of Research and Statistics, Federal Reserve Board, Washington, D.C. 213

214 ASSESSING POLICIES FOR RETIREMENT INCOME Auerbach, Alan J., and Laurence J. Kotlikoff 1987 Dynamic Fiscal Policy. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. Auerbach, Alan J., Laurence J. Kotlikoff, Robert P. Hagemann, and Giuseppe Nicoletti 1989 The economic dynamics of an ageing population: The case of four OECD countries. OECD Economic Studies 12(Spring):97- 130. Auerbach, Alan J., Laurence J. Kotlikoff, and Jonathan Skinner 1983 The efficiency gains from dynamic tax reform. International Economic Review 24(1):81- 100. Avery, Robert B., and Gregory E. Elliehausen 1986 Financial characteristics of high-income families. Federal Reserve Bulletin (March): 163- 177. Avery, Robert B., Gregory E. Elliehausen, and Arthur B. Kennickell 1987 Changes in consumer installment debt: Evidence from the 1983 and 1986 Surveys of Consumer Finances. Federal Reserve Bulletin (October):761-778. Bajtelsmit, Vickie L. 1996 Corporate performance and pension plan design. Pp. 123-139 in John A. Turner, and Richard P. Hinz, eds., Pensions, Savings, and Capital Markets. Pension and Welfare Benefits Administration. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Labor. Bandeian, Stephen H., and Lawrence S. Lewin 1994 What we don't know about health care reform. Issues in Science and Technology Spring:52-58. Barringer, Melissa W., and Olivia S. Mitchell 1993 Health insurance choice and the older worker. Pp. 125-140 in Olivia S. Mitchell, ea., As the Workforce Ages-Costs, and Benefits & Policy Challenges. Ithaca, NY: ILR Press. Belier, Daniel J., and Helen H. Lawrence 1990 Trends in private pension plan coverage. Pp. 59-96 in John A. Turner and Daniel J. Belier, eds., Trends in Pensions 1992. Pension and Welfare Benefits Administration. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Labor. Betson, David M., Constance F. Citro, and Robert T. Michael 1997 The Report of the Panel on Poverty and Family Assistance: Summary and Follow-up. Discussion Paper. University of Notre Dame, Indiana. Bilheimer, Linda, and Robert Reischauer 1996 Confessions of the estimators: What didn't we know and when will we know it? [includ- ing discussion by Len Nichols and Jon Shells]. Pp. 147-165 in Henry J. Aaron, ea., The Problem That Won't Go Away. Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution. Board of Trustees [HI] 1996 1996 Annual Report of the Board of Trustees of the Federal Hospital Insurance Trust Fund. Health Care Financing Administration. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Board of Trustees [OASDI] 1994 1994 Annual Report of the Board of Trustees of the Federal Old-Age and Survivors Insurance and Disability Insurance Trust Funds. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Social Secu rity Administration. 1996 1996 Annual Report of the Board of Trustees of the Federal Old-Age and Survivors Insurance and Disability Insurance Trust Funds. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Social Secu rity Administration. Buck Consultants, Inc. 1993 Postretirement Nonpension Benefit Design: A Delicate Balance. New York: Buck Consultants, Inc. 1995a 1994: The Health of America's Pension Plans. New York: Buck Consultants, Inc. Phyllis A. Fernandez,

REFERENCES 215 1995b Analysis of Postretirement and Postemployment Benefit Disclosures from Corporate Fi- nancial Statements. New York: Buck Consultants, Inc. Bureau of the Census 1996 Poverty in the United States: 1995. Prepared by Eleanor Baugher and Leatha Lamison- White. Current Population Reports, Consumer Income, Series P60-194. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Commerce. Bureau of Labor Statistics 1992a The Employee Benefits Survey. Chapter 9 in BLS Handbook of Methods. Bulletin 2414 (September). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Labor. 1992b Employment Cost Index. Chapter 8 in BLS Handbook of Methods. Bulletin 2414 (Sep tember). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Labor. 1994 Employee Benefits in Medium and Large Private Establishments, 1993. Bulletin 2456. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Labor. Burkhauser, Richard, and Joseph Quinn 1994 Changing policy signals. Pp. 237-262 in Matilda White Riley, Robert L. Kahn, and Anne Fowler, eds., Age and Structural Lag. New York: Wiley. Buron, Lawrence, Robert Haveman, and Owen O'Donnell 1995 Recent Trends in U.S. Male Work and Wage Patterns: An Overview. Discussion Paper 1060-95. Institute for Research on Poverty. Madison: University of Wisconsin. Burtless, Gary 1989 Labor Supply Response to Microsimulation Models. Paper prepared for the Panel to Evaluate Microsimulation Models for Social Welfare Programs, Committee on National Statistics, National Research Council. The Brookings Institution, Washington, D.C. 1993 The Uncertainty of Social Security Forecasts in Policy Analysis and Planning. Paper prepared for the Public Trustees of the Social Security and Medicare Boards of Trustees. The Brookings Institution, Washington, D.C. 1996 A framework for analyzing future retirement income security. Pp. 244-272 in Eric A. Hanushek and Nancy L. Maritato, eds., Assessing Knowledge of Retirement Behavior. Panel on Retirement Income Modeling, Committee on National Statistics, National Re search Council. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. Caldwell, Steven B. 1993 CORSIM 2.0 Model Documentation Version 5. Draft. Department of Sociology, Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y. Caldwell, Steven B., Rajat Gupta, Blair Habig, Sameer Kalbag, Andrew Payne, and Aaron Peromsik 1993 CORSIM 2.0 User & Technical Documentation. Draft. Department of Sociology, Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y. Center for Economic Studies 1995 Center for Economic Studies. Annual Report 1994-95. Bureau of the Census. Washing- ton, D.C.: U.S. Department of Commerce. Center for Human Resource Research 1995a NLS Handbook 1995. Columbus: Ohio State University 1995b NLS Users' Guide 1995. Columbus: Ohio State University. Chapman, David W., Christopher L. Moriarity, and John Sommers 1996 Should Firms Be Used as Sampling Units for Selecting Establishments for the 1997 National Employer Health Insurance Survey? Paper prepared for the Joint Statistical Meetings, Chicago, Ill. Klemm Analysis Group, Washington, D.C. Christianson, Anders, and Robert D. Tortora 1995 Issues in surveying businesses: An international survey. Pp. 237-256 in Brenda G. Cox et al., eds., Business Survey Methods. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

216 ASSESSING POLICIES FOR RETIREMENT INCOME Cilke, James, Bob Gillette, C. Eric Larson, and Roy A. Wyscarver 1994 The Treasury Individual Income Tax Simulation Model. Office of Tax Analysis. Wash- ington, D.C.: U.S. Department of the Treasury. Citro, Constance F., and Eric A. Hanushek, eds. 1991 Improving Information for Social Policy Decisions: The Uses of Microsimulation Model- ing, Vol. 1, Review and Recommendations. Panel to Evaluate Microsimulation Models for Social Welfare Programs, Committee on National Statistics, National Research Coun- cil. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. Citro, Constance F., and Graham Kalton, eds. 1993 The Future of the Survey of Income and Program Participation. Panel to Evaluate the Survey of Income and Program Participation, Committee on National Statistics, National Research Council. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. Citro, Constance F., and Robert T. Michael, eds. 1995 Measuring Poverty: A New Approach. Panel on Poverty and Family Assistance, Com- mittee on National Statistics, National Research Council. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. Clark, Robert L., and Ann A. McDermed 1990 The Choice of Pension Plans in a Changing Regulatory Environment. Washington, D.C.: The AEI Press. Coder, John 1991 Exploring Nonsampling Errors in the Wage and Salary Income Data from the March Current Population Survey. Paper prepared for the Allied Social Sciences Association/ Society of Government Economists meeting, Washington, D.C. Bureau of the Census, U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington, D.C. 1992 Using administrative record information to evaluate the quality of the income data col lected in the Survey of Income and Program Participation. In Proceedings of Statistics Canada Symposium 92-Design and Analysis of Longitudinal Surveys. Ottawa: Statis tics Canada. Coder, John, and Lydia Scoon-Rogers 1994 Evaluating the Quality of Income Data Collected in the Annual Supplement to the March Current Population Survey and the Survey of Income and Program Participation. Bureau of the Census, U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington, D.C. Cohen, Lee M., and Laurel E. Beedon 1994a Options for balancing the OASDI trust funds for the long term. Journal of Aging & Social Policy 6(1/2):77-93. 1994b Social Security Principles and the Range of PAYGO Options for Long-Term OASDI Solvency. Paper prepared for the Gerontological Society of America meetings, Atlanta, Ga. American Association of Retired Persons, Washington, D.C. Cohen, Michael L. 1991a Evaluations of Microsimulation models: Literature review. Pp. 237-254 in Constance F. Citro and Eric A. Hanushek, eds., Improving Information for Social Policy Decisions: The Uses of Microsimulation Modeling, Vol. 2, Technical Papers. Panel to Evaluate Microsimulation Models for Social Welfare Programs, Committee on National Statistics, National Research Council. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. l991b Statistical matching and Microsimulation models. Pp. 62-85 in Constance F. Citro and Eric A. Hanushek, eds., Improving Information for Social Policy Decisions: The Uses of Microsimulation Modeling, Vol. 2, Technical Papers. Panel to Evaluate Microsimulation Models for Social Welfare Programs, Committee on National Statistics, National Re search Council. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.

REFERENCES 217 l991c Variation estimation of microsimulation models through sample reuse. Pp. 237-254 in Constance F. Citro and Eric A. Hanushek, eds., Improving Information for Social Policy Decisions: The Uses of Microsimulation Modeling, Vol. 2, Technical Papers. Panel to Evaluate Microsimulation Models for Social Welfare Programs, Committee on National Statistics, National Research Council. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. Congressional Budget Office 1993 Baby Boomers in Retirement: An Early Perspective. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Govern- ment Printing Office. Cotton, Paul and George Sadowsky 1991 Future computing environments for microsimulation modeling. Pp. 141-234 in Constance F. Citro and Eric A. Hanushek, eds., Improving Information for Social Policy Decisions: The Uses of Microsimulation Modeling, Vol. 2, Technical Papers. Panel to Evaluate Microsimulation Models for Social Welfare Programs, Committee on National Statistics, National Research Council. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. Cox, Brenda G., David A. Binder, B. Nanjamma Chinnappa, Anders Christianson, Michael J. Colledge, and Phillip S. Kott 1995 Business Survey Methods. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Curtin, Richard T., F. Thomas Juster, and James N. Morgan 1989 Survey estimates of wealth: An assessment of quality. Pp. 473-522 [including comments by Eugene Smolensky] in Robert E. Lipsey and Helen Stone Tice, eds., The Measurement of Saving, Investment, and Wealth. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. David, Martin, Roderick J.A. Little, Michael E. Samuhel, and Robert K. Triest 1986 Alternative methods for CPS imputation. Journal of the American Statistical Association 81(393):28-41. Duncan, George T., Thomas B. Jabine, and Virginia A. de Wolf, eds. 1993 Private Lives and Public Policies: Confidentiality and Accessibility of Government Sta- tistics. Panel on Confidentiality and Data Access, Committee on National Statistics, National Research Council, and the Social Science Research Council. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. Duncan, Greg J., and Martha S. Hill 1991 Panel Study of Income Dynamics: Research uses and recent innovations. ICPSR Bulletin February: 1-4. Employee Benefit Research Institute 1980a The Application of Modeling Techniques to Retirement Income Policy Issues. An EBRI Workshop. Washington, D.C.: Employee Benefit Research Institute. 1980b Modeling Analysis for Retirement Income Policy: Background and Overview. Washing ton, D.C.: Employee Benefit Research Institute. 1981 Employee Benefit Programs and Policy: Modeling Research. Washington, D.C.: Em ployee Benefit Research Institute. Baby Boomers in Retirement: What Are Their Prospects? EBRI Issue Brief, No. 151 (July). Washington, D.C.: Employee Benefit Research Institute. 1995 Are Workers Kidding Themselves? Results of the 1995 Retirement Confidence Survey. EBRI Issue Brief No. 168 (December). Washington, D.C.: Employee Benefit Research Institute. 1996a Contribution Rates and Plan Features: An Analysis of Large 401(k) Plan Data. EBRI Issue Brief No. 174 (June). Washington, D.C.: Employee Benefit Research Institute. 1996b Participant Education: Actions and Outcomes. EBRI Issue Brief No. 169 (January). Washington, D.C.: Employee Benefit Research Institute. Worker Investment Decisions: An Analysis of Large 401(k) Plan Data. EBRI Issue Brief No. 176 (August). Washington, D.C.: Employee Benefit Research Institute.

218 ASSESSING POLICIES FOR RETIREMENT INCOME England, Robert Stowe 1994 Mixed reviews. Plan Sponsor September: 16-22. Fahy, Terry W., ed. 1995 NLS-Annotated Bibliography, 1968-1995 Edition. Center for Human Resource Research. Columbus: Ohio State University. Federal Committee on Statistical Methodology 1988 Measurement of Quality in Establishment Surveys. Statistical Policy Working Paper No. 15. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Office of Management and Budget. 1990 A Comparative Study of Reporting Units in Selected Employer Data Systems. Statistical Policy Working Paper No. 16. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Office of Management and Budget. Freedman, Vicki A., and Beth J. Soldo, eds. 1994 Trends in Disability at Older Ages-Summary of a Workshop. Committee on National Statistics, National Research Council. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. Garfinkel, Steven A. 1995 Self-insuring employee health benefits. Medical Care Research and Review 52(4):475- 491. Ghilarducci, Teresa 1996 Innovative firms and pension plans. Pp. 141-161 in Phyllis A. Fernandez, John A. Turner, and Richard P. Hinz., eds., Pensions, Savings, and Capital Markets. Pension and Welfare Benefit Administration. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Labor. Grossman, Jean B., and Harold W. Watts 1982 The Structural Needs of Microsimulation Modeling of Labor Supply and Retirement Be- havior. A report to the Economic Studies Program, Program for Research on Retirement and Aging. Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution. Gustman, Alan L., and F. Thomas Juster 1996 Income and wealth of older American households: Modeling issues for public policy analysis. Pp. 11-60 in Eric A. Hanushek and Nancy L. Maritato, eds., Assessing Knowl edge of Retirement Behavior. Panel on Retirement Income Modeling, Committee on National Statistics, National Research Council. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. Gustman, Alan L., and Olivia S. Mitchell 1992 Pensions and labor market activity: Behavior and data requirements. Pp. 39-114 in Zvi Bodie and Alicia H. Munnell, eds., Pensions and the Economy-Sources, Uses, and Limi- tations of Data. Pension Research Council, Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. Gustman, Alan L., and Thomas L. Steinmeier 1991 Changing the Social Security rules for work after 65. Industrial and Labor Relations Review 44(4):733-745. Hanushek, Eric A., and Nancy L. Maritato, eds. 1996 Assessing Knowledge of Retirement Behavior. Panel on Retirement Income Modeling, Committee on National Statistics, National Research Council. Washington, D.C.: Na- tional Academy Press. Haveman, Robert H., and Jeffrey M. Lacker 1984 Discrepancies in Projecting Future Public and Private Pension Benefits: A Comparison and Critique of Two Micro-Data Simulation Models. Institute for Research on Poverty Special Report 36. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. HayGroup 1993 1993 Hay/Huggins Benefits Report, Vol. I, Prevalence of Benefits Practices and Execu- tive Summary. Washington, D.C.: HayGroup.

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The retirement income security of older Americans and the cost of providing that security are increasingly the subject of major debate. This volume assesses what we know and recommends what we need to know to estimate the short- and long-term effects of policy alternatives. It details gaps in data and research and evaluates possible models to estimate the impact of policy changes that could affect retirement income from Social Security, pensions, personal savings, and other sources.

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