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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." National Research Council. 1996. Assessment of Hydrologic and Hydrometeorological Operations and Services. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/5484.
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References Atlas, D., D. Rosenfeld, and A.R. Jameson. 1996. Evolution of radar rain- fall measurements: steps and mix-steps. Pp. 1-60 in Weather Radar Technology for Water Resources Management, B. Braga and O. Massambani, eds. Montevideo, Uruguay: UNESCO Press. Carroll, T.R., and E.W. Holroyd. 1990. Operational remote sensing of snow cover in the U.S. and Canada. Pp. 286-291 in Proceedings of Interna- tional Symposium, Hydraulics and Irrigation Division, American Soci- ety of Civil Engineers, San Diego, California. Reston, Va.: American Society of Civil Engineers. Chapman, R.E. 1992. Benefit-Cost Analysis for the Modernization and Associated Restructuring of the National Weather Service (NISTIR c: 4867). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Commerce. 118 pp. Charba, J.P., and W.H. Klein. 1980. Skill in precipitation forecasting in the National Weather Service. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 61(12):1546-1555. Davis, R.S., and W.J. Drzal. 1991. The potential use of WSR-88D digital rainfall data for flash flood applications on small streams. National Weather Digest 16(2): 1-18. DOC (U.S. Department of Commerce). 1989. Strategic Plan for the Mod- ernization and Associated Restructuring of the National Weather Ser- vice. National Weather Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland. 24 pp. Fread, D.L. 1995. A pathway towards improving hydrologic predictions. Journal of Hydraulic Research, June. Fread, D.L. , R. C. Shedd, G.F. Smith, R. Farnsworth, C.N. Hoffeditz, L.A. Wenzel, S.M. Wiele, J.A. Smith, and G.N. Day. 1995. Modernization of the National Weather Service river and flood program. Weather and Forecasting 10(3):477-484. Georgakakos, K.P. 1986. On the design of national, real-time warning sys- tems with capability for site-specific, flash flood forecasts. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 67(10): 1233-1239. Georgakakos, K.P. 1992. Real-time flash flood prediction. 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Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Commerce. 81 pp. NOAA. 1994c. Natural Survey Disaster Report. The Great Flood of 1993. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Commerce. 42 NOAA. 1995a. River and Flood Program. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Depart- ment of Commerce. NOAA. 1995b. Summary of the President's Budget Fiscal Year 1996. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Commerce. 94 pp. NRC (National Research Council). 1991a. Opportunities in the Hydrologic Sciences. Committee on Opportunities in the Hydrologic Sciences, Water Science and Technology Board, Commission on Geosciences, Environment, and Resources. Washington D.C.: National Academy Press. 348 pp. NRC. l991b. Toward a New National Weather Service A First Report. National Weather Service Modernization Committee. Washington D.C.: National Academy Press. 67 pp. NRC. 1992. Toward a New National Weather Service Second Report. National Weather Service Modernization Committee. Washington D.C.: National Academy Press. 78 pp. NRC. 1994. Advancing the Understanding and Forecasting of Mesoscale Weather in the United States. Committee on Meteorological Analysis, Prediction, and Research. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. 29 pp. NRC. 1995. Toward a New National Weather Service Assessment of NEXRAD Coverage and Associated Weather Services. National Weather Service Modernization Committee. Washington D.C.: National Academy Press. 78 pp. NWS (National Weather Service). 1991. Hydrometeorological Service Op- erations for the 1990s. Silver Spring, Md.: National Weather Service. NWS. 1992. Flash Floods and Floods: A Preparedness Guide. (NOAA/PA 92050). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. NWS. 1996a. Hydrometeorological Service Operations for the 1990s. Silver Spring, Md.: National Weather Service. NWS. 1996b. National Hydrologic Forecast Verification Program Plan. Draft, Part E of National Weather Service Operations Manual. Silver Spring, Md.: National Weather Service. Olson, D.A., N.W. Junker, and B. Korty. 1995. Evaluation of 33 years of quantitative precipitation forecasting at NMC. Weather and Forecasting 10(4):498-511. Page, D., and G.F. Smith.1993. National Weather Service Operational River Forecast System in a UNIX Environment. Paper presented at ASCE International Symposium on Engineering Hydrology, San Francisco, Calif., July 25-30. 6 pp. Seo, D.-J., R. Fulton, J. Breidenbach, M. Taylor, and D. Miller. Final Re- port for interagency memorandum of understanding among the NEXRAD Program, WSR-88D Operational Support Facility, and the NWS Office of Hydrology, Hydrologic Research Laboratory, May 22, 1996. National Weather Service, Silver Spring, Md. Stallings, E.A., and L.A. Wenzel. 1995. Organization of the river and flood program in the National Weather Service. Weather and Forecasting 10(3):457-464. Sweeny, T.L.1992. Modernized Areal Flash Flood Guidance. NOAA Tech- nical Memorandum NWS HYDRO 44. Silver Spring, Md.: National Weather Service.

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Floods are by far the most devastating of all weather-related hazards in the United States. The National Weather Service (NWS) is charged by Congress to provide river and flood forecasts and warnings to the public to protect life and property and to promote the nation's economic and environmental well-being (such as through support for water resources management). As part of a modernization of its technologies and organizational structure, the NWS is undertaking a thorough updating of its hydrologic products and services and the activities that produce them. The National Weather Service Modernization Committee of the National Research Council undertook a comprehensive assessment of the NWS' plans and progress for the modernization of hydrologic and hydrometeorological operations and services. The committee's conclusions and recommendations and their related analysis and rationale are presented in this report.

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