Index
(Page numbers in bold refer to figures. Tables are indicated by a "t" with the page number.)
A
Absorption-emission plans, 162
Acid rain, reduction of, 66
Acquisitions, 30
Ad valorem property-tax policy, 102
Advance monetary outlays, 110
Afforestation, 27
Agrarian property-tax system, 101-102
Agricultural Conservation Program (ACP), 45, 51, 70, 199
funding by region, 189t
Agricultural Stabilization and Conservation Service, 124
Agricultural Worker Protection Standard (WPS), 201
Agriculture, Secretary of, 86
Air pollutants, 4, 44, 57, 65-67
Air quality, 20, 38, 64, 65-67
Alabama, timberland in Metropolitan Statistical Areas, 38
Alaska
forestland ownership by state government, 113
forest practices regulatory law, 49
Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act, 148
Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act, 30-31, 148
Alien insects, 69
American Forest and Paper Association (AF&PA), 17, 32-34, 93, 113
research needs ranked, 135
American Land Conservancy, 94
American Pulpwood Association, 92
Apalachicola National Forest, 36
Artificial regeneration practices, 47
Assessment and monitoring systems, 137-138
Association of Consulting Foresters, 94
Atlantic Coastal Plan, bee rights leased, 36
Australian pine, 70
B
Basin geomorphology, 71
Basket weaving, by Native Americans, 37
Bee rights, 36
Big-game hunting, 39
Biodiversity, 20, 46, 57-59, 93, 156
definitions of, 59
global, 158
maintenance of, 75
rare and endangered species habitat, 60-61
Biodiversity trust funds, 107
Biomass accumulation, 62
general obligation, 9
Bring Back the Natives Program, 43
Brown-headed cowbirds, 60
Buffer zones, along sensitive waterways, 47
Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA), 78, 81, 148
programs administered by, 43
Bureau of Land Management (BLM), 34, 42, 78, 81
programs administered by, 43
programs administered by, 43, 70
Bureau of the Census, employment of persons (1992) by U.S. wood-based industries, 32, 33, 183t
C
California
forest practices regulatory law, 49, 50, 51
freshwater ecosystems, 60
programs involving state- or county-owned forestlands, 115
reforestation regulations, 122
urban forest disinvestment and volunteer organizations, 116
urban-interface wildfires, 65
Carbon
storage, ecological services in nonfederal forests, 2
stored in nonfederal forests, 40
and woody debris reduction, 64
Carbon dioxide emissions, 67, 161
Carbon monoxide emissions, 66
Carbon sequestration, 67-68, 161
Certification standards, 96
Certified forest practices, 95-96
Cheatgrass, 70
Chesapeake Bay Program, 43, 44
Chestnut blight, 69
Citizen participation, promoted in determining care and management of forest resources, 19
Clarke-McNary Act (1924), 2, 141-142
Clean Air Act (1977, 1990), 80, 83, 142, 200-201
Clean Air Act Programs, 44
Clean Water Act, 20, 46, 83, 142, 200
Clean Water Act Programs (nonpoint pollutant sources), 44
Climatic change, global, 4, 11, 75, 160-161, 163
potentially serious effects on national forests, 57, 58, 156, 157
Closed-canopy forests, 67
Club Fed, Mid-Pacific region, 43
Coastal Ecosystem Program, 43
Coastal Zone Management Act, 46, 200
Coastal Zone Management Program (CZM), 43
Cogon grass, 70
Cold water fishing, 39
Colorado, urban-interface wildfires, 65
Colorado Ecosystem Partnership, 43
Colorado River Basin Salinity Control Program, 199
Committee recommendations, nonfederal forests
coordination and strengthening of incentive, technical-assistance, and regulatory programs, 7-8
diverse ownership considerations, 10
fedral-nonfederal linkages, 6-7
federal programs and organizations, 6
global context, 10-11
information needs for decisions, improvement and access enhancement , 9-10
investments in sustainability, 8-9
long-term forest health and integrity, 4
national goals and policy, 5
prevention of deteriorating and serious conditions, 71
policies, planning, and organizing, 4-5
strategic planning processes, 5-6
Community forestlands, 1, 28, 3
landowner investment circumstances, 116-117
Composites, substituted for solid-wood products, 62
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensations, and Liability (1980), 201
Congressional Research Service (CRS) Review, 77
Congressional Research Service Symposia (March 1994), 78
Connecticut, forest practices regulatory law, 49, 51
Connecticut Forest Practices Act, 51
Conservation, 18
Conservation easements, 106
Conservation Fund, 94
Conservation rental contracts, 106-107
Conservation Reserve Program (CRP), 43, 45, 63, 70, 198
decline of, 123
landowner income earned by participation in, 106-107
plantation in highly erodable cropland, 117
plantation on private forestland, 120
Controlled-spacing activities, investment issue, 119, 120
Cooperative and Federal Forest Health Management Program, budget history, 188t
Cooperative Fire Program, 43, 81
Cooperative Lands Fire Management programs, 44-45, 188t
Cooperative Lands Fire Protection program, 196-197
Cooperative Lands Forest Health Management Program, 44-45, 196
Cooperatives, 126
Cooperative Work Trusts, 44
Corporate ''fiber farms,'' 92
Cost-share programs, 45, 70, 110, 117, 198-200
agricultural, 98-99
forestry practices, 47
more effective than public technical assistance, 51, 52, 126
nonindustrial forest owners, 122-123
nonindustrial forests, 120
phased out, 85
reforestation, 52
County and municipal governments
forestland area ownership by region, 31, 179t
timberland area ownership, 172t-173t
County forests, landowner investment circumstances, 113-114, 115-116
Credit rationing, 122
Critical Ecosystem Research and Assessment (CERA) Program, 44
Critically endangered species, habitat losses, 61
Custer State Park, 115
Cutting cycles, shortening of, 62
CWA/Wetlands Delineation and Regulatory Program, Section 404, 43
D
Department of Agriculture. See U.S. Department of Agriculture
Department of Commerce, 88
Department of Commerce National Oceanic and Atmospheric Association, programs administered by, 43
Department of Defense, 34
Department of Labor, 88
Department of Labor Occupational Safety and Health Administration, timber industry workplace safety program, 44
Department of the Army, 88
Department of the Treasury, 88
Internal Revenue Service, programs administered that benefit nonfederal forests, 44
Development rights, 106
biological risk for private investments, 121
epidemic levels, 68-69
Domestic use and farm, acreage and number of forest land units owned for, 183t
E
Easements, 105-107
Ecolabeling, 208-209
Ecological benefits, 40-41
Ecological services, nonfederal forests providing, 2
Ecology, 93
Economic Action Programs, 188t, 197
Economic policies and programs, integration promoted by federal government , 3
Ecosystem coordination councils, 86
Ecosystem management, definitions of, 62, 208
Ecosystems, forest, 45
biodiversity, 57-59
cooperation among multiple owners, 5
increased management intensity, 63
management of, 78
multiple forest uses encouraged, 19
productivity maintained, 19
promotion of long-term health and integrity, 3
state forestry program effectiveness, 52, 195t
state regulatory programs, 49
sustainability critical, 4
sustainability to include maintenance, 19
Educational and technical assistance programs, 21, 48
Educational programs, 2, 52, 108, 192t-193t, 202
effectiveness, state programs, 195t
federal agency responsibility, 8
Education and information programs, 96-97
Emission trading, 162
Employment, 32-34
dependent on nonfederal forestland, 1-2
forest-related, sources of, 34
in wood-based industries in U.S., 32, 33, 34, 183t
Empowerment Zone/Enterprise Community Program, 88
Endangered species, 20, 40, 46, 48
educational programs, 52
forest types most endangered, 61
habitat in nonfederal forests, 2
habitat losses, 61
habitat of, 60-61
multi-agency responsibilities, 6
protection through conservation rental contracts, 106
safe harbor agreements, 107
Endangered Species Act (ESA), 43, 80, 103, 201
application to tribal forests, 148, 149
Endangered Species Protection Program, 43
Energy, conservation of, 38
Engineered wood, 62
Enjoyment of owning, acreage and forestland units owned for, 183t
Environmental agreements, 11, 158, 163
Environmental concerns, 161
Environmental Conservation Acreage Reserve Program (ECARP), 46
Environmental laws, 144
Environmental Monitoring and Assessment program (EMAP), 44
Environmental policies and programs, integration promoted by federal government, 3
Environmental Protection Agency, 42, 70, 77, 81, 88
application in tribal forests, 148
authorized by Clean Air Act, 200, 201
Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program, 137
forestry and environmental education responsibility, 96
merge with environmental regulatory programs proposed, 80
ozone air quality standards, 66
programs administered by, 44
Environmental Quality Incentives Program (EQIP), 45, 199
European gypsy moth, 69
Everglades Restoration Program, 43
F
"Family-forests" programs, 92
Farm and Agriculture Act, 80
Farm area, acreage and forestland units owned for, 183t
Farmer, timberland area in U.S., 29, 172t
Farm tenancies, termination advance notice, 143
Federal Advisory Committee Act (FACA), 77
Federal forests, concentration (location) in U.S., 25
Federal government
agreement on national direction for nonfederal forests, 75-76
allocations of assistance to states, 83
as catalyst for innovation and source of investment for sustainability , 21
fabricating leadership capabilities and investment opportunities, 19
forestry practices promoted on nonfederal lands, 2
improving federal organization, 79-82
initiatives, governmental, 90-91
investment opportunities, 2
involvement in urban-interface wildfires, 65
linkages with nonfederal entities, 82-88
organization within, 76-82
regional offices interfacing with states, 7
role in sustainability, 20-21
summary of findings and recommendations, 88-89
tree planting and seeding by region, 28-29, 176t-177t
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA), 44, 46, 142, 201
Federal investments, nonfederal forests, 123, 188t, 189t, 190t, 191t
Federal-land banks, 88
Federal Land Management: Streamlining and Reorganization Issues, 79
Federal Land Policy and Management Act (1976), 73, 80
Federal lands, diverted from forestland acreage, 27, 174t
Federal Lands Forest Health Management Program, 44-45, 196
Federally directed programs, 42-46
assistance and incentive programs, 44, 196-204
cooperative forestry programs, 45
extension and outreach, 45-46
federal regulatory programs, 46
Forest Health Management, 44-45
transfer programs, 45
Federal national forest programs, 6
Federal programs
coordination and simplification, 3
funding by region, 189t
monitoring nonfederal forest health, 4
nonfederal forests, 2
organizational links, 7
tax subsidies, 102
technical assistance, fiscal incentive, and tax programs, 8
wildfire suppression and fuel management assistance, 4
Federal regulatory initiatives, 103-104
to ensure program efficiency and effectiveness, 103-104
Federal regulatory programs, 8, 200-202
Federal State Cooperative Program (water information), 44
Federal tax subsidies, 102
Federal timberland, definition, 27
Federal Water Pollution Control Act (1972), 80
Federal Wildland Fire Management Policy and Program Review, 65
Fee-simple ownership, 112, 113
Financial institution organizations, investments in forest management , 88
Fire-dependent forests, 64
Fire management activities, funding for, 2
Fire-protection priorities, 65
"First-refusal" rights, 93
effectiveness, state programs, 195t
Flathead Common Ground Project, 85
Flatwoods, bee rights leased, 36
Floral greenery, 37
Florida
forestry practice regulatory system, 49
statewide wildlife conservation plan, 59
timberland in Metropolitan Statistical Areas, 38
urban-interface wildfires, 65
Food products, 36
Forest and Rangeland Renewable Resources Planning Act of 1974 (RPA) , 5, 73, 74, 137
RPA Assessment, 74
Forest certification, 208-209
Forest Cutting Practices Act (Mass.), 49
Forest development centers, 85-86
Forest Ecosystem Management Assessment Team (FEMAT), 43
Forest fires, 64-65
Forest health, definition, 205-207
Forest Health Management, 44-45
Forest Health Protection Program, 43, 81
Forest industry
acreage of forestland owned, 1
privately owned timberland, 29, 170t, 172t
Forest-industry initiatives, 91-93
Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) program, 21, 137, 138, 140
Forest investments, 109-110
Forestland, definition, 26
Forestland area
by region and ownership, 179t
investment issue, 117-118, 170t
Forest-landowner associations, 87, 145-146
Forest Legacy Program, 43, 81, 106, 188t, 197
Forest management intensity, 61-64
Forest management plans, written, 18, 30, 93, 97, 121-122
private forestland area and ownership units, 182t
Forest products, prices increased, 109-110
Forest-products conservation, 91
Forest Research Program, 43
Forest Resources Council, 87
Forest Resources Partnership, 87
Forest resource sustainability
national principles developed, 3
principles of, 18
Forest Resource Trust (Oregon), 127, 130
Forestry Assistance Program, budget history, 188t
Forestry-consultant initiatives, 94
Forestry cooperatives, 86
Forestry Incentives Program, 45, 51, 52, 124, 199
funding by region, 189t
Forestry organizations, institutional and managerial capacity built within, 2-3
Forestry practices, professionally guided, 7
Forestry Research: A Mandate for Change, 134
Forests, as emission absorbers, 162
Forest Stewardship Council (FSC), 18, 95, 113, 209
Forest Stewardship Program (FSP), 43, 81, 99, 188t, 197
Fragmentation of ecosystems, 99, 100
estate taxes and, 100
Fragmentation of forest ownership, 69
Fuel-management approaches, 65
Fuel-management technologies, federal assistance to states, 4
Fusiform rust incidence, 69
G
GAO Review, 79
GAP Analysis Program, 44
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), 158, 159-160
General obligation bonding, 127, 128
Genetically improved tree seedlings or cuttings, 63
Geographic Information System (GIS), 38, 44
Georgia
forestry practice regulatory system, 49
timberland in Metropolitan Statistical Areas, 38
Global pollutants, mitigation by forests, 11
Gorse, 70
Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, 44
Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory (GLERL), 43
Great Lakes Initiative, 43
Great Lakes National Program, 44
Great Lakes region, state-owned forests, 113-114
Great Plains Conservation Program, 199
Great Plains Project, 44
Great Plains region, state government programs, 48, 49, 192t-193t
Green certification, 208-209
Ground water development, 40
H
Habitat, 71
isolation, 59-60
loss, 61
Habitat Conservation Plan for northern spotted owl, 59
Habitat conversion, 27
Habitat coordination councils, 86
Haole koa, 70
Hardwood, percentage of nonindustrial growing stock, 35-36
Hardwood inventories, 118, 119, 186t
Hatch Act, 43
Heat islands, 66
High-vigor trees, 69
Honey production, 36
Hunting rights, 39
Hydrocarbon emissions, 67
Hydrologic patterns, 71
I
Idaho, forest practices regulatory law, 49
Incentive programs
carbon storage on nonindustrial private forestlands, 68
Income, 32-34
Income taxes, benefits from easements, 106
Increased management intensity, 63
Indian Forest Management Assessment Team, 114
Indigenous property systems, 147
Individual Restricted Fee, 29
Individual Trust, 29
Industrial forestland, 10
net annual growth of softwoods and hardwoods, 36, 187t
Industrial owners, landowner investment circumstances, 112-113
Industrial timberlands, investment issue, 118-119, 186t
Information and technology transfer, 136-137
Information management, 138-139
Information Management Program, 43
Infrastructure investments, 125, 131
Insectivores, specialist, and woody debris reduction, 63-64
Insects, 4, 20, 47, 57-58, 68-69
biological risk for private investments, 121
state investment of protection in private forestlands, 124
Institutional investors, 30, 183t
Instream use of water, 40
Interagency Ecosystem Management Task Force, 77-78
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 160-161
Interim Strategies for Managing Anadromous Fish-Producing Watersheds (PACFISH) in the Pacific Northwest, 43, 78
Interior Columbia Basin Ecosystem Management Project, 85
International accords, 158-160, 163
International Tropical Timber Agreement (ITTA), 158
International Tropical Timber Organization's Target 2000 program, 160
Intertribal Timber Council
acreage of timberland, 29
economic benefits from tribal forests estimated, 34
Investment environments, 110-117
investment climate, 110
landowner investment circumstances, 111-117
Investment issues, strategies, remedies for disadvantages, 126-127, 131
Investments
eliminating discouraging tax policies and programs, 8
encouraged in sustaining nonfederal forests, 4
federal, fiscal and technical assistance programs, 9
for nonfederal forests, 3
in nonfederal forests, privately-initiated programs promoted, 8
in research, 9-10
insufficient, 15-16
long-term, 3
long-term, in nonfederal forests promoted, 19-20
percentage for nonfederal forests in federal budget, 8
private, in nonfederal forests, 8, 9
public, in nonfederal forests, 8
revenue sources for nonfederal forests, 9
Ivy, 70
K
Knapweeds, 70
Kudzu, 70
L
Lake states region, state government programs, 48, 192t-193t
Laminated root rot, 69
Land Acquisition Priority System (critical areas acquisition program) , 43
Land and Water Conservation Fund, 44, 81
Land conversion, 4
Land Conversion Subcommittee of the Northern forestlands Council, 100
Land investment, acreage and number of forestland units owned for, 30, 183t
Landowner-assistance programs (LAPs), 93
Landowner rights and responsibilities, 144
Landowners' reasons for owning forestland, 111
Land rent, required sharing of, 145
Landscape coordination councils, 86
Land trusts, 106
Land use, changes in U.S., 27, 174t
Lease arrangements for timber productions, 126
Local governments, managed lands for recreational opportunities, 39
Local-level programs, regulatory programs, 50-51, 203-204
Louisiana, landowner-assistance programs, 93
Louisiana Sea Grant Program, 43
M
McIntire-Stennis Cooperative Forestry Research Program, 43
Maine, forest practices regulatory law, 49, 51
Mammoth Cave, 44
"Managed" condition of forests, 157
Management, conservation and sustainable development of world's forests, 159
Management cost deductions, 100-101
Management intensity, effects of, 57
Maple syrup production, 36, 37
Maryland, forestry practice regulatory system, 49
Massachusetts, forest practices regulatory law, 49
"Master woodland manager" programs, 95
Melaleuca, 70
Metropolitan Statistical Areas, timberland located in, 38
Michigan
improved management of state-forest system, 114
long-term bonding program, 127, 128
programs involving state- or county-owned forestlands, 115
urban-interface wildfires, 65
Mid-Atlantic Highlands Assessment Program, 44
Mid-Atlantic region, state government programs, 48, 192t-193t
Mid-Continent region, state government programs, 48, 49, 192t-193t
Migratory wildlife habitat, 162
Minnesota
professional level raised of resource managers of state-owned forests , 113-114
programs involving state- or county-owned forestlands, 115
public/private landowner partnerships, 87
Missouri, programs involving state- or county-owned forestlands, 115
Monitoring and information management, 137-139
Montana
forestry practice regulatory system, 49
programs involving state- or county-owned forestlands, 115
Montana Bitteroot Regional Agreement, 85
Multiple stakeholder decision-making processes, encouraged by federal government, 3
Municipal investments, 124
Mushrooms, harvesting of, 36
N
National Association of State Foresters, 97
employees in state forestry agencies estimated, 34
National Audubon Society, 93-94
National Biological Survey Gap Analysis Program, 137
National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA, 1969), 80, 148
National Estuarine Research Reserve System (NERRS), 43
National Fish and Wildlife Foundation, 94
National Forest, RPA Program, 5
National Forest Health Monitoring Program (NFHMP), 137, 207
National Forest Management Act (NFMA, 1976), 73, 74, 75, 80
National forests, use and management of, 2
National Historic Preservation Act, 148
National Indian Forest Resources Act, 114
National Indian Forest Resources Management Act Programs/Integrated Resource Management Plans (IRMPs) , 43
National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), 43, 70, 201, 202
National Marine Sanctuary Program, 43
National Minerals Assessment Program, 44
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 200
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Agency (NOAA), 200
National Park Service, 81
programs administered by, 44
National Research Council, 17, 139
National Resource Lands, 73
National Science and Technology Council, 135-136
National Urban and Community Forest Advisory Council, 116-117
National Wetlands Inventory (NWI), 43
National Wildlife Refuges, 73
National Wildlife Refuge System Administration Act, 73
National Woodland Owners Association, Private Property Responsibility Initiative, 146
Native Americans;
see also Tribal forests
community, definition of, 147
community ownership of land, 29, 114, 145
connectedness, definition of, 147
employment and income from tribal forests, 34
fishing rights, 148
humility, definition of, 148
nontimber forest products, 37
ownership of forestland, 29
perspectives on property and sovereignty, 146-149
private nonfederal forestland owned, 29, 170t
reservations, 148
respect, definition of, 147
rights, 148-149
tribal hunting and gathering rights, 148
Natural Resource Conservation Education, 197
Natural Resources and the Environment Competitive Grants Research Program, 43
Natural Resources Inventory (NRI), urban and community forestland acreage, 28, 175t
Nature Conservancy, 93-94, 137
Neotropical migratory bird species, 58, 60, 162, 163
Nevada, forest practices regulatory law, 49
New Hampshire, local forestry ordinances, 51
New Mexico, forest practices regulatory law, 49
Nitrate levels, 41
Nitrogen, saturation of soils, 66
Nonfederal cropland, diverted from forestland acreage, 27, 174t
Nonfederal developed land, diverted from forestland acreage, 27, 174t
Nonfederal forests
acreage and owners with written forest management plans, 30, 182t
acreage decreases and increases, 1
acreage in U.S., 25
area of forestland and units, by ownership, 30, 183t
area owned, by size class of ownership, 30, 181t
area whose ownership changed, 30, 181t
artificial vs. natural origin of forest stands in Southeast region , 28, 178t
assistance programs, 91
challenges for future investment in sustainability, 3-4
committee recommendations, 4-11
concentration (location) in U.S., 25
contributions in global context, 4
conversion of land use, 27
coordination hindered, 5
description, 15
descriptions of timberland, 25
diverted from cropland acreage, 27, 174t
diverted from federal land acreage, 27, 174t
diverted from pastureland acreage, 27, 174t
diverted from water areas acreage, 27, 174t
ecological services, 2
environmental services, 157
federal assistance and protection programs, 3
federal involvement issues, features of, 82
federal leadership, 79
federal programs, 2
forestland locations, 26
forestland locations by region, 26, 171t
forestland ownership in U.S. by region, 26
information base improvements, 4
institutional issues frustrating sustainability, 72
institutional relationships guiding, 3
international and global circumstances influencing sustainability, 3
international issues affecting, 160-162
investing in sustainability of, 15
investments, sources and levels of, 3
lack of comprehensive national direction, 73, 74
lack of information about, 134
land use and cover changes, 174t
linkages with federal government entities, 82-88
location in U.S., 1
managed condition, 157
national interests identified, 7
national policies and programs developed, 3
net annual growth of softwoods and hardwoods, 36, 187t
number of owners, by size class of ownership, 30, 180t
numbers of owners, by date of acquisition, 30, 182t
ownership characterisitcs, 29-31, 170t
percentage of forestland area, 25
plantations area projected by region, 28-29, 178t
private ownership, 29-30, 170t
private program initiatives, 2
program coordination, 104
programs at federal level, 5-6
programs, type and implementation of, 3
public ownership, 30-31, 170t, 172t, 179t
range in number and size of private ownership units, 30, 180t
recreational activities, acreage available for, 2
regulation of practices or conditions on, 2
research and information, management of, 3
resources, 3
rights and responsibilities of landowners, 3
sustained through private and voluntary initiatives, 96
timber harvest (%) from industrial and nonindustrial private forestland , 34
timber industry employment, 1-2
timberland acreage, 27, 172t-173t
timber products for export, 157
tree planting and seeding areas, 28-29, 176t-177t
urban and community forestland, 27-28
Nonfederal pastureland, diverted from forestland acreage, 27, 174t
Nonfederal public forests, investment issue, 119, 186t
Nonfederal public land management agencies, 34
Nonfederal rangeland, land use and cover changes, 174t
Nonindustrial forests, 10
Nonindustrial private forestland owners, 1
Nonindustrial private forests, 10, 29
for recreational opportunities, 39
Nonindustrial private owners, landowner investment circumstances, 111-112
Nonprofit-organization initiatives, 2, 93-94
Nonprofit-owned land, as habitat for endangered and threatened species , 40
Nontimber forest products, 36-37
North American Free Trade Agreement (FAFTA), 158
North American Waterfowl Management Program, 43
North Carolina
programs involving state- or county-owned forestlands, 115
timberland in Metropolitan Statistical Areas, 38
North Central region
federal programs, 189t
finances of state forestry agencies, 191t
forestland area by ownership, 179t
nonfederal forestland acreage, 26, 171t
nonindustrial private forests, 29
private forestland ownership units, 30, 180t
state government forestry program expenditures, 190t
timber harvest, 185t
timberland area, nonfederal public ownership, 30, 172t
tree planting and seeding by ownership, 28, 176t
urban forestland acreage, 28, 175t
Northeast region
federal programs, 189t
finances of state forestry agencies, 191t
forestland area by ownership, 179t
local forestry ordinances, 51
nonfederal forestland acreage, 26, 171t
nonindustrial private forests, 29
private forestland ownership units, 30, 180t
state government forestry program expenditures, 190t
state government programs, 48, 49, 192t-193t
timber harvest, 185t
timberland area, nonfederal public ownership, 30, 172t
tree planting and seeding by ownershiop, 176t
urban forestland acreage, 28, 175t
Northern forestlands Council, 17, 85, 102, 106
Northern spotted owl, 59
Norway's Forest Trust Fund, 127, 129
Norwegian Forestry and Forest Protection Act of 1965, 129
Nuisance, English Common Law concept of, 143
Nuisance law, 150
O
Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA), 46, 202
Office of Management and Budget, 77
Office of Science and Technology Policy, 77
Old-growth-diversification studies, 91
Opportunity costs, 110
Oregon
conversion of original forests, 61
forest practices regulatory law, 49, 50
Oregon Department of Forestry, 127
Oregon's Forest Practices Act, 51, 130
Oregon's Forest Resource Trust Fund, 127, 130
Organizations' cooperatives, forest management of nonfederal forests , 88
Ownership, mixed public-private system, 19
Ozone, chronic low-level exposure, 66, 156
P
PACFISH. See Interim Strategies for Managing Anadromous Fish-Producing Watersheds in the Pacific Northwest
Pacific Northwest Assistance Program, 188t, 198
Pacific Northwest Forest Plan, 44
Pacific Northwest region
federal programs, 189t
finances of state forestry agencies, 191t
forest land area by ownership, 29, 179t
mushroom harvesting, 36
nonfederal forestland acreage, 26, 117, 171t
plantation area on private timberland projected, 29, 178t
private forestland area and private ownership units, 180t
projected tree plantation, 63, 178t
softwood inventory, 118-119, 186t
state government forestry program expenditures, 190t
timberland area, nonfederal public ownership, 30, 172t
tree planting and seeding by ownership, 28, 176t
urban forestland acreage, 175t
Pacific Southwest region
federal programs, 189t
finances of state forestry agencies, 191t
forest land area by ownership, 179t
nonfederal forestland acreage, 26, 171t
private forestland area and number of private ownership units, 180 t
state government forestry expenditures, 190t
timberland area by ownership, 172t
tree planting and seeding by ownership, 176t
urban forestland acreage, 175t
Pampas grass, 70
Partners in Flight (PIF) Program, 43
Passive-active rules, 101
Passive-loss rules, 101
Payroll, in wood-based industries, 32, 33, 183t
Pennsylvania, local forestry ordinances, 51
Permanent Appropriation, 44
Pesticides, 47
Phytophthora root rot, 69
''Pilot forests," 92
Pine cones, sale of, 36
Pine plantation area, in nonfederal forests, 28
Pine shoot beetle, 69
Plantation, 63, 91, 110, 119-120, 176t
decline following Conservation Reserve Program decline, 123
fiscal incentives, 98
Poka vine, 70
Pollution control, 38
water, 40-41
President's Council on Sustainable Development, 16
Private cooperatives, 86
Private forest regions, as functional program delivery system, 85
Private Forestry programs, 43
Private initiatives, 91-96
Private investments
capital, 121-122
rates of return, 121-122
regulatory effects, 122
scale of, 121
Private land, government restrictions on use of, 142
Private Lands Program, 43
Private natural-resource organizations, 96
Private ownership
nonfederal forests, 29-30, 170t
timberland area ownership by region, 172t-173t
Private programs, nonfederal forests, 2
Private property rights and societal action, 143-146
Property rights, 142
balancing rights and responsibilities, 149-154
Property-rights laws of various states, 151
Property-rights movement, 153
Property tax assessments, 47
Property taxes, annual ad valorem, 102
Property tax laws, 126
Public and private landowner partnership, 86-87
Public investments, 122-125
scale of, 124-125
Public-sector funding, 127
Public-service announcements, wildfire protection, 91
Pulp fiber production, 62
Purchase, of private lands, 2
Q
Quality of life, nonfederal forests as contributor to, 19
Quinault tribe, 148-149
R
Rangelands, deterioration of, 70
Rare species, habitat of, 60-61
Real estate value, 38
Recreation, acreage and number of forest land units owned for, 183 t
Recreational activities, 48
nonfederal forests as setting for, 2
Recreational Boating and Facilities Improvement Act (1980), 101
Recreational opportunities, public nonfederal forestland, 39
Recreation values, 36
Recycling, 91
of wood, 62
Red-cockaded woodpecker, 107
Reduced-impact harvesting, 63
Reduced-impact logging techniques, 68
Reforestation, 18, 27, 46-47, 93
carbon sequestration, 68
forestry-consultant initiatives, 94
investment issue, 120
investment tax credits for, 101
public investments, 124
rates of return of investment, 121
regulatory effects, 122
variables affecting decisions by private nonindustrial forest landowners , 51-52, 194t
voluntary guideline programs least effective, 52
Reforestation investment tax incentive, 101
Reforestation Trust fund, 44
Regeneration expenses, 100-101
Regeneration methods, 120
Regional integration, strategies of forestry interests fostered, 3
Regionalism, 84
Regulatory programs, 108
effectiveness, state programs, 195t
federal regulatory role, 104-105
issues, 105
local-level programs, 50-51, 203-204
private-forest practices, 102-105
program coordination, 104
state and local initiatives, 104, 105
state-level programs, 49-50, 192t-193t, 203
Renewable Resources Extension Act (RREA), 46
programs, 43
Rental agreements, 105-107
Research and development, 133-136
availability of researchers, 134
organization and management of research, 135
planning and focus of research, 135-136
quality of research, 134
quantity of research, 134
Research Grants Program (EPA), 44
Residence, acreage and forestland units owned for, 183t
Resource Conservation and Development Program (RC&D), 43
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCCRA), 44
Riparian Area Management Program, 43
Rivers and Harbors Act (1890), 103, 202
Rocky Mountain region
federal programs, 189t
forestland area by ownership, 179t
nonfederal forestland acreage, 26, 117, 171t
private forestland area and private ownership units, 180t
state government programs, 48, 190t, 192t-193t
timber harvest, 185t
tree planting and seeding, 177t
urban forestland acreage, 175t
Rolling easements, 106
Ruffed Grouse Society, 95
Rural Forestry Assistance program, 43, 81, 188t
Rust, 69
S
Safe harbor agreements, 107
Sanctuaries, 93-94
San Francisco Bay and Delta Estuary Initiatives, 44
Scotch broom, 70
Second Conference of Parties to the Framework Convention on Climate Change in Geneva, 161
Sediment routing patterns, 70
Seed-tree laws, 49
Seventh American Forest Congress, 73, 75
Seventh generation, 148
Shipments, value of, in wood-based industries in U.S., 32, 33, 183 t
Silvicultural regeneration systems, 47
Small log utilization technology, 62
Small Watershed Program, 43
Smith-Lever Act, 46
Smith-Lever Extension Programs, 43
Social benefits, health and psychological, 38
Softwood inventories, 35-36, 118, 119, 161, 186t
Soil, ecological services in nonfederal forests, 2
Soil Bank Program (SBP), 51
Soil-sensitive timber harvesting techniques, 47
South, nonindustrial private forests, 29
South Carolina
landowner-assistance programs, 93
timberland in Metropolitan Statistical Areas, 38
South Central region
federal programs, 189t
forestland area by ownership, 29, 179t
nonfederal forestland, 26, 117, 171t
pine plantation projections, 28, 178t
plantation area on private timberland projected, 28, 178t
private forestland area and private ownership units, 180t
projected tree plantation, 63, 178t
state government forestry program expenditures, 190t
state government programs, 48-49, 50, 192t-193t
stocking-control practices or regeneration, 123
timberland area by ownership, 173t
tree planting and seeding, 28, 63, 177t
urban forestland acreage, 28, 175t
South Dakota, programs involving state- or county-owned forestlands , 115
Southeast region
artificial vs. natural origin of forest stands on nonfederal timberland , 28, 178t
federal programs, 189t
finances of state forestry agencies, 191t
forestland area by ownership, 29, 179t
nonfederal forestland, 26, 171t
pine plantation projections, 28, 178t
private forestland area and number of private ownership units, 180 t
projected tree plantations, 63, 178t
state government programs, 48-49, 50, 190t, 192t-193t
stocking-control practices or regeneration, 123
timberland area by ownership, 173t
tree planting and seeding by ownership, 28, 63, 177t
urban forestland acreage, 28, 175t
timberland acreage, 117
South Florida/Everglades Restoration, 44
Special income tax treatment, 20
Special Projects Program, 188t
Sport Fish Restoration Program, 43
Stand canopies, closure hastened, 35
State-directed forestry programs, 202-204
State fish and game agencies, 39
State forestry agencies, 2
education and information programs, 96
finances by region and source of support, 46, 191t
investments, 46
managing land for recreational opportunities, 39
programs to directly influence use and management of private forests , 47
State forestry programs, 43
effectiveness as judged, 52, 195t
State forests, 10
State governments
forestland area ownership by region, 30, 179t
timberland area ownership, 172t-173t
Statehood grants, 30
State-level programs, 46-50
assistance and incentive programs, 47, 190t, 192t
cost-share grants, 99
federal government aid, 6-7, 20, 83
funding sources for, 127, 128, 130, 131
influencing private forestry practices, 92
linkages with federal programs, 84
linkage with nonfederal forests, 84
program selection and choices, 47
regional differences, state government programs, 48-49, 192t-193t
regulatory effects on investments, 122
regulatory measures, 47
regulatory programs, 8, 49-50, 104-105, 192t-193t, 203
state agency funding, 46
state forestry agencies, investments, 46
State park agencies, 39
State property-rights laws, 151
State tax policies, 101-102
responsible, 142-149
Stewardship Incentives Program (SIP), 43, 45, 81, 124, 198
budget history of state and private forestry, 188t
funding by region, 189t
Stocking-control practices, 123
Storm-water flow, 38
Stream flow, high-quality water, 40
Stumpage prices, effect on reforestation, 123
Subsidies, discouraged by trade agreements, 159
Subsistence hunting, 148
Sulfur dioxide emissions, 66, 67
Superfund, 201
Surface water development, 40
Suspended sediment, 41
Sustainability
clarification of, 16
definition, 17
federal role in, 20-21
of forests, 19
Sustainable development, definition, 17
Sustainable forest management, definition, 17, 208-209
Sustainable Forestry Initiative (SFI), 93, 113, 209
Sustained yield management, 63
Swan Valley Conservation Agreement, 85
T
Target Industry Program (Michigan), 114, 115, 128
Tax deductions, 126
Tax incentive programs, 52, 98, 99-102, 108, 110
effectiveness, state programs, 195t
state government programs, 192t-193t, 203
wildlife protection, 48
Taxpayer Relief Act of 1997, 99-100
Tax Reform Act of 1986, 100
Technical-assistance programs, 52, 96-98, 108, 110, 126
effectiveness, state programs, 195t
state government programs, 192t-193t, 202
Technical forestry services, provision of, 2
Technology transfer, 136-137
client groups and scope of programs, 136-137
Term easements, 106
Thinning, 69
decline in CRP planting of pine plantations, 123
educational programs, 52
habitat in nonfederal forests, 2
habitat losses, 61
multi-agency responsibilities, 6
protection through conservation rental contracts, 106
Timber
softwood and hardwood net annual growth by ownership, 34, 187t
Timber and wood products, 34-36
Timber bridge initiatives, 91
Timber export, 163
world demand, 160
Timber growing stock inventory, by ownership, 34, 35, 118, 186t
regulatory effects, 122
Timber harvest, 109
from forest industry, farm, and privately owned forestland, 35
reduction as result of policy changes, 61-62
softwood and hardwood, by ownership, 34, 35, 184t
Timber harvester certification, 93
Timber harvester registration programs, 93
Timber harvesting, 93
procedures, 47
Timber investory, investment issue, 118
Timberland
acreage by ownership and region, 27, 172t-173t
industrially owned acreage, 29, 170t
nonfederal public ownership, 30, 172t
privately owned, by ownership, 29, 170t
Timber management
investment issue, 119-120, 176t
practices, 119-120
Timber production, acreage and forestland units owned for, 30, 183 t
Timber products, certified forest practices, 95
Timber stand, investment in, 121
Timber-stand improvement (TSI), 63, 110, 120
fiscal incentives, 98
Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA), 44
Trade agreements, 158-160, 163
nonfederal forests and, 11
Tree Assistance Program (TAP), 45, 199-200
funding by region, 189t
Tree canopies, in Milwaukee, 38
Tree-farm program, 92
Tree planting and plantations, 63
acreage by region and ownership, 28-29, 176t-177t
programs, community involvement in, 38
Trees Atlanta, 85
see also Native Americans
economic benefits from, 34
as habitat for endangered and threatened species, 40
landowner investment circumstances, 114
as sanctuaries, 39
Tribal Restricted Fee, 29
Tribal Simple, 29
Tribal Trust, 29
Trinity County, California, wildcrafting, 37
Trust for Public Land, 94
Trusts, private, 9
U
United Nations' Conference on Environment and Development (June 1992) , 156, 158
United States, tree planting and seeding by region, 177t
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 5, 42, 70, 75, 81
issuing permits for obstructing waterways, 202
programs administered by, 43
regulating wetlands per Clean Water Act, 200
U.S. Congress, 150
established National Fish and Wildlife Foundation, 94
U.S. Constitution, Fifth Amendment, 145, 149, 150, 152, 153
U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), 42, 43, 88
USDA Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service (CSREES), 42, 45-46, 81, 95
programs administered by, 43
USDA Economic Research Service (ERS), nonfederal forestland acreage estimate, 26
USDA Farm Services Agency, 42, 200
USDA Forest Service, 2, 29-30, 42, 45, 78
budget history of state and private forestry, 188t
costs for state and private expenditures, 73
creation of Forest Legacy Program, 106
definition of forestland, 138
employees on payroll (9/30/95), 34
Forest Health Management programs, 196
Forestry Incentives Program, 199
identification of potentially deteriorating forest conditions, 57
national strategic plan for programs at 5-year intervals, 74-75
nonfederal forestland acreage estimate, 26
nonfederal-forests programs, 91
potentially serious and deteriorating situations in U.S. forests, 57, 58
programs administered by, 43
RPA Program prepared, 5
state and private forestry programs, 83, 125
State and Private Forestry unit, 6, 44, 79, 85, 96
State and Private Forestry unit, interfacing with states, 83
USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS), 42, 81, 96, 199
definition of forestland, 138
land use estimates (not forest cover), 27, 174t
nonfederal forestland acreage estimate, 26
programs administered by, 43
USDA Soil Conservation Service 1991, 27
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 5, 42, 75, 81, 94
administering regulations for terrestrial and freshwater species, 201
enforcing Endangered Species Act, 202
National Training and Education Center, 137
programs administered by, 43, 70
U.S. General Accounting Office, reforestation investment tax incentive , 101
U.S. Geological Survey, 81
National Water Quality Assessment Program, 137
programs administered by, 44
U.S. Supreme Court
Endangered Species Act regulation and property values, 152
protection of private property, 142
Upper Columbia Basin Project, 85
Urban and community benefits, 37-38
Urban and Community Forestry, 198
Urban and community forests, 10
economic value and other benefits, 37-38
social benefits, 37-38
Urban forestlands, 1, 27-28, 31, 66
landowner investment circumstances, 116-117
strategies to improve investment level, 117
Urban Forestry Program, 43, 81, 188t
Urban-interface wildfires, 65
Urbanization, 27
Urban Resources Partnership, 85
V
Virginia
forestry practice regulatory system, 49
programs involving state- or county-owned forestlands, 116
timberland in Metropolitan Statistical Areas, 38
Volatile organic hydrocarbons (VOCs), emitted by trees, 67
Voluntary easements, 106
Voluntary-guideline programs, 192t-193t, 202
effectiveness, state level, 195t
Voluntary initiatives, 91-96
Volunteer efforts, 94-95
Volunteer organizations, managing urban forests, 116
W
Washington
conversion of original forests, 61
forest practices regulatory law, 49, 50
programs involving state- or county-owned forestlands, 116
urban-interface wildfires, 65
Washington Department of Natural Resources, 36
Washington timber, fish, and wildlife agreement, 116
Water areas, diverted from forestland acreage, 27, 174t
Water areas and federal land, land use and cover changes, 174t
Water pollutants, prevention of, from nonpoint forest sources, 6
Water quality, 20, 36, 38, 47-48, 70-71
best management practices, 41
ecological services in nonfederal forests, 2
effectiveness of state forestry programs, 52, 195t
potentially deteriorating situations, 58
private landowners to reserve riparian areas, 122
Sustainable Forest Initiative, 93
Water Quality Incentives Program, 199
Water-quality programs
administered by federal government agencies or bureau-level units, 76
implemented by USDA, 76
Watershed characteristics, 57
Watershed integrity, 70-71
measures of, 71
Watershed Planning Conference, 78-79
Watershed Planning Program, 43, 44
Water temperature, 41
West region, state government programs, 48, 49-50, 192t-193t
Wetland Reserve Program, 106-107
Wetlands, 20
Wetlands Regulatory Program, 44
Wetlands Reserve Program (WRP), 43
White pine blister rust, 69
White-tailed deer, 58-59
and alien plants spreading, 70
protection, 18, 47, 83, 91, 124
protection, state forestry program effectiveness, 52, 195t
suppression, federal assistance to states, 4
Wildland and urban interface, 64
Wildlife
habitat provided, ecological services in nonfederal forests, 2
management, 48
populations, 36
protection, 52
Wildlife Habitat Incentives Program, 43, 199
Wildlife Restoration Program, 43
Wisconsin
assistance provided to counties, 114
programs involving state- or county-owned forestlands, 116
Wisconsin Bureau of Forestry, 127
Wood, shortfall, ways to make up for, 62
Wood-based industry
landowner investment circumstances, 112-113
research funding, 135
World Commission on Environment and Development, 16, 17
World Wildlife Fund (WWF), 95
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Recent Publications of the Board on Agriculture
Policy and Resources
Precision Agriculture in the 21st Century: Geospatial and Information Technologies in Crop Management (1997), 149 pp., ISBN 0-309-05893-7
Wood in Our Future: The Role of Life-Cycle Analysis, (1997), 147 pp., ISBN 0-309-5745-0
Colleges of Agriculture at the Land Grant Universities: Public Service and Public Policy, (1996), 120 pp., ISBN 0-309-05433-8
Ecologically Based Pest Management: New Solutions for a New Century (1996), 152 pp., ISBN 0-309-05330-7
Colleges of Agriculture at the Land Grant Universities: A Profile (1995), 146 pp., ISBN 0-309-05295-5
Investing in the National Research Initiative: An Update of the Competitive Grants Program in the U.S. Department of Agriculture (1994), 66 pp., ISBN 0-309-05235-1
Rangeland Health: New Methods to Classify, Inventory, and Monitor Rangelands (1994), 180 pp., ISBN 0-309-04879-6
Soil and Water Quality: An Agenda for Agriculture (1993), 516 pp., ISBN 0-309-04933-4
Managing Global Genetic Resources: Agricultural Crop Issues and Policies (1993), 450 pp., ISBN 0-309-04430-8
Pesticides in the Diets of Infants and Children (1993), 408 pp., ISBN 0-309-04875-3
Managing Global Genetic Resources: Livestock (1993), 294 pp., ISBN 0-309-04394-8
Sustainable Agriculture and the Environment in the Humid Tropics (1993), 720 pp., ISBN 0-309-04749-8
Agriculture and the Undergraduate: Proceedings (1992), 296 pp., ISBN 0-309-04682-3
Water Transfers in the West: Efficiency, Equity, and the Environment (1992), 320 pp., ISBN 0-309-04528-2
Managing Global Genetic Resources: Forest Trees (1991), 244 pp., ISBN 0-309-04034-5
Managing Global Genetic Resources: The U.S. National Plant Germplasm System (1991), 198 pp., ISBN 0-309-04390-5
Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education in the Field: A Proceedings (1991), 448 pp., ISBN 0-309-04578-9
Toward Sustainability: A Plan for Collaborative Research on Agriculture and Natural Resource Management (1991), 164 pp., ISBN 0-309-04540-1
Investing in Research: A Proposal to Strengthen the Agricultural, Food, and Environmental System (1989), 156 pp., ISBN 0-309-04127-9
Alternative Agriculture (1989), 464 pp., ISBN 0-309-03985-1
Understanding Agriculture: New Directions for Education (1988), 80 pp., ISBN 0-309-03936-3
Designing Foods: Animal Product Options in the Marketplace (1988), 394 pp., ISBN 0-309-03798-0; ISBN 0-309-03795-6 (pbk)
Agricultural Biotechnology: Strategies for National Competitiveness (1987), 224 pp., ISBN 0-309-03745-X
Regulating Pesticides in Food: The Delaney Paradox (1987), 288 pp., ISBN 0-309-03746-8
Pesticide Resistance: Strategies and Tactics for Management (1986), 480 pp., ISBN 0-309-03627-5
Pesticides and Groundwater Quality: Issues and Problems in Four States (1986), 136 pp., ISBN 0-309-03676-3
Soil Conservation: Assessing the National Resources Inventory, Volume 1 (1986), 134 pp., ISBN 0-309-03649-9; Volume 2 (1986), 314 pp., ISBN 0-309-03675-5
New Directions for Biosciences Research in Agriculture: High-Reward Opportunities (1985), 122 pp., ISBN 0-309-03542-2
Genetic Engineering of Plants: Agricultural Research Opportunities and Policy Concerns (1984), 96 pp., ISBN 0-309-03434-5
Nutrient Requirements of Domestic Animals Series and Related Titles
Nutrient Requirements of Swine, Tenth Revised Edition (1998), 216 pp., ISBN 0-309-05993-3
The Role of Chromium in Animal Nutrition (1997), 80 pp., 0-309-06354-X
Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle, Seventh Revised Edition (1996), 241 pp., ISBN 0-309-05426-5; disk included
Building a North American Feed Information System (1995), 70 pp.
Nutrient Requirements of Laboratory Animals, Fourth Rev. Ed. (1995)., 176 pp., ISBN 0-309-05126-6
Metabolic Modifiers: Effects on the Nutrient Requirements of Food-Producing Animals (1994), 81 pp., ISBN 04997-0
Nutrient Requirements of Poultry, Ninth Revised Edition (1994), ISBN 0-309-04892-3
Nutrient Requirements of Fish (1993), 108 pp., ISBN 0-309-04891-5
Nutrient Requirements of Horses, Fifth Revised Edition (1989), 128 pp., ISBN 0-309-03989-4; diskette included
Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle, Sixth Revised Edition, Update 1989 (1989), 168 pp., ISBN 0-309-03826-X; diskette included
Vitamin Tolerance of Animals (1987), 105 pp., ISBN 0-309-03728-X
Predicting Feed Intake of Food-Producing Animals (1986), 95 pp., ISBN 0-309-03695-X
Nutrient Requirements of Cats, Revised Edition (1986), 87 pp., ISBN 0-309-03682-8
Nutrient Requirements of Dogs, Revised Edition (1985), 79 pp., ISBN 0-309-03496-5
Nutrient Requirements of Sheep, Sixth Revised Edition (1985), 106 pp., ISBN 0-309-03596-1
Further information, additional titles (prior to 1984), and prices are available from the National Academy Press, 2101 Constitution Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20418, 202-334-3313 (information only); 800-624-6242 (orders only); 202-334-2451 (fax).