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Shkolnikov, V., and S. Vassin 1994 Spatial differences in life expectancy in European Russia in the 1980s. Pp. 379-402 in W. Lutz, A.Volkov and S.Scherbov, eds., Demographic Trends and Patterns in the Soviet Union before 1991. New York-London: Routledge-IIASA.

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• 1.	Here and below we use the old European population standard of the World Health Organization. The direct method of age adjustment is applied.

• 2.	Actually it was a "half-dry" law, because only drinks stronger than 20 percent alcohol content were forbidden for distillation and sale.

• 3.	This was probably the case because Goskomstat evaluated only the samogon produced from sugar. Actually, some proportion of samogon has been made from other products (e.g., potatoes or grits).

• 4.	Recorded state alcohol sales per capita is equivalent to annual alcohol consumption officially reported by Goskomstat.

• 5.	The trend in male expectation of life at birth in the period 1980-1992 looks like a mirror image of the alcohol consumption trend (Nemtsov and Shkolnikov, 1994).