Index
A
Accident mortality.
See also Motor vehicle accidents;
Poisoning
alcohol-related, 22, 23, 157, 207, 226, 230, 257
drowning, 18, 201, 202, 203, 205, 206, 207, 216-219
occupational, 40
sex differentials, 167, 168-173
trends, 166
years of life lost, 168-173
Adolescents.
See also Young adult mortality tobacco use and controls , 25, 276, 280, 284-285, 289, 290-291, 293, 298-300, 302-303, 304-305, 307, 311-312
Age
and body composition, 322-323, 326
heaping and exaggeration, 19-20, 124, 126-127, 138, 146, 154
misstatement/misreporting, 37, 120-121, 124, 126, 144, 146, 191-192
working, 130, 132, 136, 142, 251
Age patterns of mortality.
See also Child mortality:
Infant mortality;
Life tables;
Old-age mortality: individual countries and regions
alcohol consumption and, 240, 245-254, 259, 260
anti-alcohol campaign and, 245, 246, 247-251
assessment methods, 68, 75-100, 101-102, 106, 129-130
cancer, 15, 46, 52-53, 69, 80, 81, 82-87, 89, 90, 91, 102, 255, 259
cardiovascular diseases, 15, 46, 51-54, 66, 69, 80-91, 102, 103, 254, 255, 259, 260
by cause of death, 15, 46, 49-52, 53, 66-67, 69, 79-90, 203, 247-251, 253-254, 259
cluster analysis, 68, 75-100, 101-102, 106
digestive diseases, 46, 52-53, 81, 259
excess years of life lost, 203-204
European NIS, 3, 13, 79, 89, 102
Former Socialist Economies, 184-185, 193, 199, 203-204, 268
infectious diseases, 46, 49, 52-53, 80, 82-87, 89, 90, 255, 259
injury and poisoning, 15, 46, 51, 52-54, 66, 69, 80-87, 88, 89, 90 , 98, 102, 203, 254, 255, 259, 260
international comparisons, 96-100, 103, 189, 210
and life expectancy estimates, 49-52, 53, 69, 89-90, 132, 134, 136 , 137-138, 142, 143, 246
Moslem NIS countries, 136-143, 145
political/economic changes and, 67, 254
quality of data, 18, 35, 36-39, 126, 162, 191-192
by region, 13, 19, 70, 80-81, 86, 87, 88-96, 100, 101-102, 199, 203 , 205
respiratory diseases, 49, 52-53, 80, 81-91, 102, 167, 255, 259
rural-urban variation, 15, 69, 76-96, 101, 102, 142-143
sex differentials, 13, 15, 38, 50-54, 76-81, 88, 89-101, 102, 103, 132, 168-173, 203-205, 246
shape of curve, 75-76, 88-91, 101, 102
smoking-related, 207, 267, 268, 270
standard for comparison, 131-132
trends, 131
violence-related deaths, 79, 98
Alcohol abuse. See Alcohol consumption and abuse
Alcohol abuse prevention/control
cost-effectiveness, 23
law enforcement measures, 223-224, 229, 230
mass media messages, 24
perceptions and beliefs about, 221
registration of alcoholics, 228
taxes and revenues, 24, 220-221, 229, 236, 241-242, 244, 261
U.S. policy instruments, 23-25
Alcohol consumption and abuse
and accidents, 22, 23, 157, 202, 203, 226, 230, 257
anti-alcohol campaign and, 22, 222, 224-225, 228-232, 240, 241-245, 257
availability of data, 236
benefits of moderate, 22-23
and cardiovascular disease, 22, 23, 227
chronic alcoholics/alcoholism, 229, 231, 256
collection and analysis of data, 220, 222-223
drinking patterns, 22, 23, 27, 226, 241, 242
economic crisis and, 244-245
energy intake from, 318, 320, 331
estimation of, 257-258
ethnic differentials, 142, 225, 236
expenditures on, 320-321
and hypertension, 23
impacts of, 227-232
international comparisons. 22, 99
lethal levels, 237-238
and life expectancy at birth, 239, 240, 261
per capita, 22, 222-227, 229, 236, 242, 243-244, 249
perceptions and beliefs about, 221
quality of data, 22, 62, 220, 222-227, 228, 242-243
rural-urban differentials, 224
in Russia, 22, 222-227, 233, 241-245
samogon, 22, 221, 223-225, 226, 230, 232, 236, 238, 242, 243, 244, 257, 261, 320, 321
sex differentials, 22, 225, 237, 320, 321
sober movement, 241
state-produced beverages, 223, 224, 229, 243-244
surrogates and substitutes, 224, 232, 236
temporal trends, 56, 223, 224, 226, 239-243, 253
and violence, 22, 59-60, 62, 226, 228
vodka and other hard liquor, 22, 200, 207, 223, 226, 242, 244. 320
Alcohol-related deaths
age patterns of, 240, 245-254, 259, 260
anti-alcohol campaign and, 207, 245-247
cardiovascular diseases, 22-23, 59, 231, 240, 245, 249, 250, 251, 254, 259, 260
by causes of death, 240, 248-251, 259
cirrhosis, 22, 56, 59, 200, 207, 227, 228, 231
digestive diseases. 59, 249, 250, 259
estimation of, 258-260
ethnic differentials, 225, 232
falls, 207
hypertension, 22
infant mortality, 247
infectious/parasitic diseases, 259
injury, 22, 23, 58-62, 240, 245, 249, 250, 251, 254, 259, 260
intestinal cancer, 22
motor vehicle accidents, 59-60, 207
neuropsychiatric. 200, 201, 207, 227, 228, 231
poisoning, 12, 22, 58-62, 168-173, 200, 207, 226, 227-228, 231, 232-234, 237-238, 256-257
by region, 234
respiratory diseases, 47, 59, 167, 249, 250, 259
rural-urban variation, 170-173
in Russia, 22, 35, 56, 58-62, 132-133, 166, 232, 233
sex differentials, 22, 23, 168-173, 234, 246
stroke, 22
temporal trends, 22, 227, 228, 233, 239-241, 246, 250, 253-256
violent, 22, 59-60, 62, 226, 228, 242-243
years of life lost, 168-173
American Cancer Society, 262-263, 264, 358
Anti-alcohol campaign
and age patterns of mortality, 245, 246, 247-251
and alcohol consumption, 22, 222, 240, 241-245, 257
and cancer mortality, 23
and cardiovascular disease mortality, 23, 46, 57, 231, 253
and cirrhosis mortality, 56
and digestive disease mortality, 23
effectiveness, 67, 129, 134, 180, 207, 237, 245-246
and injury mortality, 23
and life expectancy at birth, 23, 245, 246
post-campaign abuse and mortality trends, 251-257
prevented deaths, 245-247
quality of data, 231-232
and respiratory disease mortality, 23, 47, 167
and samogon production and consumption, 225
and sex differentials in mortality, 245, 246
and violence-related deaths, 59-60, 61
Armenia
age structure, 10
health expenditures, 11
life expectancy at birth, 11, 194-195
population, 10
Armenian mortality
age patterns, 13, 14, 194-195, 268
cancer, 17, 218, 268, 270, 273-274
cardiovascular diseases, 16-17, 218
infant and child, 11, 14, 20, 162, 188, 194-195, 198, 218
infectious and parasitic diseases, 17, 218
sex differentials, 14, 16-17, 194-195, 198, 267, 268, 270, 273-274
smoking-related, 25, 267, 268, 270, 278
years of life lost, 16-17, 218
Arteritis, 56
Asian Russia.
See also Central Asian NIS
age patterns of mortality, 102
life expectancy at birth, 70
Assessment methods
for age patterns of mortality, 68, 75-100, 101-102, 106, 129-130
for spatial variation, 68
Atherosclerotic heart diseases, 42, 43
Austria, 273-274
Azerbaijan
centenarians, 183
health expenditures, 11
life expectancy at birth, 11, 137-138, 141-142, 162, 164, 194-195
population, 10
Azerbaijan mortality
age patterns, 13, 142, 143, 168, 170, 172, 194-195, 268
alcohol-related, 168, 170, 172, 174, 176, 178
cancer, 17, 168. 170, 172, 175, 177, 179, 219, 264, 270, 273-274
cardiovascular diseases, 16-17, 168, 170, 172, 174, 176, 178, 219
by cause of death, 168, 170, 172, 175, 177, 179, 219
infant and child, 11, 20, 124, 162, 168, 170, 172, 183, 188, 194-195, 198, 219
infectious and parasitic diseases, 17, 166, 168, 170, 172, 175, 177 , 179, 219
injury and poisoning, 16, 168, 170, 172, 175, 177, 179, 219
quality of data, 124, 128, 130, 137-138
respiratory diseases, 17, 166, 168, 170, 172, 175, 177, 179, 219
rural-urban variation, 137-138, 143, 162, 163, 164-165, 170, 172, 177, 179, 183
sex differences in, 11, 16-17, 141-143, 162-163, 164-165, 168, 170 , 172, 175, 177, 179, 183, 194-195, 198, 264, 268, 270, 273-274
temporal trends, 163
years of life lost, 16-17, 162-163, 165, 168, 170, 172, 175, 177, 179, 219
B
Baltic Region
alcohol consumption, 22, 232, 242
countries, 8-9
ethnic composition, 7
Baltic Region mortality
age patterns, 13
alcohol-related, 234
cardiovascular diseases, 112-113, 118-119
causes of death, 18
definitional issues, 124
registration of deaths, 189
rural-urban differences, 73, 112-113, 118-119
sex differentials, 112-113, 118-119, 267, 268, 270
smoking-related, 267, 268, 270, 278
years of life lost, 163
BAT, 277
Belarus
anti-smoking campaigns, 282
demographic, economic, and social indicators, 10-11
life expectancy at birth, 194-195
Belarus (Minsk) mortality
age patterns, 268
cardiovascular diseases, 16-17, 216
causes of death, 157, 192, 216
congenital malformations, 4
digestive diseases, 157
infant and child, 20, 162, 188, 194-195, 198
infectious and parasitic diseases, 17, 157, 216
quality of data, 41, 42, 43, 130
rates, 11
respiratory diseases, 17, 157, 216
sex differentials, 16-17, 194-195, 198, 267, 268, 270, 273-274
smoking-related deaths, 267, 268, 270
years of life lost, 16-17, 216
Belgium, lung cancer, 268, 273-274
Births
seasonal patterns, 155
Body composition
age and, 322-323, 325, 326, 327
Brass child mortality questions, 147
Brass model of mortality, 106
Breast cancer mortality
diet and, 356
in Former Socialist Economies, 201, 216-219
international comparisons, 55
quality of data, 43
years of life lost, 17, 200, 201, 216-219
Bulgarian mortality
causes of death, 219
infant and child, 185, 194-195, 198, 219
life expectancy at birth, 194-195
lung cancer, 273-274
sex differentials, 194-195, 198, 273-274
years of life lost, 219
C
Cancer
epidemic, 11
event registries, 123
Cancer mortality
age patterns, 15, 46, 52-53, 55, 69, 80, 81, 82-87, 89, 90, 91, 102 , 255, 259
alcohol-related, 22, 248, 250, 255, 259
anti-alcohol campaign and, 23
environmental pollution and, 4
excess years of life lost, 208
female genital organs, 43
in Former Socialist Economies, 200, 201, 216-219
infectious diseases and, 55
international comparisons, 55-56
and life expectancy, 48-49, 50, 74, 80, 82-87, 108-119
prevention, 336, 338, 340, 341
by province/NIS, 17, 168-173, 216-219
regional variation, 70, 73-74, 89, 101, 108-119
respiratory organs, 43
rural-urban variation, 69, 70, 73-74, 80, 82-87, 88, 90, 101, 102, 108-119, 170-173, 176-179
Russian trends, 35, 55-56, 256
sex differences, 17, 46, 48-49, 50-51, 52-53, 55, 69, 70, 73-74,80, 81-87, 89, 90, 100, 101, 108-119, 168-173, 269, 270
temporal trends, 256
tobacco use and, 17-18, 266, 270, 278
years of life lost, 17, 168-173, 200, 201, 202, 216-219
Cardiac arrhythmias, 22
Cardiosclerosis, 43
Cardiovascular disease
diet and, 21, 26, 27, 208, 210, 355-356
Framingham Study, 336
incidence rates, 343
interventions, 335-342
risk factors, 21, 27, 28, 207, 208, 336, 343
Seven Countries Study, 336
Cardiovascular disease mortality.
See also specific diseases
age patterns, 15, 46, 51-54, 66, 69, 80-91, 102, 103, 254. 255, 259, 260
alcohol-related, 22-23, 59, 231, 240, 245, 249, 250, 254, 255, 259, 260
anti-alcohol campaign and, 23, 46, 57, 231, 253
Central Asian NIS, 16, 201, 202
classification problems, 20-21, 200, 202
excess years of life lost, 18, 206
Former Socialist Economies, 200, 201, 202, 206, 216-219
health care system deficiencies and, 5
and life expectancy, 12, 48-49, 50, 56-57, 74, 80, 82-87, 108-119
quality of data, 20-21, 42, 43, 192, 200, 202, 231
regional variation, 73-74, 81, 89, 90, 101, 108-119
rural-urban variation, 15, 69, 70, 71, 73-74, 80-81, 82-87, 88, 89, 90, 101, 102, 108-119, 170-173, 176-179
Russian trends, 11, 35, 45, 56-58, 254-256
sex differences, 11, 12, 16, 45-46, 48-49, 50, 51-54, 69, 70, 71, 73-74, 80-87, 89, 90, 100, 101, 108-119, 167, 168-173, 231, 344
smoking-related, 21, 25, 27, 207, 264, 267, 278
years of life lost, 16, 18, 168-173, 200, 201, 202, 216-219
Caucasus Region mortality,
See also Northern Caucasus Region mortality
life expectancy at birth, 80
rural-urban variation, 90
Causes of death.
See also individual causes
by age, 15, 46, 49-52, 53, 66-67, 69, 79-90, 203, 247-251, 253-254, 259
alcohol consumption and, 248-251, 253-254
anti-alcohol campaign and, 247-251
availability of data, 40-41, 156-157
Central Asian NIS, 4, 16-17, 18, 146, 154, 157, 166, 192, 199-201, 202-203, 205
classifications, 20-21, 40, 44-45, 65, 105, 158, 192-193
coding practices, 42, 45, 57, 59, 192, 200, 202, 206-207
diagnostic error, 192-193
excess years of life lost, 202-203, 205, 206
Former Socialist Economies, 184-185, 192-193, 198-203, 206, 210
international trends, 54-62
large groups of causes, 45-47, 65, 199, 203
and life expectancy estimates, 47-54, 69, 89-90
quality of data, 20-21, 39-45, 192, 200, 202, 231, 264, 270
regional variation, 73-74, 89-90, 101, 108, 119, 167
rural-urban variation, 15, 69, 70-71, 73-74, 80-87, 88-90, 101, 102 , 108-119, 167, 170-173, 176-179
Russian, 15, 34-35, 39-54, 56-62
sex differentials, 48-49, 69, 89-90, 167, 168-179, 203
transition coefficients, 44-45
Censuses
age exaggeration in, 138
age heaping in, 126
China, 126
microdata availability, 123, 148-149
planning recommendations, 148-149
quality of data, 125
responsibility for, 124
Central Asian NIS.
See also individual states
age heaping and exaggeration, 19-20, 126-127, 146
collection of data, 147
countries, 8-9
ethnic composition, 7
health expenditures, 197
life expectancy at birth, 14, 142, 197
microdata needs, 147
social indicators, 7
Central Asian Region mortality
age patterns, 13, 19, 199, 203, 205
alcohol-related, 234
causes of death, 4, 16-17, 18, 146, 154, 157, 166, 192, 199-201, 202-203, 205, 219
excess years of life lost, 18, 202, 203, 205
infant and child mortality, 4, 37, 124, 128, 144, 145, 154, 159-160, 202, 203, 205, 219
international comparisons, 202
life table, 146
quality of data, 15, 19, 29, 124, 126-127, 130, 146, 154, 160, 163
, 192
rural-urban variation, 163
registration and data collection system, 19-20, 146, 189, 191, 192
sex differentials, 163, 196, 197, 203, 205
years of life lost, 16-17, 162-163, 199-201, 202, 203, 219
Central Blackearth (Chernozem) Region mortality
age patterns, 80-81, 86, 89, 90
cancer, 71, 74, 80, 86, 89, 90, 108-109, 114-115
cardiovascular, 71, 74, 81, 86, 89, 90, 108-109, 114-115
infectious diseases, 80, 86, 90
injury, 71, 74, 81, 86, 89, 90, 108-109, 114-115
life expectancy at birth, 73, 80, 86, 108-109, 114-115
respiratory diseases, 81, 86, 89, 90
rural-urban differences, 86, 89, 90, 102, 108-109, 114-115
sex differences in, 73, 80-81, 86, 89, 90, 108-109, 114-115
Central Europe
violence-related deaths, 59
Central Region mortality
cancer, 71, 80, 85, 89, 108-109, 114-115
cardiovascular, 71, 81, 85, 89, 108-109, 114-115
injury, 71, 81, 85, 89, 108-109, 114-115
life expectancy at birth, 80, 85, 108-109, 114-115
respiratory diseases, 81, 85, 89
rural-urban differences, 73, 85, 89, 108-109, 114-115
sex differences, 80-81, 85, 89, 108-109, 114-115
Cerebrovascular disease
diet and, 26
mortality, 17, 18, 42, 43, 57-58, 200, 201, 202, 206, 216-219, 254-256
Cervical cancer, 122, 201, 216-219
Child mortality
as country health indicator, 252
digestive diseases, 252
in Eastern Europe, 185
European NIS, 3
excess years of life lost, 202
Former Socialist Economies, 200, 202, 210
income per capita and, 196
infectious diseases, 252
intestinal infections and, 75
quality of data, 154
rates, 14
respiratory infections, 200, 252
rural-urban variation, 90
scatter diagrams, 13
survey questions, 147
trends, 131
Chile, 186
China
Cholesterol, 27, 208, 209, 338, 339, 347, 356, 357-358, 366, 368
Chronic disease prevention
challenges to, 350-352
Finnish experience, 335-354
health databases, 343-344
lifestyle changes and, 336-337, 350-351
practical actions, 351-352
recent initiatives, 341-342
Chronic disease risk factors, 28-29, 347, 355
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 266
Cigarette smoking.
See Smoking-related mortality
Circulatory.
See Cardiovascular disease
Cirrhosis of the liver, 56, 59, 200, 201, 202, 207, 216-219, 227, 228, 256
Collection of data.
See also Censuses;
Surveys;
Vital registration system
collapse of Soviet Union and, 123-124
recommended improvements in, 146, 148-149
Colon/rectal cancer, 200, 201, 216-219, 256, 356
Commonwealth of Independent States, 8
Communism, and mortality rates, 99, 103, 209
Communist Party Central Committee, 73, 242, 281
Composition of population, 146-147.
See also Ethnic population data
Congenital abnormalities, 4, 18, 43, 81, 88, 168-173, 201, 205, 216-219
Coronary heart disease, 25, 27, 264, 267, 328, 336, 338, 340, 341, 355, 356, 368
Correction of data
Bennett-Horiuchi technique, 189-191, 192
decomposition of differences, 52, 105-106
growth balance method, 189-191, 214
infant and child mortality, 19, 20-21, 38, 39, 154, 158, 159-160, 186-188
old-age mortality, 20-21, 39, 52, 125
for underregistration, 189
violent death, 59
Crossover effects, 19, 70, 127-128, 138, 146
Czechoslovakian mortality
alcohol production, 244
causes of death, 217
infant and child, 185, 194-195, 198, 217
life expectancy at birth, 194-195
lung cancer, 273-274
sex differentials, 194-195, 198, 273-274
years of life lost, 217
D
Death certificates, 41
Definitional issues
comparability across NIS countries, 123-124, 154
family, 154
infant death, 19, 124, 154, 186-187, 189
live birth, 19, 37, 124, 154, 157-158, 252
Degenerative disease mortality
control of, 180
by NIS, 168-173
rates, 158
rural-urban variations, 15, 167, 170-173
sex differentials, 168-173
years of life lost, 168-173
Demographic and epidemiological data
access to/availability of, 3, 30, 40, 41, 66, 123, 148-149, 156-157, 236
aggregate, 123
comparability across NIS countries, 123-124, 125-126
error patterns in, 122-123
''faked," 122
Denmark, 273-274
Diabetes, 56, 47, 201, 216-219
Diagnoses, quality of, 41-42
Diarrheal diseases, 18, 201, 202, 203, 205, 216-219
Diet.
See also Cholesterol;
Fat consumption;
Food
age and, 319
alcohol consumption, 318, 320, 331
and cardiovascular disease, 21, 26, 208, 210
changes in, 314-315
and chronic disease, 314, 328, 355
current survey information, 316-317
economic reforms and, 322
energy intake, 318-319, 321-322, 328
and FSE mortality, 208
historical data, 315-316
protein intake, 26, 318-320, 321-322
Diet modification
community health interventions, 28, 368-369
components, 369
effectiveness of interventions, 338
endorsement and advocacy, 28, 367-368
fat and cholesterol intake, 357-369
food industry role, 359, 362-363
government role, 358-361
health professionals and, 28, 367-368
health-related group role, 359, 366-368
importance of, 350
mass media role, 28, 360, 366-367
military role, 363-364
opportunities for, 358
school-based programs, 28, 364-366
screening programs, 368
voluntary health organizations and, 28, 366-367
Dietary
measures, 318
patterns, 318-322
Digestive disease mortality
age patterns, 46, 52-53, 81, 259
alcohol-related, 59, 249, 250, 259
anti-alcohol campaign and, 23
in Central Asian NIS, 157, 201, 205
excess years of life lost, 205
in Former Socialist Economies, 201, 202, 216-219
and life expectancy, 48-49, 50
rural-urban differences, 81
sex differences, 46, 47, 48-49, 50, 52-53, 8
years of life lost, 18, 201, 202, 216-219
Diphtheria, 203
Disease prevention,
See Chronic disease prevention
Drowning, 18, 201, 202, 203, 205, 206, 207, 216-219
E
Eastern Europe
countries, 8-9
tobacco consumption and control, 288, 306, 307
Eastern European mortality
adult, 185
cerebrovascular, 57-58
infant and child, 185
registration of deaths, 185
risk factors, 186
sex differences in, 185
Eastern Siberia Region mortality
cardiovascular disease, 74, 101, 110-111, 116-117
classification of causes of death, 192
injury, 74, 101, 110-111, 116-117
life expectancy at birth, 70, 110-111, 116-117
rural-urban variations, 110-111, 116-117
sex differences in, 74, 101, 110-111, 116-117
Energy deficiency, chronic, 26, 315, 322, 324, 325, 331
England
cause-of-death trends, 54-56, 59, 65
life expectancy at birth, 56-57
Environmental pollution, 4, 186, 208, 297, 305
Epidemiological transitions
analyses, 3
in Former Socialist Economies, 184-219
Errors in data
age exaggeration, 124, 126-127, 138, 146
crossover effects, 19, 70, 127-128, 138, 146
life expectancy at birth, 129
measurement, 158
underregistration of deaths, 121, 138
Esophageal cancer, 43, 201, 216-219, 256
Established Market Economies, 13, 193, 200, 202, 214
Estonia
alcohol consumption, 27
chronic disease prevention, 27, 335, 342-350
demographic, economic, and social indicators, 10-11
diet, 27
general health, 345-346
health behavior, 348-349
health databases, 343-344
health expenditures, 11
life expectancy at birth, 11, 194-195
life tables, 155
National Health Education Center, 349
tobacco use, 275
Estonian mortality
age patterns, 268
cancer, 17, 122, 216, 270, 273-274
cardiovascular diseases, 16, 216
infant and child, 11, 20, 37, 154, 155, 160, 162, 188, 194-195, 198 , 216
registration, 190
risk factors, 347
sex differentials, 194-195, 198, 267, 268, 270, 273-274
smoking-related deaths, 267, 268, 270
years of life lost, 16-17, 216
Ethnic population data
alcohol consumption, 225
alcohol-related deaths, 142
composition of NIS, 7-8
fertility rates, 146-147
life expectancy at birth, 134
life tables, 123
religious affiliations, 8
rural-urban mortality variation, 138, 142, 146-147
Europe
age patterns of mortality, 99
homicide rates, 40
levels of mortality, 10
life expectancy at birth, 97
European NIS
alcohol consumption, 22-23
countries, 8-9
life expectancy at birth, 13, 66, 70, 72, 101
European NIS mortality
age patterns, 3, 13, 79, 89, 102
alcohol-related, 22-23
by cause of death, 2, 3, 4, 16-17, 18, 71, 89, 166
infant and child, 3
levels, 162
preventable, 18
rates, 14
rural-urban variation, 102, 167
sex differences in, 3, 144-145
years of life lost, 16-17, 18, 163
External causes of death, 41, 166, 167, 180, 240, 245.
See also Injury
and poisoning mortality
F
Family structure
definitional issue, 154
and mortality, 136
Far Eastern Region mortality
age patterns, 80-81, 87, 90, 91, 100, 102
cancer, 71, 73-74, 80, 87, 90, 112-113, 118-119
cardiovascular disease, 73-74, 81, 87, 90, 102, 112-113, 118-119
injury, 73-74, 81, 87, 112-113, 118-119
life expectancy at birth, 13, 70, 72, 80, 87, 101, 112-113, 118-119
migrants/migration, 72
rural-urban differences, 73-74, 87, 90, 102, 112-113, 118-119
sex differences, 73-74, 80-81, 87, 90, 91, 100, 102, 112-113, 118-119
Fat consumption
and cardiovascular disease, 21, 26, 27, 210, 355-356
international comparisons, 357-358
modification of diet, 357-369
recommended, 356
temporal trends, 357-358
Fertility rates, 146-147, 156, 183, 197, 202, 269
Finland
alcohol consumption, 23, 27, 99
chronic disease prevention, 335-354
diet, 27
general health, 345-346
health behavior, 348-349
life tables, 15, 98-99, 100, 103, 106
mortality and disease patterns, 23, 27, 122, 189, 273-274, 335, 336, 344-345
risk factors, 27, 336, 343, 347
Finnish chronic disease prevention
adaptation for other countries, 351-352
effectiveness, 27
Estonia-Republic of Karelia collaboration, 27, 335, 342-350
health challenges and potential for, 350-351
health databases, 343-344
North Karelia Project, 27, 335, 336-342
Food
availability, 329-330, 360-361
low-fat, low-cholesterol alternatives, 27, 360, 361, 362
Food consumption.
See also Diet
Consumer Budget Survey, 316, 330
economic reforms and, 331, 356-357
historical patterns of, 26, 327-328
vegetables, 348-349
Former Socialist Economies (FSE).
See also Central Asian NIS;
FSE mortality
countries of, 8
fertility rate, 197
health expenditures, 197
health risk factors, 28-29
Former Socialist Economies of Europe, 8-9
France
cause-of-death trends, 54-57, 59, 65
life expectancy at birth, 34-36, 56-57, 98
life tables, 15, 100, 103, 106
lung cancer, 273-274
FSE mortality.
See also Central Asian NIS;
Eastern Europe;
individual countries
age specific, 184-185, 193, 199, 203-204, 268
alcohol and, 207
cancer, 270
causes of death, 184-185, 192-193, 198-203, 206, 207, 216-219
classification of causes of death, 192-193, 206-207, 210
cohort effects, 207
communism and, 209
data sources and methods, 186-193, 195
diet and, 208
excess years of life lost, 193, 202-207
geographic patterns, 193-198
health system and, 208-209, 210-211
infant and child, 185, 186-189, 194-196, 210
international comparisons, 186, 210
life expectancy at birth, 193, 197
Northern region, 194, 195-204, 206, 207-209, 210, 216-217
occupational exposures and, 208
pollution and, 208
sex differences in, 185, 193, 194-198, 203-204, 210, 268, 270
smoking-related, 207, 268, 270
Southern Region, 194, 196-204, 218-219
trends, 184
underregistration of deaths, 186-192, 196
years of life lost, 193, 198-202, 216-219
G
Genito-urinary diseases, 43, 201, 216-219
Georgia
age structure, 10
health expenditures, 11
life expectancy at birth, 11, 194-195
population, 10
Georgian mortality, 16-17
age patterns, 268
causes of death, 218
infant and child, 11, 20, 162, 188, 194-195, 198
registration of deaths, 190, 191, 192
sex differentials, 194-195, 198, 268, 270, 273-274
smoking-related deaths, 268-269, 270
years of life lost, 218
Gorbachev policies, 41, 59-60, 67, 123, 163, 185, 220, 224-225.
See also Anti-alcohol campaign
Goskomstat statistics, 40, 41, 68, 124, 125, 128, 157, 158, 182, 183, 222, 242, 244, 257, 261, 316, 328, 330, 333
Greece, 273-274
Guangxi Province, 147
H
Health behavior monitoring system, 343-344
Health care system
access to, 3, 5, 57-58, 127-128
expenditures, 7, 10, 21, 30, 197
Former Socialist Economies, 208-209, 210-211
infectious disease control, 180
infrastructure and personnel, 7
and excess years of life lost, 208-209
quality of care, 5
Health databases, 343-344
Health professionals
anti-smoking role, 30-31, 283-284, 285, 293, 297-298, 299
diet modification role, 28, 30-31, 367-368
Heart Smart Program, 365
Homicides
Central Asian NIS, 202
in European NIS, 18
excess years of life lost, 206, 207
in Former Socialist Economies, 201, 206, 216-219
by NIS, 168-173
rural-urban variation, 167
sex differentials, 167, 168-173, 206
socioeconomic conditions and, 180
temporal trends, 256
years of life lost, 168-173, 200, 201, 202, 216-219
Hungarian mortality
cause of death, 217
infant and child, 185, 194-195, 198, 217
life expectancy at birth, 194-195
life tables, 15, 98-99, 103, 106
lung cancer, 273-274
risk factors, 208
sex differentials, 194-195, 198
violence-related deaths, 59, 217
years of life lost, 217
Hungary, food subsidies, 361
Hypercholesterolemia, 356
Hypertension/hypertensive diseases
alcohol abuse and, 23
and cardiovascular disease, 21, 23
sex differentials, 208, 209, 347
temporal trends, 256
I
Iceland, 273-274
Immunization programs, 203
Income per capita, and mortality, 7, 10, 196, 210
Infant mortality.
See also individual countries
alcohol consumption and, 247
availability of data, 41
baseline data, 124
causes, 81, 89, 90, 102, 128, 154, 167, 202, 203
Central Asian NIS, 4, 18, 37, 124, 128, 144, 145, 154, 159, 202, 203, 205
corrections to data, 19, 20-21, 38, 39, 154, 158, 159-160, 182-183, 186-188
definitional issues, 19, 37, 124, 154, 157-158, 186-187, 189, 252
excess years of life lost, 202, 203, 205
European NIS, 3
falsification of data, 128
in Former Socialist Economies, 185, 186-189, 201, 203, 216-219
Hogan's model, 182-183
international comparisons, 100, 160, 161
intervention design, 144
and life expectancy, 38, 39, 49, 183, 252-253
neonatal, 38, 81, 88, 89, 90, 158, 186-189
perinatal, 18, 168-173, 201, 202, 203, 205, 216-219
publication of data, 185
quality of data, 19, 36-38, 120-121, 124, 128, 144, 158, 185
registration issues, 19, 38, 128, 144, 158, 159, 185, 186-189
rural-urban variation, 88-90, 128, 138, 170-173, 176-179, 183
sex differences, 162, 168-173, 183
years of life lost, 168-173, 201, 202, 216-219
Infectious and parasitic disease mortality
age patterns, 46, 49, 52-53, 80, 82-87, 89, 90, 255, 259
alcohol consumption and, 255, 259
cancer and, 55
in Central Asian NIS, 18, 157, 180, 201, 202
Former Socialist Economies, 201, 216-219
international trends, 54-55
and life expectancy at birth, 34-35, 48-49, 50, 58, 80, 82-87
quality of data, 43
rates, 157
rural-urban variation, 15, 82-87, 89, 90, 167, 170-173, 176-179
sex differences, 17, 46, 47, 48-49, 50-51, 52-53, 54, 58-59, 69, 70, 74, 80, 82-87, 89, 90, 168-179
Injury and poisoning mortality.
See also Accident mortality;
Violence-related deaths;
individual NIS
age patterns, 15, 46, 51, 52-54, 66, 69, 80-87, 88, 89, 90, 98, 102 , 103, 254, 255, 259, 260
alcohol-related deaths, 22, 23, 58-62, 240, 245, 249, 250, 251, 254 , 255, 259, 260
Central Asian NIS, 16-17, 201, 202
coding problems, 59
data needs, 30
excess years of life lost, 18, 206
Former Socialist Economies, 198-201, 202, 206, 210, 216-219
health care system deficiencies and, 5
and life expectancy, 11-12, 48-49, 58, 74, 82-87
regional variation, 73-74, 89, 90, 101, 108-119
rural-urban variation, 15, 69, 70, 71, 73-74, 81, 82-87, 88, 89, 90, 98, 101, 102, 108-119, 170-173, 176-179
sex differences, 16, 46, 47, 48-49, 52-54, 58-59, 69, 70, 71, 73-74, 80-87, 89, 90, 100, 101, 108-119
years of life lost, 18, 167, 180, 198-200, 202, 216-219
Intercensal survival rates, 121, 127
International Classification of Diseases, 20, 40, 65, 158, 192
International comparisons
age patterns of mortality, 96-100, 103, 189, 210
alcohol consumption, 99
cancer mortality, 55-56
cerebrovascular disease mortality, 57-58, 355-356
excess years of life lost, 202
infant mortality, 100
infectious disease mortality, 54-55
life expectancy at birth, 1-2, 15, 97-98
lung cancer mortality, 268, 273-274
nutrient intakes, 356-357
old-age mortality, 100
with regional Russian mortality, 96-100
respiratory disease mortality, 54-55
risk factors for chronic disease, 28-29, 355-356
rural-urban variations in mortality, 98, 99-100
sex differences in mortality, 14, 96-100, 103, 136-137, 186
trends in mortality, 54-62, 65
violence-related deaths, 59
Interventions,
See also Alcohol abuse prevention/control: Chronic disease prevention: Diet modification;
Tobacco control and anti-smoking campaigns
cost-benefit analyses, 15, 30, 145
cost-effective public health initiatives, 21
economic conditions and, 180
planning, 31
program usage as reflection of need, 122
and regression effects, 121, 144
reliability of data for design of, 30, 121, 144, 145
years-of-life-lost measure, 15
Intestinal cancer, 56
Intestinal infections, 75
Ireland, 273-274
Ischemic heart disease, 17, 18, 22-23, 26, 42, 43, 57, 200, 201, 202, 206, 210, 216-219, 249, 251, 256
Israel, 273-274
Italy, 273-274
J
Japan
life expectancy at birth, 35, 36
lung cancer, 273-274
K
Karelia, Republic of, 27, 108-109, 114-115, 335, 342-350
Kazakstan
age structure of population, 5, 10
economy, 10
fertility rate, 269
health expenditures, 11
life expectancy at birth, 11, 138, 141-142, 194-195
population, 10
Kazakstan mortality
age patterns, 13, 142, 143, 194-195, 268
ethnic population, 142
infant and child, 11, 20, 124, 128, 162, 188, 194-195, 198, 216, 269
infectious and parasitic diseases, 17, 216
respiratory diseases, 17, 18, 216
risk factors, 28-29
rural-urban variation, 143
sex differentials, 11, 16-17, 141-143, 194-195, 198, 267, 268, 269 , 270, 273-274, 278
smoking-related deaths, 25, 267, 268, 269, 270, 278
years of life lost, 16-17, 216
Kuban, 80-81
Kyrgyz
age structure, 10
body composition, 315, 325-327
dietary patterns, 321-322, 334
health expenditures, 11
life expectancy at birth, 11, 141-143, 164, 194-195
Multipurpose Poverty Survey, 315, 316, 317, 331
population, 10
Kyrgyz (Kyrgyzstan) mortality
age patterns, 11, 127, 168, 170, 172, 194-195, 268
alcohol-related, 168, 170, 172
cancer, 17, 168, 170, 172, 175, 177, 179, 219, 270, 273-274
cardiovascular diseases, 16-17, 168, 170, 172, 175, 177, 179, 219
infant and child, 11, 20, 162, 168, 170, 172, 188, 194-195, 198, 219
infectious and parasitic diseases, 17, 168, 170, 172, 175, 177, 179 , 219
injury and poisoning, 16, 168, 170, 172, 175, 177, 179, 219
respiratory diseases, 17, 168, 170, 172, 175, 177, 179, 219
rural-urban variation, 142-143, 164-165, 170, 172, 177, 179
sex differentials, 16-17, 127, 141, 143, 164-165, 168, 170, 172, 175, 177, 179, 194-195, 198, 268, 270, 273-274
smoking-related deaths, 268-269, 270
years of life lost, 16-17, 165, 168, 170, 172, 175, 177, 179, 219
L
Latin America
age heaping, 126
cardiovascular disease mortality, 210
Latvia
age structure of population, 10
health expenditures, 11
life expectancy at birth, 11, 133-138, 139-140, 194-195
population, 10
Latvian mortality
age patterns, 19, 132, 194-195, 268
cardiovascular diseases, 16, 216
indigenous population, 134-135, 138
infant and child, 11, 20, 37, 162, 187, 188, 194-195, 198, 216
infectious and parasitic diseases, 17, 216
quality of data, 37, 122-123, 131
rates, 11
registration, 190
rural-urban variation, 137-138, 139-140
sex differentials, 11, 16-17, 132-134, 136-137, 139-140, 194-195, 198, 267, 268, 270, 273-274
smoking-related deaths, 267, 268, 270
trends, 130-136
years of life lost, 16-17, 216
by republic, 161-165
Life expectancy at birth.
See also individual age patterns of mortality and, 49-52, 53, 69, 89-90, 132, 134, 136, 137-138, 142, 143, 246
alcohol abuse and, 239, 240, 261
anti-alcohol campaign and, 23, 245
cancer mortality and, 48-49, 50, 74, 101
cardiovascular mortality and, 48-49, 50, 56-57, 74, 101
cause components of changes in, 11-12, 47-54, 69
chronic disease prevention and, 339-340
decomposition of differences, 79-81
ethnicity and, 134-135
Former Socialist Economies, 193
injury and poisoning mortality and, 48-49, 58, 74, 101
international comparisons, 1-2, 97-98
life table construction and, 125
Moslem NIS countries, 137-138, 141-143
provincial/regional differences, 70, 73, 74, 89-90, 101, 108-119
quality of data and, 38, 39, 129, 162
by republic, 164
rural-urban variation, 69, 70-71, 72, 80-87, 101, 108-119, 137-138, 139-140, 164
sex differences, 12, 34, 38, 48-49, 50-51, 52, 54, 70-71, 89-90, 101, 108-119, 129, 132-143, 162, 163, 164, 240-241
trends, 1-2, 10-13, 129-130, 164, 240-241
Life tables
accuracy of, 124-125
Central Asian populations, 146
classification by shape, 106
cluster analysis, 76-78, 91, 106
Coale-Demeny, 15, 36, 75, 76, 91, 96, 98, 99, 100, 103, 131
construction of, 91, 105, 124-126, 129, 138, 145
Estonia, 155
by ethnic group, 123
Far Eastern, 103
Gompertz-Makehan function, 125, 158-159
and life expectancy estimates, 125
multiple decrement, 161
North model, 15, 100, 100, 195-196, 198
OECD models, 91
regional model, 75, 96, 103, 106
rural-urban, 123
South model, 75
standard, for developing regions, 98, 103
two-year multiple decrement for 1988-1989, 68
U.N. model, 76, 98, 99, 103, 131
U.S. nonwhites, 98-99, 103, 106
West model, 15, 91, 96, 97-98, 100, 131
Lithuania
economy, 10
health expenditures, 11
life expectancy at birth, 11, 163, 164, 194-195
immigration, 191
population, 10
tobacco use, 283-284
Lithuanian mortality
age patterns, 268
cancer, 17, 168, 170, 172, 174, 176, 178, 216, 270, 273-274
cardiovascular diseases, 16-17, 168, 170, 172, 174, 176, 178, 216
infant and child, 11, 20, 37, 160, 162, 168, 170, 172, 188, 194-195, 198, 216
infectious and parasitic diseases, 17, 168, 170, 172, 174, 176, 178 , 216
injury and poisoning, 16, 168, 170, 172, 174, 176, 178, 216
levels, 162
rates, 11
respiratory diseases, 17, 168, 170, 172, 174, 176, 178, 216
rural-urban variations, 164-165, 170, 172, 176, 178
sex differentials, 16-17, 163, 164-165, 168, 170, 172, 174, 176, 178, 194-195, 198, 267, 268, 270, 273-274
smoking-related, 267, 268, 270
years of life lost, 16-17, 163, 165, 168, 170, 172, 174, 176, 178, 216
Lung cancer
air pollution and, 271
diet and, 356
excess years of life lost, 206
in Former Socialist Economies, 200, 201, 202, 206, 207, 210, 216-219, 268
international comparisons, 56, 262-263, 264, 270-271, 273-274
nonsmoker rates, 264, 270, 271
occupational exposures and. 271
prevention, 340
sex differentials, 56, 206, 268, 269, 273-274
smoking and, 18, 25, 207, 263, 264, 267, 270-271, 283, 296-297
temporal trends, 256
years of life lost, 17-18, 200, 201, 202, 216-219
Luxembourg, 273-274
Lymphoma/leukemia, 200, 201, 202, 216-219
M
Malta, 273-274
Measles, 203
Measurement issues.
See Correction of data;
Errors in data
Measures of mortality.
See Life expectancy at birth;
Years of life lost
Mental disease, 59
Methods.
See Assessment methods;
Correction of data
Migrants and migration, 72, 73, 146-147, 180, 191, 224
Moldova
health expenditures, 11
life expectancy at birth, 11, 164, 194-195
population, 10
Moldovan mortality
age patterns, 268
alcohol-related, 234
cardiovascular diseases, 16-17, 217
by cause of death, 169, 171, 173, 174, 176, 178, 217
infant and child, 11, 20, 37, 128, 162, 188, 194-195, 198, 217
infectious and parasitic diseases, 17, 217
quality of data, 37
rates, 11
rural-urban variations, 164-165, 171, 173, 176, 178
sex differentials, 16-17, 163, 164-165, 169, 171, 173, 174, 176, 178, 194-195, 198, 268, 270, 273-274
years of life lost, 16-17, 163, 165, 169, 171, 173, 174, 176, 178, 217
Monitoring and Determinants of Cardiovascular Disease (MONICA), 21 , 23, 207, 208, 338, 342, 343, 345
Mortality data.
See also Age patterns of mortality: Causes of death;
Infant mortality: Quality of mortality data
baseline, 67
importance of profiles, 2
reference population, 7
Moscow, 61, 80-81, 84, 108-109, 114-115, 207, 256, 276
Moslem NIS countries.
See also individual countries
access to medical care, 127-128
age patterns of mortality, 136-143, 145
quality of data, 136, 137-138, 145-147
recommended policy initiatives, 145-147
Motor vehicle accidents
alcohol-related, 59-60, 207, 230, 231
in European NIS, 18
excess years of life lost, 206. 207
Former Socialist Economies, 201, 202, 206, 216-219
quality of data, 231
registration problems, 61
years of life lost, 200, 201, 202, 216-219
Myocardial infarction, 42, 43, 338, 343, 345
N
National Center for Preventive Medicine (Moscow), 283
Nechernozem zone, 73
Neoplasms.
See Cancer;
individual sites
The Netherlands
risk factors, 28
Neuropsychiatric disorders, 200, 201, 207, 216-219, 227, 228
New Independent States (NIS).
See also Central Asian NIS;
European NIS;
individual states
accidents by, 166, 168-173, 217
demographic indicators, 5, 10-11
economic conditions, 5, 7, 8-9, 10-11
geographic designations, 5, 8-9
map, 6
social indicators, 8-9
New Zealand, 273-274
Ninth World Conference on Tobacco and Health, 280
North Karelia Project
effectiveness, 31, 335, 338-342, 351
evaluation and national applications, 31, 337-340
North Karelia Youth Project, 365
Northern Caucasus Region mortality
infectious diseases, 90
injury, 74, 90, 110-111, 116-117
life expectancy at birth, 70, 110-111, 116-117
quality of data, 72-73
respiratory diseases, 90
rural-urban variations, 90, 91, 102, 110-111, 116-117
sex differences, 90, 91, 110-111, 116-117
Northern Region mortality
age patterns, 80-81, 87, 90, 91, 100, 102
cancer, 74, 80, 87, 90, 108-109, 114-115
cardiovascular diseases, 18, 71, 74, 81, 87, 90, 101, 102, 108-109, 114-115
differentials, 72, 108-109, 114-115
health priorities, 18
injury, 18, 71, 74, 81, 87, 101, 108-109, 114-115
life expectancy at birth, 70, 72, 80, 87, 101, 108-109, 114-115
migrants/migration, 72
registration of deaths, 189
rural-urban differences, 73, 87, 90, 108-109, 114-115
sex differences in, 80-81, 87, 90, 91, 100, 102, 108-109, 114-115
Northwestern Region mortality
cardiovascular diseases, 71, 108-109, 114-115
differentials, 108-109, 114-115
injury, 71
life expectancy at birth, 72, 101, 108-109, 114-115
rural-urban differences, 73, 102, 108-109, 114-115
sex differences, 108-109, 114-115
Norway, lung cancer, 269, 273-274
Nutritional
endocrine disorders, 201, 216-219
outcome measures, 318
Nutritional risk factors in Soviet Union data and methods, 315-318
O
Obesity and overweight, 21, 26, 322, 323, 325-327, 331, 347, 356
Occupational exposures, 186, 208, 271
Old-age mortality
age misstatement and, 120-121, 158, 191
alcohol consumption and, 247, 255
cardiovascular diseases, 51, 57-58, 90, 102, 255
corrections to data, 20-21, 39, 52, 125
infectious diseases, 255
international comparisons, 100
and life expectancy, 38, 39, 50-51
Moslem NIS countries, 145
by NIS, 168-173
quality of data, 38, 120-121, 145, 158, 162
respiratory diseases, 102, 255
rural-urban variation, 90, 170-173
sex differences, 38, 50-51, 90, 100, 168-173
years of life lost, 168-173
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, 4, 7, 13, 91, 301, 312
Oslo Youth Study, 365
P
Parasitic diseases, 81.
See also Infectious and parasitic disease mortality
Peptic ulcer, 267
Perinatal mortality, 88
Physical activity data, 332, 349
Poisoning.
See also Injury and poisoning mortality
alcohol, 12, 22, 58-62, 200, 207, 227-228, 237-238, 256-257
excess years of life lost, 206, 207
Former Socialist Economies, 200, 201, 206, 216-219
sex differentials, 206
years of life lost, 200, 201, 216-219
Poland mortality
cause of death, 217
infant and child, 185, 194-195, 198, 217
life expectancy at birth, 194-195
sex differentials, 194-195, 198
smoking-related deaths, 267, 269
years of life lost, 217
Portugal, 273-274
Potential years of life lost, 67
Preventable loss of life, 18
Prisoners, 72
Prostate cancer, 56
Provincial mortality data.
See also individual provinces
life expectancy at birth, 13, 15
life tables, 76-78
Proximate determinants of mortality, 3
Q
Quality of data
alcohol consumption and abuse, 22, 62, 220, 222-227, 228, 242-243
census, 125
Quality of mortality data.
See also Correction of data: Errors in data
age patterns, 18, 35, 36-39, 162
anti-alcohol campaign, 231-232
Azerbaijan, 124, 128, 130, 137-138
cardiovascular diseases, 20-21, 42, 43, 192, 200, 202, 231, 264, 270
cause of death, 20-21, 39-45, 264
Central Asian states, 15, 19, 29, 124, 126-127, 130, 146, 154, 160
child mortality, 154
European NIS countries, 3, 144-145
infant, 19, 36-38, 120-121, 124, 128, 144, 158, 185
infectious diseases, 43
for intervention design, 121, 144, 145, 271
and life-expectancy estimates, 38, 39, 129, 162
measures of, 155
microdata availability, 123
Moldova, 37
Moslem NIS countries, 136, 137-138, 145-147
Northern Caucasus Region, 72-73
official statistics, 121
at old ages, 38, 120-121, 145, 158, 162
respiratory diseases, 42, 43, 192
rural-urban differentials, 15, 127-128, 154
Russia, 35-45, 67, 122-123, 130, 131, 144-145, 192
sex differentials, 127-128, 144-145
smoking-related deaths, 271
Tajikistan, 19-20, 127-128, 130, 142, 189
Turkmenistan, 41, 42, 43, 127-128, 130, 192
Ukraine, 130
violence-related, 42
vital registrations, 19, 41, 189-192
R
Regional variation in mortality
age patterns, 13, 19, 70, 80-81, 88-96, 100, 101-102, 199, 203, 205
cause-specific, 73-74, 89-90, 101, 108-119, 167
international comparisons with, 96-100
life expectancy at birth, 70, 73, 74, 89-90, 101, 108-119
rural-urban differentials, 13, 15, 71-72, 73-74, 80-81, 89-96, 102, 108-119, 167
socioeconomic and sociocultural development and, 163
years of life lost, 162-163
Regions.
See also Baltic Region;
Central Asian NIS;
European NIS;
individual regions
Registration of deaths.
See also Vital registration system
adult, 189-192
age misstatement in, 126, 191-192
Central Asian NIS, 19-20
estimating underregistrations, 121, 138, 189-191
Former Socialist States, 189-192
infant, 18, 36, 38, 128, 144, 185, 186-189
quality and comparability, 19, 41, 189-192
sex differences in, 51, 190, 191-192
Respiratory disease mortality
age patterns49, 52-53, 80, 81-91, 102, 167, 255, 259
alcohol-related, 47, 59, 167, 249, 250, 255, 259
anti-alcohol campaign and, 23
availability of data, 41
in Central Asian NIS, 18, 157, 201, 202, 205
control of, 180
in European NIS, 18
excess years of life lost, 18, 202, 205
in Former Socialist Economies, 200, 201, 202, 216-219
infant and child, 167, 180, 200, 202
international trends, 54-55
and life expectancy, 48-49, 50, 82-87
by province/country, 17, 216-219
by region, 88-90
rural-urban differences, 81-87, 88, 89, 90, 102, 170-173, 176-179
sex differences in, 17, 46-47, 48-49, 50, 51, 52-53, 54, 80, 81-87, 89, 90, 168-173
temporal trends, 167, 253, 256
years of life lost, 17, 18, 166, 167, 168-173, 200, 201, 202, 216-219
Romanian mortality
causes of death, 218
infant and child, 185, 194-195, 198, 218
life expectancy at birth, 194-195
lung cancer, 273-274
sex differentials, 194-195, 198, 273-274
smoking-related, 268-269
years of life lost, 218
Rural-urban differentials in mortality
age patterns, 15, 69, 76-96, 98, 101, 102, 142-143
by cause of death, 15, 69, 70-71, 73-74, 80-87, 88-90, 101, 102, 108-119, 167, 170-173, 176-179
Central Asian NIS, 163
ethnic populations, 138, 142, 146-147
health expenditures, 11
international comparisons, 98, 99-100
life expectancy at birth, 69, 70-71, 72, 80-87, 101, 108-119, 137-138, 139-140, 164
life tables, 123
quality of data, 15, 127-128, 154
by region, 13, 15, 71-72, 73-74, 80-81, 89-96. 102, 108-119, 167
sex differences, 13, 15, 66, 69, 70-74, 76-96, 99-101, 102, 106, 108-119, 127-128, 139, 142-143, 163, 167, 170-173, 176-179
years of life lost, 163, 165, 166, 170-173, 176-179
Russia
age structure of population, 5, 10
alcohol consumption, 22, 222-227, 233, 241-245
anti-smoking campaigns, 282
body composition, 315, 322-325
censuses, 148
dietary patterns, 26-27, 318-322
ethnic composition, 7
food availability, 329-330
health expenditures, 11
hypertension, 23
life expectancy at birth, 11-13, 34-36, 38, 39, 47-54, 66, 69, 132
-136, 137-138, 139-140, 163, 164, 166-167
Ministry of Health and Medical Industry of, 283
nutrient intakes, 356-357
population, 10
State Archive of Economics, 41
Russian Federation mortality
age patterns, 268
alcohol consumption, 257
infant and child, 188, 194-195, 198
registration of deaths, 189, 190
sex differentials, 163, 193, 194-195, 198, 267, 268, 270, 273-274
smoking-related deaths, 25, 267, 268, 270
and Soviet Union mortality, 130-131
trends, 136
violence-related, 61
Russian Institute of Nutrition, 317, 333
Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey, 315, 316, 317, 318, 320-321, 322, 331-332, 333, 360
Russian mortality.
See also Soviet Union (former)
age patterns, 13, 15, 19, 35, 36-39, 49-52, 53, 66-67, 69, 75-100, 130-131, 132, 136, 137-138, 168, 170, 172, 174, 176, 178
alcohol-related, 22, 35, 58-62, 166, 167, 168, 170, 172, 174, 176, 178, 233, 258
anti-alcohol campaign and, 239-241
cancer, 17, 35, 55-56, 69, 167, 168, 170, 172, 174, 176, 178, 217
cardiovascular diseases, 16, 35, 56-58, 66, 69, 166-167, 168, 170, 172, 174, 176, 178, 208, 217, 254-256
cause of death, 11-12, 16-17, 39-45, 48-49, 49-52, 54-62, 66-67, 69, 73-74, 79-88, 166-167, 168, 170, 172, 174, 176, 178, 192, 217
congenital malformations, 4, 168, 170, 172, 217
digestive diseases, 56, 217, 253
indigenous population, 134-135
infant and child, 11, 20-21, 36-38, 39, 160, 162, 168, 170, 172, 174, 176, 178, 217, 252
infectious and parasitic diseases, 17, 34-35, 54-55, 167, 168, 170, 172, 174, 176, 178, 217, 253
injury and poisoning, 11-12, 16, 46, 47, 48-49, 50, 52-54, 58-59, 66, 69, 166-167, 168, 170, 172, 174, 176, 178, 217
international comparisons, 15, 34-35, 54-62, 96-100
life tables, 15, 76-78, 130-131
loss of advantages in, 55-56
provincial variation, 71-73, 76-78
quality of data, 35-45, 67, 122-123, 130, 131, 144-145, 192
rates, 11
regional variation, 71-74, 91-96
registration system, 36, 38, 39-41
respiratory diseases, 17, 54-55, 168, 170, 172, 174, 176, 178, 217 , 253
rural-urban variation, 69, 70-71, 88-91, 137-138, 139-140, 164-165, 167, 170-173, 176, 178
sex differences, 11, 15, 16-17, 38, 48-49, 52, 54, 69, 70-71, 96-100, 132-136, 139-140, 144-145, 163, 164-167, 168, 170, 172, 174, 176, 178
structure by cause, 45-54
trends, 70-74, 130-136, 168, 170, 172, 174, 176, 178
violence-related, 58-62
years of life lost, 16-17, 67, 164, 168, 170, 172, 174, 176, 178, 217
Russian Research Center for Preventive Medicine, 317
S
Sex (gender) differentials
alcohol consumption, 22, 225, 237, 320, 321
body composition, 322-323, 326, 327
in life expectancy at birth, 12, 34, 38, 48-49, 50-51, 52, 54, 70-71, 89-90, 101, 108-119, 129, 132-143, 162, 163, 164, 240-241
tobacco use, 25, 275, 276, 288, 289, 290-291, 292, 347, 348
Sex (gender) differentials in mortality.
See also individual countries
age and, 13, 15, 38, 50-54, 76-81, 88, 89-101, 102, 103, 132, 168-173, 203-205, 246
alcohol-related deaths, 234, 245
cancer, 17, 46, 48-49, 50-51, 52-53, 55, 69, 70, 73-74, 80, 81-87, 89, 90, 100, 101, 108-119, 168-173, 269, 270, 273-274
cardiovascular diseases, 11, 12, 16, 45-46, 48-49, 50, 51-54, 69, 70, 71, 73-74, 80-87, 89, 90, 100, 101, 108-119, 167, 168-173, 231, 344
by cause of death, 48-49, 69, 89-90, 167, 168-179, 203
Central Asian NIS, 163, 196, 197, 203, 205
digestive diseases, 46, 47, 48-49, 50-51, 52-53
Former Socialist Economies, 193-194, 196-198, 203-204
infant mortality, 162, 168-173, 183
infectious diseases, 17, 46, 47, 48-49, 50-51, 52-53, 54, 58-59, 69, 70, 74, 80, 82-87, 89, 90, 168-179
injury and poisoning, 46, 47, 48-49, 52-53, 58-59, 69, 70, 74, 100, 101, 108-119, 167, 168-173
international comparisons, 14, 96-100, 103, 136-137, 186
and life table construction, 146
Moslem NIS, 138-142
other causes, 47, 48, 50-51, 52-53
quality of data, 127-128, 144-145
by region, 13, 14, 72, 74, 89-100, 102, 108-119
registration, 51, 190, 191-192
respiratory diseases, 17, 46-47, 48-49, 50, 51, 52-53, 54, 80, 81-87, 89, 90, 168-173
rural-urban differentials, 13, 15, 66, 69, 70-74, 76-96, 99-101, 102, 106, 108-119, 127-128, 139, 142-143, 163, 167, 170-173, 176-179, 183
smoking-related, 267, 268, 269, 270
violence-related, 50-51
years of life lost, 16-17
Siberia mortality.
See also Eastern Siberia Region mortality
cardiovascular diseases, 81, 83, 89
infectious diseases, 80, 83, 89
life expectancy at birth, 13, 72, 83, 101
respiratory diseases, 81, 83, 89
rural-urban differences, 89
sex differences, 80-81, 83, 89
Slovak Republic, 267
Smoking-related mortality.
See also Lung cancer: Tobacco consumption
age patterns, 207, 267, 268, 270
cardiovascular disease, 21, 25, 27, 207, 264, 267, 278
Eastern European, 186
Former Socialist Economies, 207, 210
lung cancer, 18, 25, 207, 263, 264, 267, 270-271, 283, 296, 307
methods for quantifying, 25, 262-267
quality of data, 271
rates, 207
sex differentials, 267, 268, 269, 270, 278
Social inequality in mortality, 75, 163
Southern Tier mortality.
See also Azerbaijan;
Central Asian NIS
infectious diseases, 180
life expectancy at birth, 163
rural-urban variation, 167
temporal trends, 163
years of life lost, 163
Soviet Union (former)
availability of data in, 40, 123
classifications of cause of death, 40
coding practices, 40
countries, 8-9
food subsidies, 361
health care system, 3
infant mortality, 188
levels of mortality, 10
Ministry of Health, 128
nutritional risk factors, 314-334
quality of data, 123-124
registration of deaths, 190
sources of data, 68-70
Spain, 273-274
Spatial differences in mortality.
See also Provincial mortality data;
Regional variation in mortality;
Rural-urban differentials in mortality
assessment methods, 68
availability of data, 66
Stalin era, 241
Stomach cancer, 43, 56, 200, 201, 202, 206, 216-219, 256
Stroke, 22, 23, 25, 201, 264, 267
Suicides
alcohol-related, 59-60, 61, 207
Central Asian NIS, 202
in European NIS, 18
excess years of life lost, 206, 207
in Former Socialist Economies, 201, 202, 206, 216-219
by NIS, 168-173
rural-urban variation, 167
sex differentials, 167, 168-173, 206
socioeconomic conditions and, 180
years of life lost, 168-173, 200, 201, 202, 216-219
Surveys
questionnaire design, 147
Sweden, 130, 136-137, 162, 273-274
Switzerland, 273-274
T
Tajikistan (Tadzhikistan)
life expectancy at birth, 11, 138, 141-143, 164, 194-195
population, 10
Tajikistan (Tadzhikistan) mortality
age patterns, 127-128, 169, 171, 173, 189, 194-195, 268
cancer, 17, 169, 171, 173, 175, 177, 179, 219, 270, 273-274
cardiovascular diseases, 16-17, 169, 171, 173, 175, 177, 179, 219
cause of death, 169, 171, 173, 175, 177, 179, 219
infant and child, 11, 20, 154, 160, 162, 169, 171, 173, 188, 194-195, 198, 219
infectious and parasitic diseases, 17, 169, 171, 173, 175, 177, 179 , 219
injury and poisoning, 16, 18, 169, 171, 173, 175, 177, 179, 219
respiratory diseases, 17, 169, 171, 173, 175, 177, 179, 219
quality of data, 19-20, 127-128, 130, 142, 189
rates, 11
rural-urban variation, 127-128, 142, 164-165, 171, 173, 177, 179
sex differentials, 16-17, 127-128, 138, 143, 164-165, 169, 171, 173 , 175, 177, 179, 194-195, 198, 268, 270, 273-274
smoking-related deaths, 268, 269, 270
years of life lost, 16-17, 165, 169, 171, 173, 175, 177, 179, 219
Tobacco consumption.
See also Smoking-related mortality
and addiction, 292
adolescents, 25, 276, 280, 284-285, 289, 290-291, 293, 298-300, 302-303, 304-305, 307, 311-312
advertising and, 293, 294-295, 303
and environmental tobacco smoke, 297, 305
health care costs, 287
by health care providers, 26, 306
health consequences, 278-279, 287
initiation of smoking, 291-292, 297, 300-301
NIS trends, 288-291
prevalence of smoking, 25, 275-276, 288
quitting smoking, 25-26, 292-293, 295, 297, 298, 299, 306, 312
sex differentials, 25, 275, 276, 288, 289, 290-291, 292, 347, 348
social environment and, 269
United States, 288, 291-292, 294, 295, 301, 306, 311-312
U.S. Surgeon General's report, 282, 283, 295, 296-297, 298, 307
war years, 300-301
Tobacco control and anti-smoking campaigns
access by minors, 302-303, 304-305
advertising bans, 280, 289-290, 294-296, 303, 306, 307
application to NIS, 305-307, 350
awareness raising, 26, 280, 282-285
beliefs about health consequences and, 296-297, 299
components of programs, 293-305
context for, 291-293
definition, 287
effectiveness, 294-295, 303, 337, 338, 339
goals, 287-288
health professionals' role, 283-284, 285, 293, 297-298, 299
implementation, 281-282
industry response to, 290, 295-296
mass media counteradvertising, 284, 285, 293-294, 303-305, 307, 312 , 343
national report on health consequences, 283, 285
nonsmokers' rights movement, 295, 312
pricing strategies/taxes, 26, 295, 300-302, 307, 312
school-based prevention programs, 284-285, 293, 298-300, 312
smoking behavior and, 291-293
Soviet anti-smoking programs, 26, 281, 282
transtheoretical model of change, 282, 286
Tobacco industry and products
advertising and promotion, 25, 26, 284, 290, 295-296, 312-313
economy of NIS and, 306
noxious substances by brand, 278-279
production, 276-277
profitability per product, 312
response to controls, 290, 295-296
shortages, 277
structural changes in NIS, 288-291, 312
transnational company investments, 290
Western imports and market penetration, 276-277, 280, 289
Traffic accidents.
See Motor vehicle accidents
Trans-Caucasus Region
alcohol-related deaths, 234
countries, 8-9
infant mortality, 159
Trauma.
See Injury and poisoning mortality
Trends in mortality
accidents, 166
by age, 131
from cardiovascular diseases, 35, 45, 56-58
by cause of death, 111-12, 54-62, 65, 167, 174-180, 256
Central Asian republics, 145
injury-related deaths, 11
Latvia, 130-136
life expectancy at birth, 1-2, 10-13, 129-130, 164, 240-241
respiratory diseases, 167
temporal, 70-74, 163, 164-165, 167, 174-180
Tuberculosis, 18, 43, 54, 200, 201, 203, 206, 216-219, 227, 256
Turkey, 13
Turkmenistan (Ashgabat)
death rates, 11
health expenditures, 11, 141-142
life expectancy at birth, 11, 164, 194-195
population, 10
Turkmenistan (Ashgabat) mortality
age patterns, 143, 169, 171, 173, 194-195, 268
cancer, 17, 169, 171, 173, 175, 177, 179, 219, 270, 273-274
cardiovascular diseases, 16-17, 169, 171, 173, 175, 177, 179, 219
causes of death, 169, 171, 173, 175, 177, 179, 192, 219
infant and child, 11, 20, 162, 169, 171, 173, 187, 188, 194-195, 198, 219
infectious and parasitic diseases, 17, 169, 171, 173, 175, 177, 179 , 219
injury and poisoning, 16, 169, 171, 173, 175, 177, 179, 219
quality of data, 41, 42, 43, 127-128, 130, 192
rates, 11
respiratory diseases, 17, 169, 171, 173, 175, 177, 179, 219
rural-urban variation, 143, 164-165, 171, 173, 177, 179
sex differentials, 16-17, 141-143, 164-165, 169, 171, 173, 175, 177 , 179, 194-195, 198, 268, 270, 273-274
smoking-related, 268, 269, 270
temporal trends, 163, 169, 171, 173, 175, 177, 179
years of life lost, 16-17, 165, 169, 171, 173, 175, 177, 179, 219
Turks, 7
U
Uighurs, 126-127, 130, 136-137, 138, 154
Ukraine
health expenditures, 11
life expectancy at birth, 11, 163, 164, 194-195
tobacco production, 277
Ukraine mortality
age patterns, 169, 171, 173, 194-195, 268
cancer, 17, 169, 171, 173, 174, 176, 178, 217, 270, 273-274
cardiovascular diseases, 16-17, 169, 171, 173, 174, 176, 178, 217
congenital malformations, 4, 217
infant and child, 11, 20, 162, 169, 171, 173, 188, 194-195, 198, 217
infectious and parasitic diseases, 17, 169, 171, 173, 217
injury and poisoning, 16, 169, 171, 173, 174, 176, 178, 217
quality of data, 130
rates, 11
registration, 190
respiratory diseases, 17, 169, 171, 173, 174, 176, 178, 217
rural-urban variations, 164-165, 171, 173, 176, 178
sex differentials, 16-17, 163, 164-165, 169, 171, 173, 174, 176, 178, 194-195, 198, 267, 268, 270, 273-274
smoking-related deaths, 25, 267, 268, 270
years of life lost, 16-17, 165, 169, 171, 173, 217
United Kingdom, 154, 210, 271, 273-274
United Nations
COMPAR program, 155
definitions, 157
Economic Commission for Europe, 120
Food and Agriculture Organization, 333
United States
adult mortality, 186, 189, 210
alcohol abuse control, 23-24
anti-tobacco campaigns, 282
Bureau of the Census, 159
Centers for Disease Control, 4
cigarette content, 279
Environmental Protection Agency, 305
food subsidies, 361
infant mortality, 161
levels of mortality, 10
life expectancy at birth, 34-36, 97
lung cancer, 268, 270, 271, 273-274
Minnesota Heart Health Program, 364, 367, 368
Minnesota Home Team Program, 365
National Cholesterol Education Program, 366
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, 366
nonwhite life tables, 15, 98-99, 103, 106
nutrient intakes, 356-358
Pennsylvania County Health Improvement Program, 364
Project LEAN, 366
smoking-related mortality, 262-263, 264, 270, 272
Stanford Three-Community Study, 366
Surgeon General's report on smoking, 282, 283, 294
tobacco consumption, 288, 291-292, 294, 295, 301, 306, 311-312
tobacco control, 294-305, 306-307
Ural Region mortality
age patterns, 80-81
cancer, 74, 80, 101, 110-111, 116-117
cardiovascular, 71, 74, 81, 101, 110-111, 116-117
infectious diseases, 80
injury, 71, 74, 81, 101, 110-111, 116-117
life expectancy at birth, 13, 72, 101, 110-111, 116-117
respiratory diseases, 81
rural-urban differences, 73, 74, 110-111, 116-117
sex differences, 74, 80-81, 110-111, 116-117
Urban-rural crossovers, 19, 127, 146
Uterine cancer, 55
Uzbekistan
age structure, 10
health expenditures, 11
life expectancy at birth, 11, 137-142, 164, 194-195
population, 10
Uzbekistan mortality
age patterns, 137-138, 169, 171, 173, 194-195, 268
cancer, 17, 169, 171, 173, 175, 177, 179, 219, 270, 273-274
cardiovascular diseases, 16-17, 169, 171, 173, 175, 177, 179, 219
infant and child, 11, 20, 154, 162, 169, 171, 173, 188, 194-195, 198, 219
infectious and parasitic diseases, 17, 169, 171, 173, 175, 177, 179 , 219
injury and poisoning, 16, 169, 171, 173, 175, 177, 179, 219
respiratory diseases, 17, 169, 171, 173, 175, 177, 179, 219
rural-urban variations, 137, 139-140, 164-165, 177, 179
sex differentials, 16-17, 139-142, 164-165, 169, 171, 173, 175, 177 , 179, 194-195, 198, 268, 270, 273-274
smoking-related, 268, 269, 270
years of life lost, 16-17, 169, 171, 173, 175, 177, 179, 219
V
Violence-related deaths
alcohol abuse and, 22, 59-60, 62, 226, 228, 242-243, 257
components, 59-60
international comparisons, 59
and life expectancy at birth, 50
political and ethnic, 61
quality of data, 42
sex differences in, 50
Vital registration system.
See also Registration of deaths
recommended improvements in, 29-30, 146, 148
responsibility for, 124
Volga Region mortality
cancer, 71, 74, 89, 90, 110-111, 116-117
cardiovascular diseases, 71, 74, 89, 90, 110-111, 116-117
infectious diseases, 90
injury, 74, 89, 90, 110-111, 116-117
life expectancy at birth, 73, 110-111, 116-117
respiratory diseases, 90
rural-urban differences, 73, 89, 90, 110-111, 116-117
sex differences, 73, 89, 90, 110-111, 116-117
Volga-Vyatka Region mortality
age patterns, 89
cancer, 71, 89, 108-109, 114-115
cardiovascular diseases, 89, 108-109, 114-115
injury, 71, 89, 108-109, 114-115
life expectancy at birth, 108-109, 114-115
respiratory diseases, 89
rural-urban variation, 102, 108-109, 114-115
sex differences, 89, 108-109, 114-115
W
West Germany, 160
Western Siberia Region mortality
cancer, 74, 89, 110-111, 116-117
cardiovascular diseases, 110-111, 116-117
life expectancy at birth, 110-111, 116-117
rural-urban variations, 102, 110-111, 116-117
sex differences in, 74, 89, 102, 110-111, 116-117
World Health Organization
chronic disease prevention, 336, 337, 341-342
CINDI program, 337, 342, 347, 349, 350
definitions, 19, 37, 124, 154, 157, 186
INTERHEALTH program, 337
International Classification of Diseases, 40, 65, 158
interpretation of rules, 65
MONICA, 21, 23, 207, 208, 338, 342, 343, 345
X
Xinjiang Province, 19, 126-127, 130, 136-137, 138, 146, 147, 154
Y
Years of life lost
accidents, 168-173
age patterns, 199
alcohol-related, 207
assessment methods, 16, 160-161, 193, 214
by cause of death, 16-18, 166, 167, 168-173, 180, 198-201
in Former Socialist Economies, 193, 198-202
international comparisons, 193, 200
and intervention design, 15
by NIS, 16-17, 162-163, 165, 168-179
rural-urban variation, 163, 165, 166, 170-173, 176-179
sex differences, 16-17, 162-163, 165, 168-179
socioeconomic and sociocultural development and, 163
temporal trends, 165
Young adult mortality.
See also Adolescents
rural differences in, 102
violence-related, 79
Yugoslavian mortality
causes of death, 218
infant and child, 185, 194-195, 198, 218
life expectancy at birth, 194-195
lung cancer, 273-274
sex differentials, 194-195, 198
years of life lost, 218
