. "Spatial, Age, and Cause-of-Death Patterns of Mortality in Russia, 1988-1989." Premature Death in the New Independent States. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 1997.
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Russian Life Tables
Total Difference in e(0)
Circulatory
Respiratory
Digestive
Ill-defined
Injuries
Residual
Males
Average Russia
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
N1 Regular Russian City
-0.22
0.13
0.02
0.04
0. 16
0.0
N2 Mosaic Rural
0.07
-0.24
0.02
-0.01
-0.45
0.28
N3 Siberian Rural
0.61
-0.34
-0.02
-0.17
-0.60
0.27
N5 Rural, Middle Russia
0.26
-0.39
0.05
0.03
-0.79
0.34
N6 Rural, Moscow Ring
-0.01
-0.26
0.03
0.08
-0.57
0.32
N4 Special Russian City
0.06
-0.04
-0.01
0.00
-0.05
-0.08
Females
Average Russia
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
N1 Urban, Central Russia
-0.05
0.06
-0.00
0.04
0.09
-0.06
N2 Urban, Ural and Siberia
-0.09
0.11
-0.01
-0.01
0.06
0.04
N3 Rural, Kuban and Center
-0.25
0.03
-0.03
-0.25
0.13
N4 Rural, Chernozem Russia
-0.29
0.04
-0.05
-0.39
0.11
N5 Urban, Far East and North
-0.54
0.12
-0.05
0.01
0.09
0.23
N6 Caucasus Autonomies
0.09
-0.27
-0.01
-0.07
0.21
-0.05
percent for females (17 percent, 29 percent, and 24 percent, respectively). Thus, differences in the shape of mortality curves in Russia are associated primarily with mortality due to injuries for males and with cardiovascular disease and neoplasm for females.
Infant mortality plays a minor role in the formation of the clusters, but its cause-of-death structure differs strongly from those of other ages. More than 90 percent of the variation in infant mortality is attributable to three causes: residual causes of death (68 percent for boys, 36 percent for girls), diseases of the respiratory system ( 18 percent and 34 percent, respectively), and infectious and parasitic diseases (10 percent and 21 percent, respectively). The residual causes, most probably congenital anomalies and conditions originating in the perinatal period, contribute to neonatal mortality, while infectious and parasitic and respiratory diseases contribute to postneonatal mortality
