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Below are the first 10 and last 10 pages of uncorrected machine-read text (when available) of this chapter, followed by the top 30 algorithmically extracted key phrases from the chapter as a whole.
Intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text on the opening pages of each chapter.
Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.
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OCR for page 103
G lossary
Accelerate-Stop Distance: The minimum allowable runway
lengths for an airplane to accelerate and stop safely,
depending on its gross weight, speed, prevailing weather,
and runway conditions. If an emergency occurs after the
accelerate-stop distance has been exceeded, usually the
takeoff must be completed.
Accident (as opposed to incident, q.v.): An accident is
an occurrence in which there is substantial damage to an
aircraft and/or injury or death to a person or persons.
Advance Notice of Proposed Rule Making (ANPRM): A public
notice announcing the intention of the FAA to establish a
regulation or amendment on a particular subject, inviting
comments on the adequacy of the data base. (See NPRM.)
Airframe: The major and essential parts of an aircraft
structure.
Airframe and Powerplant License (A&P): A license granted
to an individual who is at least 18 years of age and has
demonstrated a command of the English language and com-
petence through examination in specific maintenance tasks
specified in Federal Aviation Regulations, Part 34.
Airmen: People such as mechanics, pilots, and parachute
riggers, who work or operate aircraft or ancillary equip-
ment. They are licensed by the FAA and are the subject
of Part 65 and Part 91 of the FARs.
103
OCR for page 104
IMPROVING AIRCRAFT SAFETY/104
Airworthiness: The safety and physical integrity of an
subsystems,
handling
aircraft, Including its component parts and
its performance capabilities, and its flight
characteristics, when operated within its intended
environment and within its quantified and declared
limitations.
Airworthiness Certificate (AWC):
A certificate, granted
by the FAA, stating that an aircraft meets all specifica-
tions required by the Type Certificate, and has been
flown and found to be in compliance with applicable air-
worthiness standards. When an airplane is transferred
to a second or subsequent person, the AWC is transferred
along with it to the new owner who is required to main-
tain the aircraft in a state of continuing airworthiness.
Airworthiness Directive (AD): An FAA regulation, usually
issued in response to a safety situation, requiring man-
datory action, e.g., inspection, repair, or modification
within a specified period of time, depending on the
urgency.
Telegraphic AD: An AD issued for immediate action, with
out public participation.
Immediate AD: An AD issued for prompt action, without
public participation.
Alert Service Bulletin: A special Service Bulletin (God.)
issued to all owners of a given aircraft by the manufac-
turer of that aircraft, containing safety directive
information.
Applicant: As used in the text, a manufacturer, airline,
or repair station that applies to the FAA for the appro-
priate certificate.
Avionics: That specialized branch of electronics per-
taining to aircraft-installed electronic devices, pri-
marily used for navigation and flight control functions.
Certificate (v.t.): As used in the text, the act of
granting a certificate (q.v.) to an applicant (q.v.)
signifying approval of aircraft design, production, or
maintenance plans and procedures.
OCR for page 105
105/Glossary
Certificate (n.): As used in the text, a document issued
by the FAA to an applicant (q.v.), which serves as evi-
dence that the applicant has complied with applicable
statutes, rules, standards and procedures in design,
manufacturing, maintenance, or operation of aircraft.
Certificate Holder: A manufacturer, operating airline,
or maintenance or overhaul facility which has been
examined by the FAA and found to meet the standards
established by the Federal Aviation Regulations.
Certification Basis: A negotiated agreement between the
Type Certification Board and the manufacturer on how
compliance with various standards will be demonstrated.
Composite Materials: Structural materials, generally
nonorganic and nonmetallic, that have high strength and
low weight.
Continuing Airworthiness: The assurance that an air
craft with an airworthiness certificate is operated,
maintained, and repaired in accordance with FAA-approved
procedures.
Continuous Gust Criteria: An engineering basis for
designing aircraft structure and flight control systems
to sustain safely a broad spectrum of flight loads im-
posed by atmospheric gusts of various frequencies and
intensities.
Crashworthiness: A term that has come to signify the
ability of the aircraft structure to tolerate given crash
loads and to provide occupant protection.
Design Basis: A negotiated agreement between the manu
facturer and the FAA Type Certification Board on the
specifications that the design of the aircraft must meet.
(See Certification Basis.)
Designated Alteration Station (DAS): An FAA-approved
facility that specializes in major overhaul and repair
of aircraft.
Designated Engineering Representative (DER): Employees
of the manufacturers, deputized by the FAA to review and
verify certain elements of the design.
OCR for page 106
IMPROVING AIRCRAFT SAFETY/10 6
Designated Manufacturing Inspection Representative
(DMIR): A company employee to whom the administrator
delegates the functional determination of conformity of
prototype articles to design data prior to type certifi-
cation, and the final inspection and airworthiness cer-
tification or approval of type certificated aircraft and
related products. The DMIRs are trained and supervised
in their FAA duties by the responsible FAA Manufacturing
Inspectors.
Exception: A waiver granted to permit noncompliance with
a specific FAR requirement, negotiated as an agreement
with the FAA.
Extremely Remote, Extremely Improbable: Terms applied
to a measure of system reliability, equivalent to a
10-9 or one chance in a billion of failure.
Fail-safe: A design philosophy that assumes components
of a system have a limited lifetime, and that provides
safety assurance through alternative components which
can function in the event of failure of the primary com-
ponent.
Fatigue: The tendency of a material to break under
repeated load.
Fatigue Crack: A crack appearing in a metallic element
of an aircraft structure as a result of repeated loads
caused by flight and ground forces and vibrations.
Federal Aviation Regulations (FARs): As used in the
text, that part of the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations
that includes the rules, regulations, and standards by
which the FAA assures the safety and airworthiness of
aircraft and their operations.
Fuselage: The long, main tubular body of an aircraft to
which is attached the wing structure.
OCR for page 107
107/Glossary
Hard Landing: A landing of an aircraft in which the
vertical component of the speed at which ground contact
is made is higher than the maximum normal operating
value specified in the design. A hard landing must be
followed by an inspection of the landing gear and sup-
port structure for possible damage before the aircraft
is permitted to fly again.
Hole-size Criteria: An engineering basis for designing
the pressurized fuselage of an aircraft to sustain a
damage-caused hole of a specified size and continue to
fly.
Horizontal Stabilizer: One of the primary elements of
the tail assembly of an aircraft; the fixed horizontal
airfoil that provides stability in flight.
Incident (as opposed to accident, q.v.): An event
-
involving a malfunction of equipment or
which no significant damage or injuries
which, under other circumstances, could
accident, and which has significance to
Inherent Airworthiness:
human error in
occurred, but
have been an
safety.
The assurance that both the
design of the aircraft and the manufacture
of individual aeronautical products are in accordance
with FAA-approved procedures. Approval of
and assembly
the design
basis and of the manufacturing and quality control sys-
tems under which the product will be manufactured and
inspected are thus preconditions to establishment of
inherent airworthiness. (See Continuing Airworthiness.)
Inspect: As used in the text, the process by which
company employees
examine parts, equipment, processes,
and procedures for conformity to applicable standards,
certifying that the standards are met; or FAA inspectors
assure that company maintenance and production systems
are properly in place to assure compliance with applic-
able standards.
Maintenance Program
A set of procedures that assures
continuing a~rwortn~ness and approval by the FAA. It is
developed from the manufacturer's Maintenance Manual to
suit the individual air carrier's particular system,
facilities, and needs.
OCR for page 108
IMPROVING AIRCRAFT SAFETY/108
Maintenance Review Board (MRB): A Board of FAA regional
specialists, convened to review the maintenance manual
for a particular aircraft that has been developed by a
maintenance manual steering group. This maintenance
manual then becomes the basis for an air carrier's
individually developed maintenance program.
Maintenance Steering Group (MSG): A committee of indus-
try experts, convened to develop a maintenance manual
for a given aircraft type, in order to assure the con-
tinuing airworthiness of each aircraft. The maintenance
manual is proposed to the FAA MRB and, upon approval,
forms the basis for the air carrier maintenance program
for that type of aircraft.
Manufacturer's Maintenance Manual: See Maintenance
Review Board and Maintenance Steering Group.
Mechanical Interruption Summaries (MIS): A summary
report required of the air carrier by the FAA concerning
interruptions to a flight for mechanical reasons or the
number of engines removed prematurely because of mal-
function, failure, or defect.
Mechanical Reliability Report (MRR): A report required
of an airline for submission to the FAA of the occurrence
or detection of each failure, malfunction, or defect
concerning 16 specific items--including fires and ~ire-
warning systems malfunctions; engine exhaust system-
caused damage; aircraft component causing accumulation
or circulation of smoke, vapor, or noxious fumes in the
occupied part of the aircraft; engine shutdown; failure
of propeller control; malfunctioning fuel dump system;
inadvertent landing gear system operations; brake system
component malfunction; aircraft structural damage requir
ing major repair; cracks, permanent deformation or cor-
rosion of aircraft structures, malfunction of aircraft
components or systems that results in taking emergency
action.
National Aviation System (NAS): The system of airports,
airways, and air traffic control, within which aircraft
and airmen operate.
-
OCR for page 109
109/Glossary
Notice of Proposed Rule Making (NPRM): An announcement
in the Federal Register of intention to establish a rule
or amendment to an existing rule, providing a descrip-
tion of the intended action, and arguments therefor and
inviting public comment prior to final adoption.
Operator: As used in the text, an air carrier or oper-
ator of a transport aircraft.
Primary Structure: The part of the aircraft structure
that carries and transmits all loads.
Principal Avionics Inspector (PAT): An FAA employee who
provides continuing surveillance of an air carrier's
avionics maintenance program and who works at the
regional or district office level.
Principal Inspector (PI): An FAA employee, resident at
the manufacturer's site, who monitors the quality control
system, conducts inspections, and supervises the Desig-
nated Manufacturing Inspection Representative (q.v.).
Principal Maintenance Inspector (PMI): An FAA employee
who provides continuing surveillance of an air carrier's
maintenance program and who works at the regional or
district office level.
Production Certificate: An approval of a manufacturer's
facility granted by the FAA Production Certification
Board, and an authorization for that manufacturer to
proceed with the manufacture of aircraft which are faith-
ful copies of the type certification specification.
Production Certification Board (PCB): A regional-level
board of FAA specialists convened to examine a manufac-
turer's capability to produce aircraft as specified in
the Type Certificate and to grant authority in the form
of a Production Certificate.
Pylon: As used in the text, the main support structure
attaching an engine to an airframe.
OCR for page 110
IMPROVING AIRCRAFT SAFETY/110
Quality Assurance System Analysis and Review (QASAR): A
periodic review by a team of FAA specialists which con-
sists of in-depth audits of companies' production,
quality control, and inspection processes. Originally
scheduled at 18-month intervals, QASAR intervals are now
about three years.
Regional Office: An office of the FAA, located within
one of 10 federal geographical regions of the United
States, and two overseas areas (Pacific and Far East;
Europe, Africa, and Middle East), through which the
policies, practices, and regulatory oversight of the FAA
are carried out.
Regulatory Basis: A determination, by the Type Certi-
fication Board, of which regulations will apply to a
proposed aircraft design. (See Design Basis.)
Retrofit: As used in the text, the practice of instal-
ling a substitute component in an existing system for
purposes of design change, or fault correction.
Rule making: One of the two main procedures (along with
certification) by which the FAA assures inherent safety
or airworthiness of aircraft. Rule making is a public,
due process, establishing the baseline standards by which
aircraft are designed, built, operated, and maintained.
Safe-life: A design philosophy that treats a structural
component or assembly as designed to retain its strength
and integrity throughout its useful life.
Service Bulletin: A bulletin issued by a manufacturer
containing nonmandatory information and recommendations
regarding product improvement and equipment reliability.
(See Alert Service Bulletin.)
Service Difficulty Report (SDR):
A report compiled by
the Air Carrier District Office every 24 hours on the
basis of the MRRs (q.v.) submitted by the air carriers.
SDRs are sent to the Maintenance Analysis Center for
computation, analysis, and dissemination.
OCR for page 111
111/Glossary
Situation Monitoring Program: A program of audit-like
inspections, conducted in limited cases, of maintenance
programs, especially where the regional office becomes
aware of specific safety problems.
Special Conditions: Special rules, applied in arriving
at a design basis for the Type Certificate, that define
compliance requirements not covered under the existing
FARs.
Systemworthiness Analysis Program (SWAP): ~ program
involving an FAA team of experts that inspects air
carrier and general aviation maintenance programs and
practices. Discontinued and replaced by Situation
Monitoring Program (q.v.).
Type Certification: The process of issuing a Type Cer-
tificate to an aircraft design.
Type Certification Board (TCB): A board of FAA technical
experts at the regional level that examines the manufac-
turer's proposal, negotiates the design basis, supervises
the design evolution, and grants a Type Certificate upon
satisfaction that the proposed design meets the FAA-
approved specification.
Type Inspection Authorization (TIA): An authorization
granted by the TCB, for FAA flight test crews to examine
the aircraft in flight prior to issuing the Type
Certificate.
OCR for page 112
Representative terms from entire chapter:
type certificate
