tance. Together with a number of collaborators, we plan to evaluate the potential of metal foam use in lightweight structural components.

Novel biocompatible cellular materials are being developed in the new field of tissue engineering, which aims at growing new, healthy tissue within the body to replace defective tissue. The general principle is to provide a porous scaffold onto which cells will grow. One of the first examples of such a porous scaffold was an open-celled, foam-like collagen material used to regenerate skin cells on burn victims (Yannas, 1995). Over time, as the skin cells grow, the collagen scaffold resorbs into the body, leaving only the healthy new tissue behind. In a further development, the scaffold can be designed to carry bioactive drugs, such as epidermal growth factor, which act to increase tissue growth. Porous scaffolds for peripheral nerves, cartilage, bone and bone marrow currently are being studied by a number of researchers (Ellis and Yannas, 1996; Paige et al., 1996).

This paper briefly summarizes work done over a number of years. I would like to acknowledge the contributions of my graduate students and my collaborators. In particular, I thank Professor Michael F. Ashby of Cambridge University's Engineering Department for his contribution to my work on cellular materials. Financial support has been provided by the National Science Foundation, the National Institutes of Health, the U.S. Army, the Office of Naval Research, and the Department of Energy.

Ellis, D. L., and I. V. Yannas. 1996. Recent advances in tissue synthesis in vivo by use of collagen-glycosaminoglycan copolymers. Biomaterials 17:291-299.

Gibson, L. J., and M. F. Ashby. 1988. Cellular Solids: Structure and Properties. Oxford, England: Pergamon.

Paige, K. T., L. G. Cima, M. J. Yaramchuk, B. L. Schloo, J. P. Vacanti, and C. A. Vacanti. 1996. De novo cartilage generation using calcium alginate chondrocyte constructs. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 97:168-178.

Silva, M. J., and L. J. Gibson. In press. The effects of non-periodic microstructure and defects on the compressive strength of two-dimensional cellular solids. International Journal of Mechanical Sciences.

Silva, M. J., L. J. Gibson, and W. C. Hayes. 1996. The effects of non-periodic microstructure on the elastic properties of two-dimensional cellular solids. International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 37:1161-1177.

Warren, W. E., and A. M. Kraynik. In press. Linear elastic behavior of a low-density Kelvin foam with open cells. ASME Journal of Applied Mechanics .

Yannas, I. V. 1995. Tissue regeneration templates based on collagen-glycosaminoglycan copolymers. Advances in Polymer Science 122:220-244.

Front Matter (R1-R10)

Design Research (1-2)

Designing Vehicles in Changing Times (3-8)

Development of Performance-Based Seismic Design Procedures (9-12)

Information in the Design Process (13-16)

Product Modularity: A Key Concept in Life-Cycle Design (17-22)

Visualization for Design and Display (23-24)

Visualizing Aircraft Aerodynamic Design (25-28)

Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality in Aircraft Design and Manufacturing (29-31)

The Frontiers of Virtual reality Applied to High Performance Computing and Communications (32-36)

Digitizing the Shape and Apperance of Three-Dimensional Objects (37-46)

Microelectromechanical Systems (47-56)

Fabrication Technology and the Challenges of Large-Scale Production (57-62)

Frontiers in MEMS Design (63-66)

Large-Market Applications of MEMS (67-72)

Innovations in Materials and Processes (73-82)

Silicone Satellites (83-85)

Novel Ceramic Ferroelectric Composites (86-90)

Co-Continuous Composite Materials from Net-Shape Displacement (91-94)

Dinner Speech (95-96)

Institutional Cultures and Individual Careers (97-106)

Contributors (107-114)

Program (115-116)

Participants (117-123)