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The Future of Spatial Data and Society: Summary of a Workshop
APPENDIX E TABLES OF ANTICIPATED CHANGES
As discussed in Chapter 3, the Mapping Science Committee grouped the 139 statements of anticipated changes that emerged from the five working groups into the following tables. The groupings are not unique; individuals could take the anticipated change statements and develop their own groupings. Within each table the changes are approximately ordered by ''voting'' within the respective working groups that developed the statement. As discussed in Chapter 3, these rankings, although interesting as a way of focusing discussions, were not consistent—some groups emphasized the significance of a change, others emphasized the likelihood of a change.
Table 1. Basic Computing Technologies
Anticipated Change
Computer technology two orders of magnitude faster
Continued miniaturization of electronics
Miniaturization
Wireless will be major technology for distribution of spatial data
Publicly available navigable databases
Greater bandwidth for data transmission/wireless
Saturation of wireless communication
Urban density increased, and rural density decreased, in response to limited bandwidth
Table 2. Analysis, Visualization, and Cognition Technologies
Anticipated Change
Virtual reality will change way to conceptualize and use spatial data
Spatial data as the GUI to all information fundamental
Emergence of n-dimensional geotemporal systems (holodeck)
New technology will distill information products from data glut
Virtual reality interface with GIS
Software tools sort and search heterogeneous data for relevant data
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The Future of Spatial Data and Society: Summary of a Workshop
APPENDIX E
TABLES OF ANTICIPATED CHANGES
As discussed in Chapter 3, the Mapping Science Committee grouped the 139 statements of anticipated changes that emerged from the five working groups into the following tables. The groupings are not unique; individuals could take the anticipated change statements and develop their own groupings. Within each table the changes are approximately ordered by ''voting'' within the respective working groups that developed the statement. As discussed in Chapter 3, these rankings, although interesting as a way of focusing discussions, were not consistent—some groups emphasized the significance of a change, others emphasized the likelihood of a change.
Table 1. Basic Computing Technologies
Anticipated Change
Computer technology two orders of magnitude faster
Continued miniaturization of electronics
Miniaturization
Wireless will be major technology for distribution of spatial data
Publicly available navigable databases
Greater bandwidth for data transmission/wireless
Saturation of wireless communication
Urban density increased, and rural density decreased, in response to limited bandwidth
Table 2. Analysis, Visualization, and Cognition Technologies
Anticipated Change
Virtual reality will change way to conceptualize and use spatial data
Spatial data as the GUI to all information fundamental
Emergence of n-dimensional geotemporal systems (holodeck)
New technology will distill information products from data glut
Virtual reality interface with GIS
Software tools sort and search heterogeneous data for relevant data
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The Future of Spatial Data and Society: Summary of a Workshop
Table 3. Pervasiveness of Technology
Anticipated Change
Greatly increased involvement of spatial data in litigation
Intuitive and helpful user interfaces (Turbo Tax Deluxe '96); boss becomes data voyeur
GIS will be enterprise-wide
GIS standard office software
Consumer application growth will drive down costs and increase and pay for infrastructure
MS Windows 2010 has GIS embedded
Personal fulfillment (recreational) data needs will dominate the growth of the GPS/GIS data industry
More flexible and usable "maps"
Table 4. Data Integration
Anticipated Change
Satellite communication-based systems that integrate data
Spatial data more embedded and transparent
Integrated networks of spatial database servers (free access/pay per view)
Integration of collection, use, and dissemination of spatial data
Spatial data undifferentiated and universally available
Major advances in generalization will allow "scaleless" spatial data
Adoption of family of standards by users and developers; data and metadata
Greater standardization in data categories for collection (standards based on needs of most users)
Technology replaces need for single standards
Global data infrastructure established with sparse data coverage
Information on every illness is geolocated and available to the health industry
Time, along with the three spatial dimensions, is routinely encoded
Period of revolt against standards before we get it right
GPS and georeference of all government and commercial activities
New scientific understanding of physical/chemical/biological processes will cause demand for new classes of information
All appropriate data will be spatially referenced
Internet enables the integration of all data
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The Future of Spatial Data and Society: Summary of a Workshop
Table 5. Timely Data Collection and Use
Anticipated Change
Instrumentation of the environment will become the major source of real-time spatial information (e.g., traffic, weather, pollution)
Wide availability of cheap, accurate, high-resolution imagery —real-time delivery
Real-time Earth-observing satellite data available
Real-time data collection on everything
Time lag between data collection and use moves toward zero
Maps on demand
Much spatial information will be collected ad hoc
Just-in-time dynamic mapping
Real-time aircraft-based digital mapping
Data on demand—driven by changing needs
On-line data distribution will be prevalent
Real-time dissemination
Global, comprehensive, persistent imaging of the Earth
Table 6. Intelligent Instrumentation
Anticipated Change
Instrumentation of the environment will become the major source of real-time spatial information (e.g., traffic, weather, pollution)
Individuals as data input "nodes"
Automated vehicle navigation a reality—precision farming
Individual vehicles will be data probes
Use of biological identification techniques
Table 7. Data Transactions
Anticipated Change
Customer transactions drive spatial data creation and maintenance (records create maps rather than vice versa)
Much spatial data will be collected via transactions
Automated data collection in common use/transactions to DBMS
Spatial data collection as transaction to DBMS
Widespread, recurrent, transaction-based satellite data production-high resolution, multispectral
Transaction collection, dissemination, use
Digital property searches/transactions
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The Future of Spatial Data and Society: Summary of a Workshop
Table 8. Personal Systems
Anticipated Change
Everyone will be able to have a spatially enabled communicator
Positional devices on everyone and everything
Personal recognizance systems
Personal (cell phone) appliances that determine location and integrate with network
Use of spatial data in seamless messaging and safety system (GPS, etc.)
Government will have to support all "have-nots" identified through spatial data
Three strikes and you're implanted with a geolocation device
All probationers and parolees will be tracked by integrated GPS/GIS and their movements related to crime data
Table 9. Quality Assurance/Quality Control
Anticipated Change
Data quality assurance institutions
Data developers will create metadata
Adoption of family of standards by users and developers; data and metadata
SDTS dies (assisted suicide)]; increased metadata availability
Table 10. Spatial Literacy
Anticipated Change
Emergence of a technologically aware labor force into the workplace
K-16 geography teaching norms/practices in place ("a more spatially aware and literate citizenry")
Spatial analysis will have caused dramatic change in all educational endeavors
Education is information poor
Table 11. Partnerships
Anticipated Change
More public-private partnerships based on competitive advantages
Data utilities come from public-private partnerships
Public policy will be rendered to legislation that allows public-private partnerships without unduly limiting fair usage
Increased partnerships (government/university/private) for data sharing
Partnerships and data sharing become accepted business practices
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The Future of Spatial Data and Society: Summary of a Workshop
Table 12. Spatial Data as Commodity
Anticipated Change
Spatial data are a commodity
Spatial data undifferentiated and universally available
1M and better current imagery on the NET accessible to all
Telecommunication advances will put large-volume access application in hands of the public
Collection, dissemination, use cheaper per unit
NSDI succeeds—all data free
Commodity use of very-high-resolution-satellite imagery
Consumer application growth will drive down costs and increase and pay for infrastructure
Huge ramp-up in revenue in sales of data/services
Constraint on public access will be ability to pay
Table 13. Control of Data
Anticipated Change
Major databases classified and public access restricted in response to fear of terrorism, industrial espionage, and national security concerns
Local governments license their data (becomes proprietary)
Access to personal data will be significantly restricted and controlled by the individual
Supreme court decision on privacy/First Amendment that has unpredictable social consequences
1984 finally arrives
Collection, dissemination, use is power; closely held and costly
Increasing gap between haves and have-nots
Global convergence of principles regarding access to government and scientific data
Greatly decreased citizen privacy
Case law for privacy/access issues
Data cost recovery and network financing issues will be resolved
Debate on privacy vs. right to know will become more intense
Individuals will have open access to spatial information
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Table 14. Data Collection Agents
Anticipated Change
Local collection, dissemination, use supplants federal
Government cutbacks will cause agencies to focus on only mission-specific data needs
Government data collection approaches zero—Census is a headcount only
More community involvement in collection/dissemination
Government agencies smaller, focus on database standards
Local government will be primary collector/disseminator of spatial data
Local government predominant source of data; federal and state roles to consolidate umbrella data; hierarchical responsibility
Commercial sector(s) will collect everything (detailed geospatial data) and keep it themselves
Greatly distributed data collection
Breakup of existing nation states—decentralization of data
Outsourcing and privatization of government data will have reached their limit
Table 15. Data Security and Protection
Anticipated Change
Major databases classified and public access restricted in response to fear of terrorism, industrial espionage, and national security concerns
Electronic and software attacks will occasionally interrupt the information infrastructure
Table 16. Decision-Making Processes
Anticipated Change
Use of spatial data information for decision-making/operations management
Environmental issues addressed on cost/benefit basis; dynamic modeling
Telecommunications advances will put large-volume access application in hands of the public
More digital government operations (major jump to intelligent robots and agents)
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Table 17. Citizen Involvement
Anticipated Change
Indirect democracy will evolve to direct democracy
Spatial data use will aid understanding of urban issues across jurisdictional boundaries
Individual freedom, quality of life trade-offs will dictate data needs
No potential users without access (RFD for the net)
Collection, dissemination, use-based democracy
Spatial information use/management/integration/dissemination at community level
Parcel-based data available to all citizens (developed nations)
More diverse groups of people will need to address how we want technology to affect the world
Table 18. Privatization
Anticipated Change
Commercial sectors will collect everything (detailed geospatial data) and keep it themselves
Spatial economies of scale-commercial companies dominate market sectors
Communications companies plan a significant role in merchandising spatial data
Increased GIS/GPS use will increase dispersion of industry
Private industry will produce wide variety of business GIS products
Increased privatization of government services; virtual government remains
Tremendous expansion of value-added industries
More commercialization of "government" data
Table 19. Uncategorized
Anticipated Change
Selective termination of excess population
Big differences between countries
Global spatial data industry dominated by Asians
U.S. lead/dominance in spatial technology has disappeared
Boredom with on-line data glut—Internet ennui
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